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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Lebensstil
- Sprache: Englisch
Anthocyanins are a diverse group of phytochemicals used for the treatment and management of acute and chronic ailments. This book is a comprehensive guide to anthocyanins and their importance as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical agents. The book provides detailed information about anthocyanin sources and their application in the treatment of diseases including cancer, gastric disorders, infertility, metabolic diseases, and neurological disorders.
Key features
· Explains the importance of phytochemicals and nutraceuticals
· Provides details of anthocyanin sources and mechanisms of action
· Includes chapters dedicated to the use of anthocyanins to treat specific diseases
· Provides a summary of the market for anthocyanins as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical product
· Includes scientific references
Readership
Life science researchers, pharmacologists, and product development specialists in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries
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Seitenzahl: 416
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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PREFACE
This work will provoke a lot of debate as it covers an interesting topic. I feel compelled to share my knowledge, analyses, and conclusions after working for numerous years in the field of pharmacy. I have written many papers and book chapters on various facets. Perhaps this description will increase knowledge of the issue and initiate a discussion that could result in significant ideological transformations. There are two reading categories for this book. First off, it can be read by regular individuals with little to no prior knowledge of science. Professionals from academia and government organizations will be represented by the second set of readers. It is hard to believe that all members of the scientific community will comply with the concepts and ideas presented in this work. But I do hope that the knowledge and information provided will serve as a guide for all the sections of society.
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse collection of 20 illnesses that are primarily found in tropical regions and impact more than 1 billion people who reside in underdeveloped communities. Numerous pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and toxins, are responsible for their development. More than one billion people suffer from the terrible health, social, and fiscal effects of these diseases. There are 12 chapters in the book. The introduction to neglected diseases is broadly introduced in Chapter 1 of this book. The strategies to overcome the impact of neglected diseases on the world are discussed in Chapter 2, which also provides a step-by-step process to handle such conditions. The current therapeutic strategy for leprosy, dengue, lymphatic filariasis, dracunculiasis, helminthiasis, Chagas disease, neurocysticercosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, trematodiasis, Buruli ulcer and trachoma is introduced in Chapter 3 to 12, along with an account of possible disease mechanism, transmission and management protocol.
I wish a lot of people read this book. In order to escape the mistakes of the past, we must alter course and begin utilizing knowledge built up by scientists.
List of Contributors
Nutraceutical – An Alternative Pathway in Therapeutics
Rishabh Chalotra1,2,Kakul Chaudhary1,Sanchit Dhankhar1,3,Samrat Chauhan3,Meenakshi Dhanawat1,4,Sumeet Gupta1,*Abstract
Nutritional supplements, herbal items, and processed foods, including cereals, soups, and beverages, are all sources of nutraceuticals that have medicinal or health benefits for the prevention and treatment of diseases. Nature has provided us with immeasurable, wonderful gifts, including natural products, herbal medicines, etc. All the civilizations, societies, cultures, and ethnic groups from pre-historic times till the present use plants, animals, and minerals to cure diseases. Numerous cultures have a long history of using plants to cure a variety of disorders, which has led to the formation of well-defined medical systems like Ayurveda, traditional African remedies, Chinese herbal medicines, Kampo in Japan, etc. Many medicinal plants' healing qualities have been acknowledged on a global scale. Various scientific studies, preclinical studies, clinical studies, etc., are going on to collect scientific evidence to prove their activity. There are safety problems associated with allopathic medicines. Nutraceuticals are foods high in nutrients that are consumed for reasons other than mere nutrition. These medications have shown promising outcomes in recent studies in the treatment of various pathological illnesses, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurological problems, with nutritional benefits. The most common nutraceuticals are curcumin from turmeric, glucosamine from ginseng, omega-3 fatty acid from linseed, β-Lactoglobulin from bovine milk, etc. This chapter describes the role of nutraceuticals in health and how they are different from foods and medicines.
INTRODUCTION
Nature has provided us with immeasurable, wonderful things, including natural products. From ancient times to the present, all cultures, civilizations, societies, and ethnic groups have used plants, animals, and minerals to treat illness. There are numerous well-defined medical systems in India as a result of the historical use of herbs for the treatment of various diseases in diverse civilizations (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Yoga, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy), such as in China (acupuncture, herbal medicines, massage (tui na)), Africa (divination, traditional African medicines), Japan (Kampo), etc [1-3]. Pre-clinical research is now being performed on these plants in order to gather scientific proof of their actions. A vast number of medicinal plants have been recognized for their therapeutic properties. After their successful outcomes in pre-clinical trials, these can be taken further for clinical trials and reach the market in the form of medicine.
Without question, one of the biggest achievements in science and human history is the discovery of pharmaceuticals and treatments. As advancements in science are going on, diseases are also increasing with time. The efforts for new and effective treatments are underway. Life expectancy has also increased with the advancement of medicines, like the treatment of cancer, blood pressure, diabetes, tuberculosis, etc. The diseases that were once considered to be untreatable and devastating are also cured now with the advancement of medical science [4].
SAFETY PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CURRENT THERAPIES
When the first study on a product was conducted in 1956, it was thought to be a non-toxic anxiolytic agent with more sedative effects than other comparable drugs. Pregnant women were initially prescribed this medication to treat morning sickness; however, it was later discovered to cause birth abnormalities in over 10,000 infants and killed almost 2000 newborns [5].
Reye’s Syndrome
A rare yet serious condition known as Reye's syndrome primarily affects children and adolescents but can occasionally also affect adults [4]. Its prevalence in conjunction with severe encephalopathy and acute hepatopathy is described in a study [6]. Reye's syndrome has been associated with the use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for past occurrences of chicken pox, viral infections, or fevers [4, 7].
Astemizole
It is a non-sedative antihistamine but has a connection with the increasing risk of ventricular arrhythmias according to the data obtained from electrophysiological, pharmacovigilance, and pharmacoepidemiological investigations [8-11].
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
As evident by current research on women who use hormone-replacement medication, breast cancer risk has increased. According to Women's Health Initiative and research, acute myocardial infarction has also increased, along with venous thromboembolism and stroke [12-14]. In order to prevent osteoporosis, it has been recommended by doctors not to use HRT [15].
Cerivastatin
Even though the side effects of rhabdomyolysis and its connection with the usage of statins have long been recognized, there have been more related cases of rhabdomyolysis compared to other statins [16-18].
Cisapride
The growing body of research on cisapride since 1995 has suggested that this prokinetic drug may have arrhythmogenic potential [19]. The decision to restrict its usage to particular situations while strictly enforcing cardiological surveillance was taken by the European Medicine Evaluation agencies [20].
Nimesulide
It is a specific Cox-2 inhibitor for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). With a few exceptions, the majority of countries started to discontinue the product in 1999 after reports of the first hepatotoxicity cases associated with Nimesulide [21, 22].
Nutraceuticals
Dr. Stephen DeFelice first used the term “nutraceutical” in 1989. The word “nutraceutical” is made up of two words: nutritional and pharmaceutical. It explains the meaning of the word nutritional products, meaning dietary substances that have nutritional benefits and that provide medical and health benefits, as well as help in the diagnosis or treatment of diseases [23]. These substances provide some kind of pharmaceutical effects, except just being anti-anemic because most of the dietary substances are anti-anemic.
Nutraceutical is defined by the US FDA as any substance that is a food or a food component that has therapeutic or healthful benefits. Nutraceuticals support both the prevention and treatment of disease. These could be standalone compounds, like vitamin C, or dietary supplements, like a blend of numerous vitamins and minerals. A genetically engineered meal can also be a nutraceutical. It can be found in herbal products and processed meals such as iron-fortified cereals. It can be present in sports drinks with electrolytes. A diet used to manage chronic inflammation is one such case. They also offer defense against long-term illness. Other than vitamins and minerals, there are certain nutraceuticals that are beneficial for joint and spine issues. These include fish oils, the herb boswellia, glucosamine sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate.
Dietary supplements were officially defined by the US Congress in 1994. It is a part of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA). This definition states that a dietary supplement is any oral product containing a chemical that is meant to supplement a person's regular diet. These items may contain vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other plant elements as dietary components.
They also consist of substances like enzymes and organ tissues, as well as amino acids. Extracts or concentrations can be used as dietary supplements. These include tablets, capsules, soft gels, gel caps, liquids, and powders, among other shapes and sizes. They can also assume different forms, such as a snack bar. If a product is marketed as a snack food, it must specify on the label that it is not food and is not the only part of a meal or diet.
How do they Work?
Nutraceutical supplements function when taken with additional nourishment. Supplemental nutrients may be useful when your diet is unable to provide your body with all the nutrients it needs. The amount of nutrients your body requires can rise due to illness, injury, or additional hard work or exercise.
The chemical components that make up a food are called nutrients. The fundamental components of food that provide your body with what it needs to function are known as nutrients; this process is known as metabolism. We get energy from certain foods like proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. For a healthy metabolism, additional nutrients, including water, electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins, are required.
The term metabolism refers to the process through which your body transforms the food you eat into fuel for your body's tissues and organs. Through the use of metabolic processes, the body creates hormones and other chemical messengers. The normal operation of your organs is signaled by these metabolic byproducts. Metabolism is the process through which your cells transform the chemical energy in meals into heat or mechanical energy. The organs, tissues, liquids, and cells in your body all take part in metabolism.
What happens if you have some but not quite enough of the right nutrients? You might not be able to repair an injury or heal a wound as quickly or effectively as you could. Wound healing and tissue restoration would take place more quickly if you received all the nutrients you required for the task.
A healthy diet is necessary for good health and proper functioning. It must have every nutrient required to complete the task. A person who spends all day at a desk needs to metabolize less than someone who climbs mountains. In order to satisfy the demands of tissue repair, a person recovering from surgery needs more nutrients.
Global Nutraceutical Market
The global nutraceutical market was predicted to reach USD 454.55 billion in 2021 and grow by 9.0% in the year between 2021 and 2030. Over the course of the forecast period, the market is anticipated to be driven primarily by the rising demand for functional foods and dietary supplements [24].
Why Nutraceuticals are Prescribed?
Because it is difficult to find a nutritious diet, nutraceuticals are prescribed. A lot of people want to believe that their diet is healthy. They believe their bodies already have everything they require for optimum health. Numerous people can describe a healthy diet, according to studies. However, when they record their real diet, it is not a balanced diet.
The typical American diet contains more calories than necessary, according to other studies. However, the diet lacks the proper levels of vitamins and minerals. It is deficient in protein, fiber, and carbohydrates. To be truly healthy, you need to have all of these things.
Because the majority of people do not consume an optimum diet, additional nourishment is required. Your body will gradually start to experience the negative impacts of a poor diet. Some signs of nutritional deficiencies in your body tissues include feeling fatigued all the time or getting colds too frequently. Regular bodily aches and joint stiffness may also indicate a nutrient deficiency. When you are dealing with additional challenges like injury or surgery, nutraceuticals are a quick and reliable way to flood your system with chemical elements. You will
receive all you require for a brief period of time to recover, fix, and resume good health.
A balanced and healthy diet and the appropriate nutraceuticals would:
● Assist in regulating chemical compounds having the irritable property that causes tissue inflammation;● Lessen nerve pain stimulation.● Ensure that you have all the raw materials on hand to heal a wound or prevent the loss or reduction of tissue and bone function.● Reduce the tightening and stiffening of joints, muscles, and connective tissues.Safety
Discussing medications or nutraceuticals without taking safety into account is impossible. Pharmaceutical drugs must undergo extensive research on both humans and animals for several years before reaching the market. Researchers carefully monitor and document side effects as well as the medication's efficacy during these clinical trials. Pharmaceutical scientific data is typically well-documented and accessible in this way.
Despite the fact that this can make you think using medicines must be safer, take into account the advantages of time.
Most pharmaceutical corporations are unwilling to invest in comparable studies utilizing nutraceuticals since naturally occurring foods cannot be trademarked. Nevertheless, the ingredients have been a part of millions of people's diets for thousands of years. As a result, they provide a level of tolerance that has been shown to be unmatched by modern drugs [25].
Nutraceuticals and their Pharmacology
Anti-histamine
Quercetin protects LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein) from getting damaged, mainly in blood vessels. It is also beneficial to diabetic individuals owing to the danger of blood vessel damage caused by oxidative stress [26, 27].
Anti-anemic
Acacia catechu, Khaya senegalensis, Alchornea cordifolia, Terminalia catappa, and Anchomanes difformis, are some examples of plants that help in the anti-anemic activity. These plants could be added to the diets [28].
Alzheimer’s
Curcumin, lutein, lycopene, turmerin, and alpha-carotene are examples of nutritional antioxidants that may be effective in preventing oxidative stress, which has been associated with Alzheimer's. Numerous research works have demonstrated the beneficial benefits of many nutraceutical plants, including Lavandula officinalis and Zizyphus jujube, in AD [29].
Cardiovascular Diseases
Nutraceuticals such as antioxidants, dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFAs) are recommended for the prevention and treatment of CVD, combined with physical exercise. It is thought that compounds, like polyphenols, change cellular communication and metabolism, which lowers artery disease [30].
Flavonoids suppress the angiotensin-converting enzyme, inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzymes that break down prostaglandins, and prevent platelet aggregation. They also safeguard the circulatory system, which supplies cells with oxygen and nutrition [31]. These flavonoids are available in apples, berries, black grapes, cherries, cruciferous vegetables, endives, grapefruits, onions, pomegranates, and red wine and are available as flavones, flavanones, and flavanols [32].
Proteins from buckwheat reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Additionally, phytosterols, flavonoids, flavones, proteins, and thiamine-binding proteins are present in buckwheat seeds [33]. Additionally, dietary fibers reduce cholesterol, which helps prevent and treat diabetes and cardiovascular disease [34].
Dietary components called omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 fatty acids), which are present in fish, have an effect on arrhythmias, plasma lipids, and CVD. In addition to being present in whole grains, fruits, and numerous plant leaves, octacosanol also possesses lipid-lowering effects [35].
Cancer
Plants high in genistein, daidzein, biochanin, isoflavones, and other compounds decrease the development of prostate cancer cells as well [26]. Due to its unsaturated nature, lycopene is regarded to be a potent antioxidant and a singlet oxygen quencher. The epidermis, adrenals, prostate, and testes are where lycopene accumulates and protects against cancer [36, 37]. The antioxidant properties of alpha-carotene help to protect against cancer and other disorders [38]. Chronic inflammation is also associated with cancer; Ginseng is anti-inflammatory, which plays a role in the management of cancer [39].
Presently, a wide range of plant-based drugs known as “phytoestrogens”, which assert to have a hormonal function, are suggested for the prevention of prostate and breast cancers [40]. Cancers of the breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, and uterine seem to be resistant to soy. Carotene, which possesses anticancer characteristics, is present in a variety of yellow, orange, and green leafy vegetables and fruits, including broccoli, cantaloupe, oranges, sweet potatoes, winter squash, tomatoes, lettuce, and others [41].
It is believed that saponins possess antimutagenic and anticancer effects. They may lessen the likelihood that people may get cancer by preventing the formation of cancer cells [42]. It has been established that the soluble fiber pectin found in apples stops the spread of prostate cancer by blocking the malignant cells from adhering to healthy cells [27]. It has been demonstrated that sulfur compounds in garlic boost the immune system and reduce atherogenesis, platelet stickiness, and cancer risk. Sulforaphane reportedly reduces the prevalence of breast and prostate cancer [43].
Diabetes
It has been proposed that omega-3 fatty acids can lower glucose tolerance in people who are prone to diabetes. Lipoic acid and dietary fibers were found to be effective in the management of diabetes. Numerous plant extracts, including those from bitter melon, cinnamon, and Toucriumpolium, have been demonstrated to prevent and treat diabetes [44, 45].
Eye Disorders
Astaxanthin is a prominent naturally occurring carotenoid present in marine life. It carries out several essential biological activities, including immunological response, pigmentation, and protection against oxidation and ultraviolet radiation effects in aquatic species. Additionally, it is a strong antioxidant. Astaxanthin protects the eyes well and wards against macular degeneration [46].
Sweet potatoes, carrots, squash, tomatoes, mangoes, maize, and leafy greens like kale and collards are just a few of the fruits and vegetables that contain the pigment lutein. In order to address vision issues, lutein and zeaxanthin are employed [46].
Immune System
They are made up of extracts from coneflowers and plants from the genus Echinacea, including Echinacea angustfolia, Echinacea pillida, and Echinacea purpurea. Particularly the coneflowers, which are native to the central United States, are utilized as a common herbal treatment there. Other members of the Astragalus genus, such as Astragalus mongolicus and Astragalus membranaceus, are also powerful immune boosters. Astragalus promotes the growth and differentiation of lymphatic and bone marrow stem cells into functional immune cells. The majority of the time, phytoestrogens are advised for the prevention of numerous disorders linked to hormonal imbalance. Particularly intriguing is the potential advantage of soy isoflavones over synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulators, which are already employed in hormone replacement therapy. Garlic and morphine are such examples, which stimulate and suppress the immune system [47].
Inflammation
The fruits of Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium ashei, and Vaccinium corymbosum contain resveratrol, which is the phytochemical with the greatest sirtuin-like deacetylase activity. Chemicals called sirtuins can extend the lifespan of yeast and fruit flies by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme. They have fungicidal and anti-inflammatory qualities [48].
Gentianine, found in Gentian root, is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent. Teas, pineapple, stinging nettle, turmeric, and pineapple extracts all contain the proteolytic enzyme bromelain, which has anti-inflammatory properties [49].
Obesity
Chitosan, caffeine, ephedrine, ma huang-guarana, and green tea are herbal stimulants that aid in weight loss [50]. However, because they can have negative effects, their usage is debatable. Weight loss may be aided by green tea extract and 5-hydroxytryptophan, as the former raises energy expenditure while the latter suppresses hunger [51].
Parkinson’s Disease
While there is currently insufficient information to recommend dietary supplements for Parkinson's disease, several of these nutrients have shown some promising results in preliminary studies. Parkinson's disease seems to be prevented by vitamin E, glutathione, and creatine [52].
NUTRACEUTICALS CATEGORIES
The natural food sources used as nutraceuticals are arranged into the following categories [53]:
Dietary Fibre
Apple, Banana, Carrot, Baked Beans, Cabbage, Wholemeal Bread, Brown bread, etc.
Probiotics
Lactobacilli like L. acidophilus, L.casei, Gram-positive cocci-like Lactococcus lactis, thermophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacteria like B.bifidun, B.adolescentis, B. thermophilum., etc.
Prebiotics
Consumption of these promotes Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterial growth in the gut, which helps in metabolism. They are found in vegetables like chicory roots, bananas, tomatoes, alliums, raffinose and stachyose, beans and peas.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Essential fatty acids like omega-3-fatty acids, α- linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), etc.
Antioxidant vitamins
Antioxidant vitamins include vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids.
Polyphenols
Tea (Camellia sinensis), Legumes, etc. 7. Spices [54, 55]:
Spices
Spices have various pharmacological properties, which are mentioned in Table 1 [54, 55]:
CONCLUSION
Nutraceuticals are considered to be herbal or dietary supplements with physiological advantages or that offer defense against acute and chronic illnesses. Nutraceuticals can be used to prolong life, postpone aging, promote health, prevent disease, or maintain the body's structural and functioning components. Recent research has indicated that these products have positive effects on a number of disorders. Nutraceuticals have received a lot of interest recently due to their ability to offer nutrition, safety, and therapeutic advantages. Recent studies have shown that these medications are effective against a number of disorders. An effort has been made to include all the necessary information on nutraceuticals in this chapter.
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Anjali Sharma1,*,Devkant Sharma2,Himani Bajaj3,Mayank Yadav3,Prerna Sharma4Abstract
Nutraceuticals have gotten a lot of attention in recent years because of the health-promoting and disease-prevention properties along with their nutritional value. The increasing quantity of widely viable nutraceuticals and their wide range of uses indicate the domination of these products around the world. Nutraceuticals contain a variety of health advantages and functions; however, most nutraceuticals degrade quickly in the gastrointestinal tract and have low bioavailability. Different innovative drug delivery-containing carrier technologies are continually being researched in order to improve the efficacy and bioavailability of herbal medications. To overcome hurdles and enable efficient application, a unique carrier system is becoming increasingly important. This chapter provides an insight into nanoencapsulated nutraceuticals' physical and gastrointestinal stability, as well as their bioavailability, which are all taken into account. The existing limitations, synthesis, and applications of different lipid-based nanocarriers (including niosomes and liposomes) and lipid nanoparticles (SLNs and NLCs) are examined critically. This study also attempts to document the most recent advancements and problems in the field of nanonutraceuticals, a cutting-edge subject that uses nanotechnology to encapsulate bioactive substances in order to enhance their medicinal effectiveness and release profile.
