Design Economics for the Built Environment E-Book

Herbert Robinson

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 831

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

The drive towards environmentally friendly buildings and infrastructure has led to a growing interest in providing design solutions underpinned by the core principles of sustainability to balance economic, social and environmental factors.

Design Economics for the Built Environment: Impact of sustainability on project evaluation presents new directions, reflecting the need to recognise the impact of climate change and the importance of sustainability in project evaluation. The aim is to provide a new approach to understanding design economics in the context of the changing policy environment, legislative and regulatory framework, and increasing economic, environmental and social pressure as result of the sustainability agenda.

The book follows a structured approach from theories and principles in the earlier chapters, to the practical applications and emerging techniques focusing on value and social, economic and environmental considerations in making design decisions. It starts with the policy context, building on various theories and principles such as, capital cost, value of design and resource-based theories, the new rules of measurement (NRM) to explore cost planning, the relationship between height and costs, key socio-economic and environmental variables for design appraisal, eco-cost/value ratio (EVR), whole life theory and the treatment of carbon emission as external costs, productivity and efficiency, fiscal drivers and legal framework for carbon reduction, procurement and allocation of risks in contracts.

Case studies, practical examples and frameworks throughout reinforce theories and principles and relate them to current practice. The book is essential reading for postgraduate students in architecture, building and quantity surveying and is also a valuable resource for academics, consultants and policy-makers in the built environment.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Editors and Contributors

Editors

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Part I: Theories, Principles and Approaches

Chapter 1: Economic Context, Policy Environment and the Changing Role of Design Economists

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The economic context

1.3 Globalisation of construction market

1.4 The policy environment and the construction industry

1.5 Current and emerging role of design economists

References

Chapter 2: Theories and Principles of Design Economics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Factors affecting design costs and benefits

2.3 Capital cost theory

2.4 Whole life cost theory

2.5 Value management theory

2.6 Value of design theory

2.7 Carter’s model

2.8 Resource-based theory

References

Chapter 3: New Approaches and Rulesof Measurement for Cost Estimating and Planning

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The standardisation of cost estimating

3.3 The RICS NRM 1

3.4 RIBA plan of work, RICS estimating, cost planning and NRM 1

3.5 Cost estimating and cost planning

3.6 Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis (SFCA)

3.7 Benchmarking (cost limits)

3.8 Building information modelling

3.9 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 4: The Relationship between Building Height and Construction Costs

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Research in the 1970s and 1980s

4.3 More recent research in Hong Kong and Shanghai

4.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Appraisal of Design to Determine Viability of Development Schemes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Assessing costs and benefits of design alternatives

5.3 Appraisal of design using discounting methods

5.4 Appraisal of design using residual technique

5.5 Case study of the blackfriars development project

5.6 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 6: Eco-cost Associatedwith Tall Buildings

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Overview of the Dutch housing market and land use planning

6.3 Eco-costs/value ratio and the EVR model

6.4 Applying the EVR model to housing

6.5 EVR and tall buildings

6.6 Embedding EVR in other sustainable ranking methods

6.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Productivity in Construction Projects

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Concept and measurement of productivity

7.3 Previous literature on factors affecting site productivity

7.4 Productivity survey

7.5 Proposed framework for site productivity

7.6 Conclusion and further research

References

Chapter 8: Design Variables andWhole-Life Cost Modelling

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Whole-life cost modelling

8.3 Steps in LCC modelling

8.4 Design principles to optimise LCC

8.5 A worked example of an office façade

8.6 Inclusion of carbon emissions into WLC modelling

8.7 Limitations of WLC

8.8 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 9: Procurement and Contract Strategy

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Procurement strategy and contract selection

9.3 Wembley stadium case study

9.4 Allocation of risks and forms of contract

9.5 Risks and construction costs

9.6 Procurement systems and contract issues

9.7 Alternative forms of procurement

9.8 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 10: Sustainable Design, Investment and Value

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Formulation of project goals

10.3 Identifying value-related characteristics

10.4 The performance approach

10.5 Use of sustainability assessment systems

10.6 Relationship between sustainable credentials and value

10.7 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 11: Carbon Reduction and Fiscal Incentives for Sustainable Design

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Key drivers of owners and occupiers

11.3 Reducing demand for energy in buildings

11.4 Fiscal drivers

11.5 Reliefs and allowances

11.6 Subsidies and incentives

11.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Environmental Assessment Tools

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Context and the need to design to reduce carbon emission

12.3 Key features of environmental assessment tools

12.4 The BREEAM tool

12.5 The LEED tool

12.6 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 13: Space Planning and Organisational Performance

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Organisational performance and innovative work settings

13.3 Hypotheses and test results

13.4 Discussion

13.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 14: Achieving Zero Carbon in Sustainable Communities

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Key concepts and principles

14.3 Key features of decentralised energy networks

14.4 Activity-based design approach

14.5 Key steps in the design process

14.6 Evaluating energy, space and land requirements

14.7 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 15: Flood Risk Mitigation

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Increasing challenges of flooding due to global warming and urban development

15.3 Flood mitigation

15.4 Flood mitigation consideration for new buildings at design stage

15.5 Implications of mitigation measures in terms of building cost

15.6 Implications of mitigation measures in terms of property value and insurance cost

15.7 Conclusions

References

Part II: Industry Perspective, Case Studies and Implications for Curriculum Development

Chapter 16: Reusing Knowledge and Leveraging Technology to Reduce Design and Construction Costs

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Knowledge reuse in construction processes and projects

16.3 Knowledge reuse in construction projects

16.4 Leveraging knowledge systems to reduce time and costs

16.5 4Projects knowledge solution

16.6 Case studies and discussions

16.7 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 17: Sustainable Design Economics and Property Valuation: An Industry Perspective

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Sustainable design economics and property valuation

17.3 Data collection

17.4 UK government impact

17.5 The valuation process

17.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 18: Cost Planning of Construction Projects: An Industry Perspective

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Concept and format of a cost plan

18.3 How a cost plan is put together

18.4 How the cost plan evolves through the riba design stages

18.5 Main factors that affect the overall cost of a building

18.6 Impact of sustainability on cost plans

18.7 Recent developments in BIM and the implications for cost planning

18.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 19: Life Cycle Costing and Sustainability Assessments

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Sustainability considerations in design

19.3 Using the life cycle costing standards

19.4 Case study 1 – whole building

19.5 Case study 2 – lighting

19.6 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 20: Designing Super-Tall Buildings for Increased Resilience

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Challenges of tall buildings and the need for increased resilience

20.3 Factors influencing design and cost of tall buildings

20.4 Design of counter-terrorism measures

20.5 Cost of new measures and design

20.6 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 21: Building Information Modelling

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Concept of Bim

21.3 Integration and dataflow

21.4 Model Progression Specification: Developing a common language

21.5 Quality

21.6 Cost planning

21.7 Construction schedule

21.8 Conclusion and future directions

References

Chapter 22: Case Study: Value Engineering and Management Focusing on Groundworks and Piling Packages

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Why VM?

22.3 When and where is VM applied?

22.4 Value management implemention and tools used

22.5 Practical benefits and savings

22.6 Reflection and concluding remarks

Chapter 23: Case Study: Value Engineering of a New Office Development with Retail Provision

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Why value management?

23.3 When and where is value management applied?

23.4 Value management implementation and tools used

23.5 Practical benefits and savings

23.6 Concluding remarks

Chapter 24: Case Studies: Sustainable Design, Innovation and Competitiveness in Construction Firms

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Background and context

24.3 Key drivers of sustainability in design and construction

24.4 Case studies

24.5 Findings and discussions

24.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 25: Case Study: Retrofitting Building Services Designand Sustainability in

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Initial study or analysis to identify problems

25.3 Funding for capital improvement plan

25.4 Evaluation of design options and the cost implications

25.5 Proposed design solution and costs

25.6 Concluding remarks

References

Chapter 26: Case Studies: Maximising Design and Construction Opportunities through Fiscal Incentives

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Strategic considerations

26.3 Capital allowances planning

26.4 Enhanced capital allowances (ECA)

26.5 Land remediation relief (LRR)

26.6 Value added tax

26.7 Taxation anti-avoidance

26.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 27: Mapping Sustainability in the Quantity Surveying Curriculum

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Literature review on sustainability issues

27.3 Development of the Sustainability Framework

27.4 Mapping of Sustainability Education in QS Degree Programmes

27.5 Discussion and conclusions

References

Appendix A: UK Property Investment Yields (December 2013)

Appendix B: IPD/RICS Sustainability Inspection Checklist 2014

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 Design costs and benefits matrix.

Table 2.2 Examples of design variables and key considerations.

Table 2.3 Examples of VE savings from selected studies.

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Simple and compound interest.

Table 5.2 Discount factor.

Table 5.3 Infrastructure Designs A and B.

Table 5.4 The key variables in establishing development costs.

Table 5.5 Examples of sources of building cost.

Table 5.6 Examples of planning contribution costs for site specific transport.

Table 5.7 Example of data and assumptions sheet.

Table 5.8 Residual calculations.

Table 5.9 Sensitivity of property yield and rent on capital value of Blackfriars development scheme (in £ Millions).

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Eco-costs of materials (www.winket.nl).

Table 6.2 Selected

c

ases (Hoffman, 2008).

Table 6.3 Results of the cases based on different ranking methods (Hoffman, 2008).

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Group of factors affecting productivity on construction sites.

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Period under consideration according to different standards.

Table 8.2 System boundary in LCC.

Table 8.3 Performance criteria of alternative façade design.

Table 8.4 Results of best-worst case analysis, expressed as the difference between the two alternatives (“glass only” minus “stone + glass”).

Chapter 09

Table 9.1 Examples of risk response strategy.

Table 9.2 Examples of risks mitigating instruments.

Table 9.3 Value of risk in PFI/PPP projects.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Empirical evidence on the economic benefits of buildings with sustainable credentials (Lützkendorf and Lorenz, 2011).

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Taxes levied in the UK, with 2013/14 rates (HMRC, 2013).

Table 11.2 Effective VAT rates (HMRC, 2012).

Table 11.3 VAT implications of construction works on supply chain.

Table 11.4 CCL rates from 1 April 2014 (HMRC, 2013).

Table 11.5 Examples of energy-saving technologies (Carbon Trust, 2012).

Table 11.6 Technologies covered by the ECA Water Scheme (Defra, 2012).

Table 11.7 Definitions of land remediation, contaminated and derelict land.

Table 11.8 Examples of reduced or zero rated VAT supplies for property (HMRC, 2013).

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Project certification rates (in US$) effective from 1 January 2010.

Table 12.2 Project certification rates (in US$) effective from 1 January 2010.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Mean rank scores by perceived environment innovative work settings.

Table 13.2 Mean rank scores by perceived task performance innovative work settings.

Table 13.3 Mean rank scores by perceived interaction innovative work settings

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Breakdown of consumption of resources per person.

Table 14.2 Wind speed classification and energy conversion.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Costs of resistance and resilience measures for different building types, flood depths and deployment methods.

Table 15.2 Resistance and resilience mitigation measures.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Traditional and new services offered by quantity surveying Firms.

Table 16.2 Example of a construction project cycle (RIBA Plan of Work).

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Elemental form of a cost plan.

Table 18.2 Formal cost planning stages and RIBA Work Stages.

Table 18.3 Example of a trade cost plan.

Table 18.4 Typical sub-structure section of an order of cost estimate at stages A/B.

Table 18.5 Typical sub-structure section of an order of cost estimate at stages C/D.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Key building form, orientation and design opportunities.

Table 19.2 Options for cooling and natural ventilation to reduce the use of energy.

Table 19.3 Controls, zoning, metering and energy efficiency measures.

Table 19.4 Controls, zoning, metering and energy efficiency measures.

Table 19.5 Present value of a sum of £100.

Table 19.6 Comparison of base case building and its three reviews.

Table 19.7 Details of the base case.

Table 19.8 Details of the first review (goal: incorporate natural ventilation).

Table 19.9 Details of the second review (goal: maximise use of natural lighting; energy efficient lighting; lighting controls).

Table 19.10 Details of the third review (goal: incorporate photovoltaic panels and biomass boiler).

Table 19.11 Three lighting options for retail.

Table 19.12 Summary of inputs and assumptions for three lighting options.

Table 19.13 Summary of results.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Key threats and mitigating design measures.

Table 20.2 Outline of new approaches.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Variances on selected tender packages.

Table 22.2 Value opportunities identified, potential savings and status.

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Summary of the key packages selected for VE.

Table 23.2 Examples of value opportunities identified, savings and participants.

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Company background.

Table 24.2 Sustainability strategy.

Table 24.3 Key drivers of sustainable development.

Table 24.4 Effects on processes.

Table 24.5 Nature and examples of process, product and design innovation.

Table 24.6 Effects on competitiveness and profitability.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Benefits of a PPA.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Example of LRR for developer undertaking land remediation prior to sale.

Table 26.2 Example of LRR for investor undertaking land remediation works.

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Sustainability framework relevant to QS degree programme.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 Actors in the development process.

Figure 1.2 Growth in construction GVA: developed and emerging world.

Figure 1.3 Construction volumes and GDP in Euroconstruct countries in 2012.

Figure 1.4 Changes in GVA between the EU15 (Western Europe) and EU-East (Eastern Europe) sectors.

Figure 1.5 Predicted shares of global construction output in 2015 and 2020.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Resources required for production.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Constituents of a Cost Estimate.

Figure 3.2 Cost Plan.

Figure 3.3 Elemental Cost Plan.

Figure 3.4 Benchmarking illustration.

Figure 3.5 Screen shot: BIM showing 3D model and 4D and 5D attributes of time, measurement and cost.

Chapter 04

Figure 4.1 Cost

(in £)

/m

2

of gross floor area v

ersu

s number of storeys.

Figure 4.2 Cost (in $)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height (Hong Kong data).

Figure 4.3 Cost (in $)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height – grouped by height ranges.

Figure 4.4 Cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Figure 4.5 Substructure cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Figure 4.6 Roof cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Figure 4.7 Upper floors cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Figure 4.8 Doors and windows cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Figure 4.9 Services cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Figure 4.10 Plumbing cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Figure 4.11 Electrical cost (in ¥)/m

2

of gross floor area versus height.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Cost of achieving various BREEAM standards.

Figure 5.2 South Bank Development Plan.

Figure 5.3 Development site.

Figure 5.4 Land for development.

Figure 5.5 Sensitivity of property yield with respect to profit.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Number of permits in the Dutch housing market (Statistics Netherlands, 2013).

Figure 6.2 Traditional costs and eco-costs of investments of several strategies

Figure 6.3 Selected cases: Grotius tower, KJ-square and Hoog aan de Maas (from left to right) (Hoffman, 2008).

Figure 6.4 BREEAM score of the Grotius tower

Figure 6.5 The elements of whole-life cost

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 Proposed framework for site productivity.

Chapter 08

Figure 8.1 Whole-life cost according to ISO 15686-5.

Figure 8.2 Relationship between initial costs and consequential costs.

Figure 8.3 Example of a LCC calculation according to DGNB definitions for an office building in Berlin, Germany.

Figure 8.4 Measures to reduce consumption costs.

Figure 8.5 LCC for two alternative façade constructions including the consequences of air conditioning/cooling.

Figure 8.6 Cumulative LCC for alternative façade constructions.

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1 Traditional system.

Figure 9.2 ‘Design and bBuild’ approach.

Figure 9.3 Management contracting approach.

Figure 9.4 Construction management approach.

Figure 9.5 Contractual relationship and agreement between parties in PFI/PPP.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Key economic performance aspects and their relevance to different players.

Figure 10.2 The overall concept of sustainability assessment of buildings

Figure 10.3 Relationships between partial aspects of building performance.

Figure 10.4 Handling complexity by addressing partial questions.

Figure 10.5 Sustainable building features linking to assessments of risk.

Figure 10.6 Actor constellations and flows of information.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 The triple bottom line.

Figure 11.2 UK income tax rates since 1973

Figure 11.3 UK corporation tax rates since 1971

Figure 11.4 How HMRC collects VAT from traders.

Figure 11.5 Sample capital allowances computation.

Figure 11.6 Effect of £100 of qualifying expenditure claimed over 30 years.

Figure 11.7 Feed-in tariff and market maturity.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 RIBA Outline Plan of Works vs the BREEAM assessment stages (BRE,2011).

Figure 12.2 BREEAM rating road map.

Figure 12.3 LEED new construction and major renovation scorecard (USGBC, 2013).

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Settlement types and their consumption peak times over a 24-h period.

Figure 14.2 Design process – Level 1.

Figure 14.3 Design process – Level 2.

Figure 14.4 Design process – Level 4.

Figure 14.5 Zoning proposal based on users self-organisation.

Figure 14.6 (a) Design solution: zoning and connection via communication paths. (b) Design solution: structural approach from division by structural ribs. (c) Optimising interior spaces.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 A raised building development in the floodplain.

Figure 15.2 Mitigation decision support design flowchart for new buildings.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Key property investment factors.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Pie chart of elemental breakdown (by %).

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Typical energy use (%) in an NHS hospital (a) before and (b) after incorporating a carbon reduction strategy.

Figure 19.2 Typical carbon emissions in an NHS hospital (a) before and (b) after incorporating a carbon reduction strategy.

Figure 19.3 BS ISO 15686-5 and the UK supplement to the ISO (BCIS Standardised Method of Life Cycle Costing in Construction Procurement).

Figure 19.4 Scope of whole life costing and life cycle costing.

Figure 19.5 Elevation and floor plan of a base case Integrated Primary Health Centre.

Figure 19.6 Comparison of LCCs of base case building and its three reviews. PV, photovoltaic.

Figure 19.7 Performance comparison of base case building and its three reviews.

Figure 19.8 Cumulative LCCs - Overall.

Figure 19.9 LED lighting efficiency predictions (MTP predictions of improvement in LED efficiency).

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Cost per metre squared for GFA over number of floors. Data extracted from Flanagan and Norman (1978) and De Jong and Wamelink (2008).

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Design, cost and time integration.

Figure 21.2 Information flow.

Figure 21.3 Aspects and Classes.

Figure 21.4 The traditional process compared with the BIM process of value engineering.

Figure 21.5 Automatic visual analysis of changes between MEP model versions.

Figure 21.6 Automatic binary and visual analysis of 2D documents.

Figure 21.7 Comparison of 2D and 3D models.

Figure 21.8 3D model showing constructability issues in the steel and glass structure.

Figure 21.9 Takeoff items in the left pane are automatically generated during the takeoff process.

Figure 21.10 Screen shot showing the hierarchical cost structure.

Figure 21.11 Screen shot of the visual monitoring system.

Figure 21.12 Flow line view of a project.

Figure 21.13 Control chart.

Figure 21.14 Flow chart: the baseline schedule (the solid lines) and the actual productivity rates on-site (the dotted lines).

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Key opportunities for tax planning.

Figure 26.2 Capital allowances benefit through proactive planning.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Coverage of sustainability in QS degree programmes.

Figure 27.2 Sustainability framework mapping in the four case studies.

Figure 27.3 A holistic view of the QS sustainability research strategy.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Pages

iii

iv

xii

xiii

xiv

xv

xvi

xvii

xviii

xix

xx

xxi

xxii

xxiii

xxiv

xxv

xxvi

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

Design Economics for the Built Environment

Impact of Sustainability on Project Evaluation

Edited by

Herbert Robinson

United Nations African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (Senegal), a subsidiary of United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

Barry Symonds

Symonds Konsult International Ltd, UK and Rapid5D Ltd, UK

Barry Gilbertson

Barry Gilbertson Associates, UK

Benedict Ilozor

School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, USA

This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the authors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.

ISBN: 9780470659090

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.