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Daniel Defoe (c. 1660–1731) was an English writer, journalist, and merchant, widely regarded as one of the pioneers of the English novel. Born in London, he experienced many ups and downs throughout his life, including bankruptcy, imprisonment, and working as a spy. His most famous work, Robinson Crusoe (1719), marked a milestone in fiction for its realistic style and focus on individual experience. Besides novels, he wrote political, economic, and social essays, leaving a significant impact on literature and journalism of his time.