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- Herausgeber: One Billion Knowledgeable
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
Elon Musk thought that his company Tesla will have fully autonomous cars ready by the end of 2020. "There are no fundamental challenges left," he said recently. "There are a number of minor issues. And then there's a struggle to solve all these little problems and bring the whole thing together."
Although the technology to allow a car to complete a journey without human interference (what the industry calls "level 5 autonomy") can move quickly, the development of a vehicle that can do so safely and legally is another matter.
The novelty of autonomous technology is intended to turn our legal and social ties into daily transport. Importantly, without a driver behind the wheel, Autonomous Vehicles raise concerns about the liability and responsibility for the conduct of the lane.
Therefore, this book is structured to answer many questions about Autonomous Vehicles and make you not only understand all the aspects of this emerging technology, but master the discussions and debates about the following topics:
Chapter One: The rise of Autonomous Vehicles
Autonomous Vehicles become reality
History of Autonomous Vehicles
Road Items Weights
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International)
Chapter Two: Tesla Autopilot
AutoPilot AI
Advanced Sensor Coverage
Wide, Main and Narrow Forward Cameras
Wide
Main
Narrow
Forward Looking Side Cameras
Rearward Looking Side Cameras
Rear View Camera
Radar
Ultrasonic Sensors
Processing Power Increased 40x
Tesla Vision
Autopilot
Navigate on Autopilot
Autosteer+
Smart Summon
Full Self-Driving Capability
From Home
To your Destination
Chapter Three: A level-by-level explainer of Autonomous Vehicles
Classification System For The Development Of Innovations
The J3016 Guidelines
Six SAE level
Criticism of SAE classification
Level 0: No automation
Level 1: Driver assistance
Level 2: Partial automation
Level 3: Conditional automation
Level 4: High automation
Level 5: Full automation
Chapter Four: Main Connectivity Specifications Of Autonomous Vehicles
Vehicle-To-Everything
Architectures must be both redundant and real-time.
The demand for high-speed data would increase only
Security and other applications Include external connectivity
Autonomous driving efficiency and reliability are non-negotiable
More and more electrified cars would need a new approach to safety
Next generation Car Design Would Need Miniaturized Solutions
Co-creation of the future of mobility
Chapter Five: Building Passenger Trust Is Key
Technology for self-driving cars is accelerating fast, but our driverless future isn't going anywhere if people don't trust it.
rules of the road
implicit laws are more challenging
The math-based AV safety model
What is Sensitive Protection Responsibility?
RSS is compatible with other AV systems
How are AVs safely sharing the road with human drivers?
01 Safe distance: Don't hit the car in front of you
02 Cutting in: Don't cut it in recklessly
03 Right of Way: Right of way is given, not taken
04 Limited Visibility: Be cautious in areas with limited visibility
05 Avoid Crashes: If you can avoid a crash without causing another one, you must
Moving past the miles-driven
Improving road safety with RSS today
RSS to gain support
Baidu
Valeo
China ITS Alliance
RAND Corp.
The Arizona Institute for Automated Mobility
Joint Research Institutes
Chapter Six: The reasons Autonomous Vehicles still aren’t on our roads
The Gap Between the Invention and The Application
Sensors
Machine Learning
The Open Road
Regulations
Social Acceptability
Chapter Seven: Legal frameworks and other national initiatives
The United States
European Union Membership
United Arab Emirates
Japan
Australia
Chapter Eight: Liability, ethics and human rights implications
The novelty of Autonomous Vehicles
The critical debate
Autonomy Threats
Chapter Nine: Leading opinions on an ethical rollout for Autonomous Vehicles
The Three Laws of Robotics
The Ethical Dilemmas of Autonomy
The Worst-Case Scenario
The Trolley Issue
Chapter Ten: Social and economic implications
Roads Safety
Vehicles Ownership and Vehicles Insurance
Jobs
Chapter Eleven: Ongoing research and impediments to autonomous vehicle development
Research and Development
The Social Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles
Chapter Twelve: The Sensor Types Drive Autonomous Vehicles
Multiple Redundant Sensor Systems
Overview of the study
SAE Levels Short DESCRIPTIONS
No car manufacturer has reached level 3 or higher
Which sensors are needed?
Camera and LIDAR Systems
Cameras
Back and 360° cameras
Front-Facing Camera Systems
RADAR
Sensor LiDAR
Summary and insight
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One Billion Knowledgeable
Autonomous Vehicles
Nah, What’s Wrong with the Horses?
Fouad Sabry
Copyright
Autonomous Vehicles Copyright © 2021 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.
Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.
This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.
Fouad Sabry
Visit my website at
www.1BKOfficial.org
Dedication
To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state ... You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment…
***
Epigraph
"When Henry Ford made cheap, reliable cars, people said, 'Nah, what's wrong with a horse? ' That was a huge bet he made, and it worked.".
—Elon Musk, Tesla, CEO
***
Table of Contents
Autonomous Vehicles
Copyright
Dedication
Epigraph
Table of Contents
Chapter One: The rise of autonomous vehicles
Autonomous vehicles become reality
History of Autonomous vehicles
Road Items Weights
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International)
Chapter Two: Tesla Autopilot
AutoPilot AI
Advanced Sensor Coverage
Wide, Main, and Narrow Forward Cameras
Wide
Main
Narrow
Forward Looking Side Cameras
Rearward Looking Side Cameras
Rear View Camera
Radar
Ultrasonic Sensors
Processing Power Increased 40x
Tesla Vision
Autopilot
Navigate on Autopilot
Autosteer+
Smart Summon
Full Self-Driving Capability
From Home
To your Destination
Chapter Three: A level-by-level explainer of autonomous vehicles
Classification System For The Development Of Innovations
The J3016 Guidelines
Six SAE level
Criticism of SAE classification
Level 0: No automation
Level 1: Driver assistance
Level 2: Partial automation
Level 3: Conditional automation
Level 4: High automation
Level 5: Full automation
Chapter Four: Main Connectivity Specifications Of Autonomous Vehicles
Vehicle-To-Everything
Architectures must be both redundant and real-time.
The demand for high-speed data would increase only
Security and other applications Include external connectivity
Autonomous driving efficiency and reliability are non-negotiable
More and more electrified cars would need a new approach to safety
Next generation Car Design Would Need Miniaturized Solutions
Co-creation of the future of mobility
Chapter Five: Building Passenger Trust Is Key
Technology for self-driving cars is accelerating fast, but our driverless future isn't going anywhere if people don't trust it.
rules of the road
implicit laws are more challenging
The math-based AV safety model
What is Sensitive Protection Responsibility?
RSS is compatible with other AV systems
How are AVs safely sharing the road with human drivers?
01 Safe distance: Don't hit the car in front of you
02 Cutting in: Don't cut it in recklessly
03 Right of Way: Right of way is given, not taken
04 Limited Visibility: Be cautious in areas with limited visibility
05 Avoid Crashes: If you can avoid a crash without causing another one, you must
Moving past the miles-driven
Improving road safety with RSS today
RSS to gain support
Baidu
Valeo
China ITS Alliance
RAND Corp.
The Arizona Institute for Automated Mobility
Joint Research Institutes
Chapter Six: The reasons Autonomous vehicles still aren’t on our roads
The Gap Between the Invention and The Application
Sensors
Machine Learning
The Open Road
Regulations
Social Acceptability
Chapter Seven: Legal frameworks and other national initiatives
The United States
European Union Membership
United Arab Emirates
Japan
Australia
Chapter Eight: Liability, ethics and human rights implications
The novelty of autonomous vehicles
The critical debate
Autonomy Threats
Chapter Nine: Leading opinions on an ethical rollout for autonomous vehicles
The Three Laws of Robotics
The Ethical Dilemmas of Autonomy
The Worst-Case Scenario
The Trolley Issue
Chapter Ten: Social and economic implications
Roads Safety
Vehicles Ownership and Vehicles Insurance
Jobs
Chapter Eleven: Ongoing research and impediments to autonomous vehicle development
Research and Development
The Social Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles
Chapter Twelve: The Sensor Types Drive Autonomous Vehicles
Multiple Redundant Sensor Systems
Overview of the study
SAE Levels Short DESCRIPTIONS
No car manufacturer has reached level 3 or higher
Which sensors are needed?
Camera and LIDAR Systems
Cameras
Back and 360° cameras
Front-Facing Camera Systems
RADAR
Sensor LiDAR
Summary and insight
One Billion Knowledgeable Initiative
About The AUTHOR
Bio
Where to Find the Author Online
Other books from the same author
Chapter One: The rise of autonomous vehicles
Autonomous vehicles become reality
A
utonomous driving has become a reality over the past 20 years, primarily due to technological advancement which has allowed the development of radar technology and microprocessor capability. Technological progress has progressed to the point where ultra-light hardware can make real time decisions based on self-improving algorithms, which means that self-driving cars can soon be built.
History of Autonomous vehicles
Autonomous vehicles have been under production for over 50 years. Quite a while ago, James Adams developed the Apollo Lunar Rover in 1961. Other vehicles were built by private companies in the ensuing years, but the technology struggled to penetrate into the marketplace until Tesla launched Autopilot in its Model S Sedan in 2015. Built to assist drivers in navigating roads, exits, and stop-and-go traffic, the Autopilot marked the first time that high-level autonomous technology entered the hands of mass-market consumers.
Road Items Weights
The forward-facing cameras and radar systems used by autonomous vehicles gather important information about the natural area. These learning systems can detect, recognize, and assign weightings to various road items. This gives the processors enough knowledge to select the path of least resistance. The values of these ‘weights' refer to how much effect a given object may have, depending on the type of object. Critically, each "weight" is a personal measurement of the vehicle, which plays a central role in how the vehicle will behave.
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International)
To keep pace with the rapid growth of self-driving technology, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) developed six levels for autonomous vehicles with the highest level having no required input from the driver at all. Tesla's AutoPilot corresponds to level 2 automation, while Audi's traffic pilot is apparently able to see its level 3 autonomous vehicle, but is pending legal approval in several countries, including the UK and the USA. There are no self-driving cars of Level 4 or 5 available to the public, but the race for full autonomy is in full action among car manufacturers such as Tesla, Audi, and Google's Waymo.
***
Chapter Two: Tesla Autopilot
AutoPilot AI
A
ll new Tesla cars come standard with advanced hardware capable of delivering Autopilot features today and complete self-driving capabilities in the future—through software upgrades designed to enhance functionality over time.
The Tesla Autopilot AI team is committed to the future of the autonomy of existing and new generations of vehicles.
Advanced Sensor Coverage
Eight surround cameras provide 360 degrees of visibility around the car at up to 250 meters of range.
Rearward Looking Side Cameras: Max distance 100 m
Wide Forward Camera: Max distance 60 m
Main Forward Camera: Max distance 150 m
Narrow Forward Camera: Max distance 250 m
Rear View Camera: Max distance 50 m
Ultrasonics: Max distance 8 m
Forward Looking Side Cameras: Max distance 80 m
Radar: Max distance 160 m
Twelve updated ultrasonic sensors complement this vision, allowing for detection of both hard and soft objects at nearly twice the distance of the prior system.
A forward-facing radar with enhanced processing provides additional data about the world on a redundant wavelength that is able to see through heavy rain, fog, dust and even the car ahead.
Wide, Main, and Narrow Forward Cameras
Three cameras mounted behind the windshield provide broad visibility in front of the car, and focused, long-range detection of distant objects.
Wide
120-degree fisheye lens captures traffic lights, obstacles cutting into the path of travel and objects at close range. Particularly useful in urban, low speed maneuvering.
Main
Covers a broad spectrum of use cases.
Narrow
Provides a focused, long-range view of distant features. Useful in high-speed operation.
