Brain Computer Interface E-Book

Fouad Sabry

• Herausgeber: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Encyclopedia of Emerging Technologies
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Seitenzahl: 64

Beschreibung

The idea of interfacing minds with computers has captured human imagination for a long time. Recent developments in neuroscience and engineering have made this concept a possibility, opening the door to restoring and potentially growing human physical and mental capabilities. Medical applications such as cochlear implants for deaf patients and deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease are becoming increasingly common. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) (also known as brain-machine interfaces or BMIs) are currently being explored in applications as diverse as defense, lie detection, alertness monitoring, telepresence, gaming, education, art, and human enhancement.

By the end of reading this book, you will master the discussion about the following topics of Brain Computer Interface:

Definitions
UCLA and DARPA
Neuro-Prosthetics Applications
Neuromodulation

History
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Brain Computer Interface challenge
Brain/Neural Computer Interaction (BNCI) project
Contingent Negative Variation (CNV)
The Brain Computer Interface Society

BCI Versus Neuro Prosthetics

Animal Brain Computer Interface Research
Phillip Kennedy's Research
Yang Dan's Research
Miguel Nicolelis' Research
Donoghue, Schwartz, Andersen Research
Carmena and colleagues Research
Lebedev and colleagues Research
General-Purpose Brain Computer Interface Research Framework
Brain Machine Interface (BMI)
Passive Brain Computer Interface

Invasive Brain Computer Interfaces
Treat Non-Congenital Blindness
Restore Mobility in Disabled Individuals

Partially invasive Brain Computer Interfaces
Electrocorticography (ECoG)
Light Reactive Imaging Brain Computer Interface

Non-invasive Brain Computer Interface
Non-Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain–computer interface
Pupil-Size Oscillation
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface
Advanced Functional Neuroimaging
Dry Active Electrode Array
SSVEP Mobile Electroencephalography (EEG) Brain Computer Interface
Cellular-based Brain Computer Interface
Mobile Brain Computer Interface Devices
Limitations
Prosthesis and Regulation of the World
Brain Computer Interface in Military
Do It Yourself and Open-Source Brain Machine Interface
Open Brain Programming Interface
Reconstruction of Human Vision
Brain Computer Interface Control Strategies in Neurogaming
Motor Imagery
Bio/Neurofeedback for Passive Brain Computer Interface
Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)

Synthetic telepathy/silent communication
DARPA Silent Talk Objective
Brain-Based Communication Using Imagined Speech
First Direct Electronic Contact Experiment Conducted Between Two Humans' Nervous Systems
Produce Morse Code Using Electroencephalography (EEG)
Transmission of Electroencephalography (EEG) Signals Over the Internet

Cell-Culture Brain Computer InterfaceS
Caltech First Neurochip
Artificial or Prosthetic Hippocampus Neurochip
Rat Brain Neurons Fly an F-22 Fighter Jet Aircraft Simulator

Ethical Considerations
Current Brain Machine Interfacess Are Away from The Ethical Problems
Brain Computer Interface In Medical and Pharmaceutical Research

Low-cost Brain Computer Interface
Sony 2006
NeuroSky 2007
OCZ 2008
Final Fantasy 2008
Uncle Milton Industries 2009
Emotiv 2009
Neurowear's "Necomimi" 2012
They Shall Walk 2014
Open-Source Brain Computer Interface 2016
Neuralink 2020

Future directions
Disorders of consciousness (DOC)
Motor Recovery
Functional Brain Mapping
Flexible Devices
Neural Dust

Leseprobe

One Billion Knowledgeable

Brain Computer Interface

Can’t Beat’em, Join’em

Fouad Sabry

Copyright

Brain Computer Interface Copyright © 2021 by Fouad Sabry. All Rights Reserved.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.

Cover designed by Fouad Sabry.

This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places, and incidents either are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.

Fouad Sabry

Visit my website at

www.1BKOfficial.org

Dedication

To the enlightened, the ones who see things differently, and want the world to be better -- they are not fond of the status quo or the existing state ... You can disagree with them too much, and you can argue with them even more, but you cannot ignore them, and you cannot underestimate them, because they always change things... they push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones or amateur, others see genius and innovators, because the ones who are enlightened enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do, and lead the people to the enlightenment….

***

Epigraph

Our connection with our new creations of intelligence is limited by screens, keyboards, gestural interfaces, and voice commands — constrained input/output modalities. We have very little access to our own brains, limiting our ability to co-evolve with silicon-based machines in powerful ways.

—Bryan Johnson, Braintree founder

***

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Brain Computer Interface

Copyright

Dedication

Epigraph

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter One: Definitions

UCLA and DARPA

Neuro-Prosthetics Applications

Neuromodulation

Abbreviations

Chapter Two: History

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) challenge

Brain/Neural Computer Interaction (BNCI) project

Contingent Negative Variation (CNV)

The Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Society

Chapter Three: Versus Neuro Prosthetics

The Neuroscience Field

The Distinction

United in Goals

Chapter Four: Animal Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Research

Early Animal Research

Phillip Kennedy's Research

Yang Dan's Research

Miguel Nicolelis' Research

Donoghue, Schwartz, Andersen Research

Carmena and colleagues Research

Lebedev and colleagues Research

General-Purpose Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Research Framework

Brain Machine Interface (BMI)

Passive Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

Chapter Five: Invasive Brain Computer Interface (BCI)s

The Goals

Treat Non-Congenital Blindness

Restore Mobility in Disabled Individuals

Chapter Six: Partially invasive Brain Computer Interface (BCI)s

The Approach

Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Light Reactive Imaging Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

Chapter Seven: Non-invasive Brain Computer Interface (BCI)s

The Approach

Non-Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain–computer interface (BCI)

Pupil-Size Oscillation

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI)

Overview

Advanced Functional Neuroimaging

Dry Active Electrode Array

SSVEP Mobile Electroencephalography (EEG) Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

Cellular-based Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

Mobile Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Devices

Limitations

Prosthesis and Regulation of the World

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) in Military

Do It Yourself and Open-Source Brain Machine Interface (BCI)

Open Brain Programming Interface (BCI)

Reconstruction of Human Vision

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) Control Strategies in Neurogaming

Motor Imagery

Bio/Neurofeedback for Passive Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)

Chapter Eight: Synthetic telepathy/silent communication

DARPA Project

DARPA Silent Talk Objective

Brain-Based Communication Using Imagined Speech

First Direct Electronic Contact Experiment Conducted Between Two Humans' Nervous Systems

Produce Morse Code Using Electroencephalography (EEG)

Transmission of Electroencephalography (EEG) Signals Over the Internet

Chapter Nine: Cell-Culture Brain Computer Interface (BCI)S

Interfacing with Neural Cells and Network

Caltech First Neurochip

Artificial or Prosthetic Hippocampus Neurochip

Rat Brain Neurons Fly an F-22 Fighter Jet Aircraft Simulator

Chapter Ten: Ethical Considerations

Relevant ethical, legal, and social problems

Current Brain Machine Interfaces (Bcis) Are Away from The Ethical Problems

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) In Medical and Pharmaceutical Research

Chapter Eleven: Low-cost Brain Computer Interface (BCI)

Toys and Gaming Industry

The Early Consumers BCI

Sony 2006

NeuroSky 2007

OCZ 2008

Final Fantasy 2008

Uncle Milton Industries 2009

Emotiv 2009

Neurowear's "Necomimi" 2012

They Shall Walk 2014

Open-Source Brain Computer Interface (BCI) 2016

Neuralink 2020

Chapter Twelve: Future Directions

The Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

Disorders of consciousness (DOC)

Motor Recovery

Functional Brain Mapping

Flexible Devices

Neural Dust

ONE BILLION KNOWLEDGEABLEINITIATIVE

About The AUTHOR

Bio

Where to Find the Author Online

Other books from the same author

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Chapter One: Definitions

UCLA and DARPA

S

tudy on Brain Computer Interface (BCI) started in the 1970s at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the word Brain Computer Interface (BCI) in scientific literature.

Neuro-Prosthetics Applications

Research and development in the field of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) has since focused mainly on neuro-prosthetics applications aimed at restoring impaired hearing, vision, and movement. Thanks to the remarkable cortical plasticity of the brain, the signals from the implanted prosthesis can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain as a natural sensor or effector. After years of animal experimentation, the first neuro-prosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s.

Neuromodulation

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) differs from neuromodulation in that it enables bi-directional information flow. Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are also aimed at studying, tracking, assisting, increasing, or restoring cognitive or sensory-motor functions in humans. Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body to the central nervous system. The motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to the outside of your body.

Abbreviations

The Brain Computer Interface (BCI), also referred to as the Neural Control Interface (NCI), the Mind Machine Interface (MMI), the Direct Neural Interface (DNI), or the Brain Machine Interface (BMI), is a direct communication route between the enhanced or wired brain and the external unit.

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Chapter Two: History

Electroencephalography (EEG)

T

he history of the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) begins with Hans Berger's discovery of the electrical activity of the human brain and the evolution of electroencephalography (EEG). In 1924, Berger was the first to record human brain activity by electroencephalography (EEG). Berger was able to recognize oscillatory movement, such as the Berger wave or the alpha wave (8–13 Hz), by studying the traces of electroencephalography (EEG).

The first recording unit of Berger was quite rudimentary. He placed silver wires under his patients' scalps. This were later replaced by silver foils applied to the patient's head with rubber bandages. Berger attached these sensors to the capillary electrometer of Lippmann, with disappointing performance. However, more sophisticated measuring instruments, such as the Siemens Double-Coil Recording Galvanometer, which showed electrical voltages as small as ten thousandths of a volt, were accurate.

In his Electroencephalography (EEG) wave diagrams, Berger studied the interrelation of alternations with brain diseases. Electroencephalography (EEG) has allowed entirely new possibilities for research into human brain function.

Although the word had not yet been coined, the piece Music for Solo Performer (1965) by the American composer Alvin Lucier was one of the early examples of a functioning brain-machine interface. The piece uses Electroencephalography (EEG) and analog signal processing equipment (filters, amplifiers, and a mixing board) to activate acoustic percussion instruments. To perform the piece, one must create alpha waves and thus "play" the various percussion instruments by means of loudspeakers positioned next to or directly on the instruments themselves.

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) challenge