NGINX Cookbook E-Book

Tim Butler

• Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 248

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

A practical book on real-world NGINX deployments to get you up and running quickly.

About This Book

• Be the first to immerse yourself in the NGINX 1.9x web server and explore the plethora of advanced features.
• Master the skills of load balancing TCP-based applications and implementing HTTP/2.
• A recipe-based approach book that provides you with up-to-date information on NGINX, allowing you to implement specific use cases immediately.

Who This Book Is For

This book is aimed at smaller-to-medium developers, who are just getting started with NGINX. It assumes they already understand the basics of how a web server works and how basic networking works.

What You Will Learn

• Practical, real-world examples and recipes on how to use NGINX
• Common CMS deployments such as WordPress, Joomla and more
• NGINX configurations for frameworks such as Ruby on Rails, Django and more
• Detailed SSL recipes, including HTTP/2
• Real world rewrite examples
• Basic web and TCP load balancing configuration
• Bandwidth management and connection limiting
• Detailed NGINX deployment scenarios with Docker
• Performance tuning and monitoring of your NGINX deployments
• OpenResty deployment guides
• Advanced deployments with NGINX Plus features

In Detail

NGINX Cookbook covers the basics of configuring NGINX as a web server for use with common web frameworks such as WordPress and Ruby on Rails, through to utilization as a reverse proxy. Designed as a go-to reference guide, this book will give you practical answers based on real-world deployments to get you up and running quickly.

Recipes have also been provided for multiple SSL configurations, different logging scenarios, practical rewrites, and multiple load balancing scenarios. Advanced topics include covering bandwidth management, Docker container usage, performance tuning, OpenResty, and the NGINX Plus commercial features.

By the time you've read this book, you will be able to adapt and use a wide variety of NGINX implementations to solve any problems you have.

Leseprobe

NGINX Cookbook

Make the most of your web server

Tim Butler

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

NGINX Cookbook

Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: August 2017

Production reference: 1300817

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place

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B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78646-617-4

www.packtpub.com

Credits

Author

Tim Butler

Copy Editor

Tom Jacob

Reviewers

Claudio Borges

Jesse Lawson

Project Coordinator

Judie Jose

Commissioning Editor

Pratik Shah

Proofreader

Safis Editing

Acquisition Editors

Prachi Bisht

Subho Gupta

Indexer

Tejal Daruwale Soni

Content Development Editor

Monika Sangwan

Graphics

Kirk D'Penha

Technical Editor

Bhagyashree Rai

Production Coordinator

Arvindkumar Gupta

About the Author

Tim Butler is currently working in the web hosting industry and has nearly 20 years of experience. He currently maintains hyper-converged storage/compute platforms and is an architect of high throughput web logging and monitoring solutions.

You can follow him on Twitter using his Twitter handle, @timbutler, where he (infrequently) posts about hosting, virtualization, NGINX, containers, and a few other hobbies.

About the Reviewers

Claudio Borges is a systems engineer with a computer science degree and over 15 years of experience in Linux/BSD. He has strong knowledge of systems administration and deployment with extensive experience in developing tools to automate systems and tasks.

I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work during this project. I am especially indebted to the Packt team for giving me this opportunity. This work would not have been possible without my family's support—my loving and supportive wife, Rose and my wonderful daughter, Victoria, who provide unending inspiration.

Jesse Lawson is a PhD student at Northcentral University and an information systems administrator at Butte College in Oroville, CA. His research addresses two primary areas: consumer psychology in higher education administration, and data science and analytics in the social sciences. His dissertation explores how machine learning models compare to human-generated processes of predicting college student outcomes, and what it means if people are better at predicting student dropout behavior than algorithms. He is the author of the bestselling book Data Science in Higher Education, published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; he is a technical reviewer for Packt Publishing; and a former technical reviewer for the International Journal of Computer Science and Innovation.

I'd like to thank my wife, Sami, for her uncompromising support to my pursuits.

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Table of Contents

Preface

What this book covers

What you need for this book

Who this book is for

Sections

Getting ready

How to do it…

How it works…

There's more…

See also

Conventions

Reader feedback

Customer support

Downloading the example code

Downloading the color images of this book

Errata

Piracy

Questions

Let's Get Started

Introduction

A quick installation guide

How to do it...

Packages – RHEL/CentOS

Packages – Debian/Ubuntu

Compiling from scratch

Debian/Ubuntu

CentOS/RHEL

Testing

How to do it...

There's more...

Configuring NGINX

How to do it...

How it works...

Enabling modules

How to do it...

See also

Deploying a basic site

How to do it...

How it works...

Basic monitoring

How to do it...

How it works...

Real-time statistics

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Common PHP Scenarios

Introduction

Configuring NGINX for WordPress

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

WordPress multisite with NGINX

How to do it...

Subdomains

See also

Running Drupal using NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Using NGINX with MediaWiki

Getting ready

How to do it...

See also

Using Magento with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Configuring NGINX for Joomla

Getting ready

How to do it...

See also

Common Frameworks

Introduction

Setting up Django with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works....

See also

Setting up NGINX with Express

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works....

See also

Running Ruby on Rails with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Easy Flask with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

Laravel via NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Meteor applications with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

High speed Beego with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

All About SSLs

Introduction

Basic SSL certificates

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

Enabling HTTP/2 on NGINX

How to do it...

See also

Configuring HSTS in NGINX

How to do it...

There's more...

Easy SSL certificates with Let's Encrypt

How to do it...

See also

Making NGINX PCI DSS compliant

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

OCSP stapling with NGINX

How to do it...

See also

Achieving full A+ Qualys rating

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Logging

Introduction

Logging to syslog

How to do it...

Remote syslog

See also

Customizing web access logs

How to do it...

See also

Virtual host log format

How to do it...

Application focused logging

How to do it...

Logging TLS mode and cipher information

How to do it...

Logging POST data

How to do it...

Conditional logging

How to do it...

Using the Elastic Stack

How to do it...

Elasticsearch

Logstash

Kibana

See also

Rewrites

Introduction

Redirecting non-www to www-based sites

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Redirecting to a new domain

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Blocking malicious user agents

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

Redirecting all calls to HTTPS to secure your site

How to do it...

There's more...

See also

Redirecting pages and directories

How to do it...

Single page redirect

Full directory redirect

How it works...

See also

Redirecting 404 errors through a search page

How to do it...

How it works...

Reverse Proxy

Introduction

Configuring NGINX as a simple reverse proxy

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Content caching with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Monitoring cache status

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Microcaching

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

Serving from cache when your backend is down

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

SSL termination proxy

Getting ready

How to do it...

See also

Rate limiting

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Load Balancing

Introduction

Basic balancing techniques

Round robin load balancing

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Least connected load balancing

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

Hash-based load balancing

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Testing and debugging NGINX load balancing

Getting ready

How to do it...

There's more...

See also

TCP / application load balancing

How to do it...

How it works...

Easy testing

There's more...

See also

NGINX as an SMTP load balancer

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Advanced Features

Introduction

Authentication with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

WebDAV with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Bandwidth management with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Connection limiting with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Header modification with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

Caching static content

Removing server name and version

Extra debug headers

See also

Docker Containers

Introduction

Installing Docker 

NGINX web server via Docker

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

NGINX reverse proxy via Docker

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Docker Compose with NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

NGINX load balancing with Docker

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Performance Tuning

Introduction

Gzipping content in NGINX

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Enhancing NGINX with keep alive

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Tuning worker processes and connections

Getting ready

How to do it...

Worker processes

Worker connections

There's more...

See also

Fine tuning basic Linux system limits

Getting ready

How to do it...

See also

Integrating ngx_pagespeed

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

OpenResty

Introduction

Installing OpenResty

Getting ready

How to do it...

CentOS

Ubuntu

How it works...

See also

Getting started with OpenResty Lua

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Lua microservices with OpenResty

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Simple hit counter with a Redis backend

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

See also

Powering API Gateways with OpenResty

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

NGINX Plus – The Commercial Offering

Introduction

Installing NGINX Plus

Getting ready

How to do it...

CentOS

Ubuntu

See also

Real-time server activity monitoring

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Dynamic config reloading

Getting ready

How to do it...

How it works...

There's more...

See also

Session persistence

Getting ready

How to do it...

Cookie-based tracking

Learn-based tracking

Route-based tracking

How it works...

See also

Preface

NGINX Cookbook covers the basics of configuring NGINX as a web server for use with common web frameworks such as WordPress and Ruby on Rails, through to utilization as a reverse proxy. Designed as a go-to reference guide, this book will give you practical answers based on real-world deployments to get you up and running quickly.

Recipes have also been provided for multiple SSL configurations, different logging scenarios, practical rewrites, and multiple load balancing scenarios. Advanced topics include covering bandwidth management, Docker container usage, performance tuning, OpenResty, and the NGINX Plus commercial features.

By the time you've read this book, you will be able to adapt and use a wide variety of NGINX implementations to solve any problems you have.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Let's Get Started, goes through some of the basics of NGINX as a refresher. It's aimed as an entry point so that there's no assumed knowledge when we move onto some of the more complex structures.

Chapter 2, Common PHP Scenarios, covers examples of the more common PHP scenarios and how to implement them with NGINX. The readers will learn how to configure NGINX and how to deploy a basic site.

Chapter 3, Common Frameworks, covers non-PHP-based frameworks. It will help the readers to understand and implement all of the common non-PHP-based platforms via NGINX.

Chapter 4, All About SSLs, covers installing the various SSL certificates via NGINX and also covers the configuration required to tweak it for certain scenarios.

Chapter 5, Logging, explains that monitoring for errors and access patterns are fundamental to running a server.

Chapter 6, Rewrites, covers how rewrites work and also specific implementations of many of the common scenarios. It will be full of specific, practical examples based on real-world scenarios.

Chapter 7, Reverse Proxy, covers a basic proxy with specific examples of caching and content expiry. This chapter will explain how to configure NGINX as a reverse proxy, content caching, monitoring cache status, microcaching, and many more important scenarios.

Chapter 8, Load Balancing, talks about the load balancing components of NGINX and how to implement them for specific scenarios. In this chapter, you will learn the three important load balancing techniques—round-robin, least connection, and hash-based load balancing.

Chapter 9, Advanced Features, covers some of the lesser used features of NGINX, why they're available, and then how to implement them. This chapter includes authentication, WebDAV, bandwidth management, connection limiting, and header modification with NGINX.

Chapter 10, Docker Containers, runs you through real-world scenarios of using NGINX within a container. It will provide basic Dockerfile configs for common scenarios.

Chapter 11, Performance Tuning, is designed to build upon the existing NGINX configurations and enable specific performance enhancements.

Chapter 12, OpenResty, introduces the concept of OpenResty, a combination of NGINX, Lua scripting, and several additional third-party modules all packaged up ready to use.

Chapter 13, NGINX Plus – The Commercial Offering, shows the readers what features are in the Plus version, as well as how to implement them.

What you need for this book

The following is the list of software you require to go through the recipes covered in this book:

NGINX

PHP 7

Ubuntu/CentOS/RHEL

Who this book is for

This book is aimed at beginner-to-medium developers who are just getting started with NGINX. It assumes that they already understand the basics of how a web server works and how basic networking works.

Sections

In this book, you will find several headings that appear frequently (Getting ready, How to do it…, How it works…, There's more…, and See also). To give clear instructions on how to complete a recipe, we use these sections as follows:

Getting ready

This section tells you what to expect in the recipe, and describes how to set up any software or any preliminary settings required for the recipe.

How to do it…

This section contains the steps required to follow the recipe.

How it works…

This section usually consists of a detailed explanation of what happened in the previous section.

There's more…

This section consists of additional information about the recipe in order to make the reader more knowledgeable about the recipe.

See also

This section provides helpful links to other useful information for the recipe.

Conventions

In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning. Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "To install the latest NGINX release, add the NGINX mainline repository by adding the following to /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo."

A block of code is set as follows:

server { listen 80; server_name server.yourdomain.com; access_log /var/log/nginx/log/host.access.log combined; location / { root /var/www/html; index index.html; }}

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

mkdir -p /var/www/vhosts

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "As our configuration is very simple, we can simply accept the default settings and hit Create."

Warnings or important notes appear like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

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Let's Get Started

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

A quick installation guide

Configuring NGINX

Stopping/starting NGINX

Enabling modules

Deploying a basic website

Basic monitoring

Real-time statistics

Introduction

NGINX is a powerful software suite which has progressed well beyond a basic web server package. Some of the additional features, such as the reverse proxy and load balancing options, are well known.

Originally designed to tackle the C10k problem of handling 10,000 concurrent connections, NGINX differentiated itself from Apache with an event-driven architecture. While Apache 2.4 added event-driven processing also, there are a number of distinct differences where NGINX still remains more flexible.

This book describes how to use NGINX in a number of different scenarios and is aimed at providing you with a working solution rather than being an in-depth review of all NGINX features. If you're unfamiliar with NGINX, I highly recommend that you read Nginx HTTP Server - Third Edition, by Clément Nedelcu, also published by Packt Publishing.

You can also read the official documentation here:http://nginx.org/en/docs/

A quick installation guide

Since the mainline release (currently 1.11.19) has all of the latest features, you'll need to install it directly from the NGINX repositories. Thankfully, NGINX is kind enough to provide Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), Debian, and Ubuntu repositories, as well as OS X and Windows binaries.

Mainline versus stable

(source: https://nginx-com-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/NGINX-1.11-mainline-1.10-stable.png)

The stable and mainline branches don't necessarily reflect system stability, but configuration and module integration stability. Unless you have third-party integration which requires the stable release, we highly recommend the mainline release.

How to do it...

Different Linux distributions have varying package managers, so we'll briefly cover the installation procedures for the more commonly used ones. If the distribution you use isn't covered here, refer to the official NGINX documentation for further guidance.

Packages – RHEL/CentOS

To install the latest NGINX release, add the NGINX mainline repository by adding the following to /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo:

[nginx] name=nginx repo baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/OS/OSRELEASE/$basearch/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1

You'll also need to replace OS with either rhel or centos, and replace OSRELEASE with 5, 6, or 7, for your correct release.

You can check your version by running cat /etc/redhat-release.

Once you have the repository installed, refresh the packages and then install NGINX.

yum update

yum install nginx

If you have any issues, double check your repository for the correct syntax.

For further information, refer to the official documentation at http://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#mainline.

Packages – Debian/Ubuntu

First, download the NGINX signing key for the packages and install it:

wget http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key

apt-key add nginx_signing.key

Then, using your preferred Linux editor, we can add the sources to /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx.list:

deb http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/debian/ codename nginxdeb-src http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/debian/ codename nginx

Replace codename with the release name; for example, if you're using Debian 8, this will be set to jessie.

For Ubuntu-based systems, you'll need to use the following:

deb http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu/ codename nginxdeb-src http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu/ codename nginx

Replace codename with the release name; for example, if you're using Ubuntu 14.04, this will be set to trusty.

After adding the new source, we can then update the apt database and install NGINX:

apt-get update

apt-get install nginx

Installation should now be complete.

Compiling from scratch

Although having the precompiled packages is nice, not all of the modules are available out of the box. NGINX requires you to compile these into the NGINX installation and it's not a simple module like Apache.

You can simply build from source without any of the packaging tools for CentOS or Debian, however, it makes upgrades and compatibility more difficult. By default, user compiled programs will default to /usr/local, which means that any documentation which refers to the package defaults (/usr/etc) will be incorrect.

My preference is to base the build on the official package sources, rather than the plain source code. There aren't many extra steps involved, but it makes the ongoing management much easier. If you're looking for vanilla build instructions (without packages), these are easily available on the web.

These examples require you to have the mainline repositories already installed.

Debian/Ubuntu

On Ubuntu/Debian, install the required build tools:

apt-get install devscripts

This will install quite a few packages on your system, so if you're trying to keep your production environment lean, then I'd recommend that you use a separate build box to complete this.

We can now install the build prerequisites for NGINX:

apt-get build-dep nginx

Once you have the required build dependencies, we can now get a copy of the source code. Again, rather than the plain TAR file, we're going to get the packaged variant so that we can easily build them. Here's how we do it:

mkdir ~/nginxbuild

cd ~/nginxbuild

apt-get source nginx

You should now have a directory with the original TAR file, the Debian description, and any Debian specific patches. The apt-get source command will automatically extract and apply patches, as required, into a source directory.

To build without any changes, enter the directory and create the packages:

cd nginx-1.9.10/

fakeroot debian/rules binary

Compiling the code may take a while, depending on how many processors your workstation or server has. Once it has compiled, you should see two binaries in the parent (nginxbuild) directory. The resulting files should be:

nginx-dbg_1.9.10-1~jessie_amd64.deb

nginx_1.9.10-1~jessie_amd64.deb

You can now install NGINX via the newly compiled package:

sudo dpkg -i nginx_1.9.10-1~jessie_amd64.deb

CentOS/RHEL

Like the Debian build process, first we'll need to install the package build tools and the additional Extra Packages For Enterprise Linux (EPEL) repository:

sudo yum install yum-utils epel-release mock

Next, update /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo