Anatomy and Physiology Workbook For Dummies E-Book

Janet Rae-Dupree

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 487

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Hundreds of practice problems to help you ace anatomy andphysiology Are you flummoxed by phalanges, stymied by the scapula, orperplexed by pulmonary capillaries? Look no further. Topic by topicand problem to problem, Anatomy & Physiology Workbook ForDummies, 2nd Edition offers hundreds of practiceproblems, memorization tricks, and study tips to help you scorehigher in your anatomy and physiology course. With this handy guideyou'll be identifying bones, muscles, and tissues like a pro in notime. You can pick and choose the chapters and types of problems thatchallenge you the most, or you can work from cover to cover to geta complete review of the subject. With plenty of practice problemson everything from cells and tissues to skin and specific musclegroups, Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies,2nd Edition includes everything you need to trulyunderstand the subject matter and score higher. * Employ memorization strategies for maximum contentretention * Review key anatomy and physiology concepts * Get complete answer explanations for all questions * Follow along with a resource that tracks to a typical anatomyand physiology course From skeleton to skin, Anatomy & Physiology Workbook ForDummies, 2nd Edition is packed with practice anatomyand physiology problems that will have you mastering the subject inno time!

Leseprobe

Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies®, 2nd Edition

Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2014946673

ISBN 978-1-118-94007-5 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-118-94008-2 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-94009-9 (ebk)

Manufactured in the United States of America

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Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies®, 2nd Edition

Visit www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/anatomyphysiologywb to view this book's cheat sheet.

Table of Contents

Introduction

About This Book

Foolish Assumptions

Icons Used in This Book

Beyond the Book

Where to Go from Here

Part I: The Building Blocks of the Body

Chapter 1: The Chemistry of Life

Building from Scratch: Atoms and Elements

Compounding Chemical Reactions

Chemical bonds

Organic compounds

Cycling through Life: Metabolism

Answers to Questions on Life’s Chemistry

Chapter 2: The Cell: Life’s Basic Building Block

Gaining Admission: The Cell Membrane

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

Aiming for the Nucleus

Looking Inside: Organelles and Their Functions

Putting Together New Proteins

Cycling Along: Grow, Rest, Divide, Die

Answers to Questions on the Cell

Chapter 3: Divide and Conquer: Cellular Mitosis

Walking through the Mitotic Process

Waiting for action: Interphase

Sorting out the parts: Prophase

Dividing at the equator: Metaphase

Packing up to move out: Anaphase

Pinching off: Telophase

Splitting up: Cytokinesis

Understanding What Can Go Wrong during Cell Division

Answers to Questions on Mitosis

Chapter 4: The Study of Tissues: Histology

Getting into Your Skin: Epithelial Tissue

Making a Connection: Connective Tissue

Flexing It: Muscle Tissue

Getting the Signal Across: Nerve Tissue

Answers to Questions on Histology

Part II: Weaving It Together: Bones, Muscles, and Skin

Chapter 5: A Scaffold to Build On: The Skeleton

Understanding the Functions of Dem Bones

Boning Up on Classifications, Structures, and Ossification

The Axial Skeleton: Keeping It All in Line

Making a hard head harder

Putting your backbones into it

The Skeleton: Reaching beyond Our Girdles

Arthrology: Articulating the Joints

Answers to Questions on the Skeleton

Chapter 6: Getting in Gear: The Muscles

Flexing Your Muscle Knowledge

Muscle Classifications: Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

Contracting for a Contraction

Breaking down a muscle’s anatomy and movement

Understanding what stimulates muscle contraction

Pulling Together: Muscles as Organs

Assuming the Right Tone

Leveraging Muscular Power

What’s in a Name? Identifying Muscles

Answers to Questions on Muscles

Chapter 7: It’s Skin Deep: The Integumentary System

Digging Deep into Dermatology

The epidermis: Don’t judge this book by its cover

The dermis: Going more than skin deep

Touching a Nerve in the Integumentary System

Accessorizing with Hair, Nails, and Glands

Wigging out about hair

Nailing the fingers and toes

Sweating the details

Getting an earful

Answers to Questions on the Skin

Part III: Feed and Fuel: Supply and Transport

Chapter 8: Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System

Breathing In Oxygen, Breathing Out CO

2

Inhaling the Basics about the Respiratory Tract

Knowing about the nose (and sinuses)

Dealing with throaty matters

Going deep inside the lungs

Damaging Air

Answers to Questions on the Respiratory System

Chapter 9: Fueling the Functions: The Digestive System

Digesting the Basics: It’s Alimentary!

Nothing to Spit At: Into the Mouth and Past the Teeth

Entering the vestibule

Moving along the oral cavity

Stomaching the Body’s Fuel

Breaking Down the Work of Digestive Enzymes

The small intestine

The liver

The pancreas

The large intestine

Answers to Questions on the Digestive Tract

Chapter 10: Spreading the Love: The Circulatory System

Moving to the Beat of a Pump

Finding the Key to the Heart’s Chambers

The atria

The ventricles

Conducting the Heart’s Music

Riding the Network of Blood Vessels

Hepatic circulation

Fetal circulation

Answers to Questions on the Circulatory System

Chapter 11: Keeping Up Your Defenses: The Lymphatic System

Duct, Duct, Lymph

Poking at the Nodes

Having a Spleen-did Time with the Lymphatic Organs

Reuse and recycle: The spleen

T cell central: The thymus gland

Open wide and move along: The tonsils and Peyer’s patches

Answers to Questions on the Lymphatic System

Chapter 12: Filtering Out the Junk: The Urinary System

Examining the Kidneys, the Body’s Filters

Going microscopic

Focusing on filtering

Getting Rid of the Waste

Surfing the ureters

Ballooning the bladder

Distinguishing the male and female urethras

Spelling relief: Urination

Answers to Questions on the Urinary System

Part IV: Survival of the Species

Chapter 13: Why Ask Y? The Male Reproductive System

Identifying the Parts of the Male Reproductive System

Packaging the Chromosomes for Delivery

Answers to Questions on the Male Reproductive System

Chapter 14: Carrying Life: The Female Reproductive System

Identifying the Female Reproductive Parts and Their Functions

Making Eggs: A Mite More Meiosis

Making Babies: An Introduction to Embryology

Growing from Fetus to Baby

Growing, Changing, and Aging

Answers to Questions on the Female Reproductive System

Part V: Mission Control: All Systems Go

Chapter 15: Feeling Jumpy: The Nervous System

Building from Basics: Neurons, Nerves, Impulses, and Synapses

Neurons

Nerves

Impulses

Synapses

Minding the Central Nervous System

The spinal cord

The brain

Taking Side Streets: The Peripheral Nervous System

Keep Breathing: The Autonomic Nervous System

Coming to Your Senses

On watch: The eyes

Listen up: The ears

Answers to Questions on the Nervous System

Chapter 16: Raging Hormones: The Endocrine System

No Bland Glands

Enter the Ringmasters

The hypothalamus

The pituitary

The Supporting Cast of Glandular Characters

Topping off the kidneys: The adrenal glands

Thriving with the thyroid

Pairing up with the parathyroid

Pinging the pineal gland

Thumping the thymus

Pressing the pancreas

Dealing with Stress: Homeostasis

Answers to Questions on the Endocrine System

Part VI: The Part of Tens

Chapter 17: Ten Study Tips for Anatomy and Physiology Students

Writing Down Important Stuff in Your Own Words

Gaining Better Knowledge through Mnemonics

Discovering Your Learning Style

Getting a Grip on Greek and Latin

Connecting with Concepts

Forming a Study Group

Outlining What’s to Come

Putting In Time to Practice

Sleuthing Out Clues

Reviewing Your Mistakes

Chapter 18: Ten Fun Physiology Facts

Boning Up on the Skeleton

Flexing Your Muscles

Fighting Biological Invaders

Dissolving into Dust

Swallowing Some Facts about Saliva and the Stomach

Appreciating the Extent of the Circulatory System

Finding a Surprising Link between Allergies and Cancer

Looking at a Few of Your Extra Parts

Understanding Your Brain on Sleep

Getting Sensational News

About the Authors

Cheat Sheet

Guide

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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Introduction

Whether your aim is to become a physical therapist or a pharmacist, a doctor or an acupuncturist, a nutritionist or a personal trainer, a registered nurse or a paramedic, a parent or simply a healthy human being — your efforts have to be based on a good understanding of anatomy and physiology. But knowing that the knee bone connects to the thigh bone (or does it?) is just the tip of the iceberg. In Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies, 2nd Edition, you discover intricacies that will leave you agog with wonder. The human body is a miraculous biological machine capable of growing, interacting with the world, and even reproducing despite any number of environmental odds stacked against it. Understanding how the body’s interlaced systems accomplish these feats requires a close look at everything from chemistry to structural mechanics.

Early anatomists relied on dissections to study the human body, which is why the Greek word anatomia means “to cut up or dissect.” Anatomical references have been found in Egypt dating back to 1600 b.c., but it was the Greeks — Hippocrates, in particular — who first dissected bodies for medical study around 420 b.c. That’s why more than two millennia later we still use words based on Greek and Latin roots to identify anatomical structures.

That’s also part of the reason so much of the study of anatomy and physiology feels like learning a foreign language. Truth be told, you are working with a foreign language, but it’s the language of you and the one body you’re ever going to have.

About This Book

This workbook isn’t meant to replace a textbook, and it’s certainly not meant to replace going to an actual anatomy and physiology class. It works best as a supplement to your ongoing education and as a study aid in prepping for exams. That’s why we give you insight into what your instructor most likely will emphasize as you move from one body system or structure to the next.

Your coursework most likely will cover things in a different order than we’ve chosen for this book. We encourage you to take full advantage of the table of contents and the index to find the material addressed in your class. Whatever you do, certainly don’t feel obligated to go through this workbook in any particular order. However, please do answer the practice questions and check the answers at the end of each chapter because, in addition to answers, we clarify why the right answer is the right answer and why the other answers are incorrect; we also provide you with memory tools and other tips whenever possible.

Within this book, you may note that some web addresses break across two lines of text. If you’re reading this book in print and want to visit one of these web pages, simply key in the web address exactly as it’s noted in the text, pretending as though the line break doesn’t exist. If you’re reading this as an e-book, you’ve got it easy — just click the web address to be taken directly to the web page.

Foolish Assumptions

In writing Anatomy & Physiology Workbook For Dummies, 2nd Edition, we had to make some assumptions about you, the reader. If any of the following apply, this book’s for you:

You’re an advanced high school student or college student trying to puzzle out anatomy and physiology for the first time.You’re a student at any level who’s returning to the topic after some time away, and you need some refreshing.You’re facing an anatomy and physiology exam and want a good study tool to ensure that you have a firm grasp of the topic.

Because this is a workbook, we had to limit our exposition of each and every topic so that we could include lots of practice questions to keep you guessing. (Believe us, we could go on forever about this anatomy and physiology stuff!) In leaving out some of the explanation of the topics covered in this book, we assume that you’re not just looking to dabble in anatomy and physiology and therefore have access to at least one textbook on the subject.

Icons Used in This Book

Throughout this book, you’ll find symbols in the margins that highlight critical ideas and information. Here’s what they mean:

The Tip icon gives you juicy tidbits about how best to remember tricky terms or concepts in anatomy and physiology. It also highlights helpful strategies for fast translation and understanding.

The Remember icon highlights key material that you should pay extra attention to in order to keep everything straight.

The sizzling bomb icon — otherwise known as the Warning icon — points out areas and topics where common pitfalls can lead you astray.

The Example icon marks questions for you to try your hand at. We give you the answer straightaway to get your juices flowing and your brain warmed up for more practice questions.

Beyond the Book

In addition to the material in the print or e-book you’re reading right now, this product also comes with some access-anywhere goodies on the web. While it’s important to study each anatomical system in detail, it’s also helpful to know how to decipher unfamiliar anatomical terms the first time you see them. Check out the free Cheat Sheet at www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/anatomyphysiologywb for a list of the more common Latin and Greek roots, prefixes, and suffixes that will have you telling your gastronomic from your autonomic in no time. We also summarize the cell cycle for you and remind you how to direct your proximal attention away from your distal (in other words, we explain anatomic positions and planes).

If you’d like to dig into information on new anatomy discoveries, the human microbiome, assisted reproduction, and more, check out free articles at www.dummies.com/extras/anatomyphysiologywb.

Where to Go from Here

If you purchased this book and you’re already partway through an anatomy and physiology class, check the table of contents and zoom ahead to whichever segment your instructor is covering currently. When you have a few spare minutes, review the chapters that address topics your class already has covered. It’s an excellent way to prep for a midterm or final exam.

If you haven’t yet started an anatomy and physiology class, you have the freedom to start wherever you like (although we suggest that you begin with Chapter 1) and proceed onward and upward through the glorious machine that is the human body!

Part I

The Building Blocks of the Body

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In this part …

Explore the basic building blocks and functions that make the parts of the body what they are. Dig into atoms, elements, chemical reactions, and metabolism.Crack open the cell to see what’s happening at life’s most elemental levels. Find out about the cell membrane, the nucleus, organelles, proteins, and the cell life cycle.Plunge into cell division, which has several phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. As you find out, sometimes things go wrong during this division.Use histology to build all of the body’s tissues — epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve — from the inside out.

Chapter 1

The Chemistry of Life

In This Chapter

Getting to the heart of all matter: Atoms

Checking into chemical reactions and compounds

Making sense of metabolism

We can hear your cries of alarm. You thought you were getting ready to learn about the knee bone connecting to the thigh bone. How in the heck does that involve (horrors!) chemistry? As much as you may not want to admit it, chemistry — particularly organic chemistry, the branch of the field that focuses on carbon-based molecules — is a crucial starting point for understanding how the human body works. When all is said and done, the universe boils down to two fundamental components: matter, which occupies space and has mass; and energy, the ability to do work or create change. In this chapter, we review the interactions between matter and energy to give you some insight into what you need to know to ace those early-term tests.

Building from Scratch: Atoms and Elements

All matter — be it solid, liquid, or gas — is composed of atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of matter capable of retaining the identity of an element during a chemical reaction. An element is a substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical reactions. There are 98 naturally occurring elements in nature and 20 (at last count) artificially created elements for a total of 118 known elements. However, additional spaces have yet to be filled in on the periodic chart of elements, which organizes all the elements by name, symbol, atomic weight, and atomic number. The key elements of interest to students of anatomy and physiology are