Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture E-Book

Marilyn B. Skinner

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Ancient Cultures
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1125

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This agenda-setting text has been fully revised in its second edition, with coverage extended into the Christian era. It remains the most comprehensive and engaging introduction to the sexual cultures of ancient Greece and Rome.

• Covers a wide range of subjects, including Greek pederasty and the symposium, ancient prostitution, representations of women in Greece and Rome, and the public regulation of sexual behavior
• Expanded coverage extends to the advent of Christianity, includes added illustrations, and offers student-friendly pedagogical features
• Text boxes supply intriguing information about tangential topics
• Gives a thorough overview of current literature while encouraging further reading and discussion
• Conveys the complexity of ancient attitudes towards sexuality and gender and the modern debates they have engendered

Leseprobe

Contents

Illustrations and Maps

Illustrations

Maps

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

General

Greek Authors and Works

Roman Authors and Works

Works of Secondary Scholarship

Chronological Charts

Greece

Rome

Maps

Introduction: Why Ancient Sexuality? Issues and Approaches

Thinking about Sexuality

Sex Changes

Checking the Right Box

The Language and Ethos of Boy-love

Foul Mouths

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

1 The Homeric Age: Epic Sexuality

The Golden Goddess

Dynamics of Desire

The Baneful Race of Women

Love under Siege

The Beguilement of Zeus

Alternatives to Penelope

Achilles in the Closet?

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

2 The Archaic Age: Symposium and Initiation

When the Cups Are Placed

Fields of Erotic Dreams

Singing as a Man …

… and Singing as a Woman

Boys into Men

Girls into Women

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

3 Late Archaic Athens: More than Meets the Eye

Out of Etruria

Lines of Sight

Flirtation at the Gym

Party Girls

In the Boudoir

Bride of Quietness

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

4 Classical Athens: The Politics of Sex

More Equal than Others

Pederasty and Class

Interview with the Kinaidos

In the Grandest Families

Criminal Proceedings

His and Hers (or His)

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

5 The Early Hellenistic Period: Turning Inwards

Court Intrigues

Medicine and the Sexes

From Croton to Crete

Safe Sex

Athenian Idol

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

6 The Later Hellenistic Period: The Feminine Mystique

Disrobing Aphrodite

Hellenes in Egypt

Love among the Pyramids

To Colchis and Back

Desiring Women – and their Detractors

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

7 Early Rome: A Tale of Three Cultures

The Pecking Order

Imported Vices

Bringing Women under Control

Butchery for Fun

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

8 Republican and Augustan Rome: The Soft Embrace of Venus

Only Joking

Young Men(?) in Love

Mother of All Empires

Domestic Visibility

Going Too Far

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

9 Elites in the Empire: Self and Others

Risky Business

Boys Named Sue

Them

Roads to Romance

‘Greek Love’ under Rome

Roads to Nowhere

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

10 The Imperial Populace: Toward Salvation?

The 99%

Gravestones and Walls

In the Eye of the Beholder

“O Isis und Osiris …”

Christian Continence

Things Fall Apart

Conclusion

Notes

References

Further Reading

Afterword: The Use of Antiquity

References

Glossary of Terms

Index

Praise for Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture, Second Edition

“My upper-level students enjoyed Skinner’s frank and engaging style, and appreciated her ability to navigate through contentious theoretical issues with discretion and clarity. The new features of the second edition further increase the value of what is by far the best survey of the subject available.”

Anthony Corbeill, University of Kansas

“This book delivers but also exceeds what I’d hoped for in the second edition. In addition to an updated text and bibliography positioning the book in relation to scholarly developments, Skinner has added textboxes to stimulate class debate, and end-of-chapter ‘discussion prompts’ to encourage students’ reflection upon our relationship with/estrangement from ancient sexuality.”

Susan Deacy, University of Roehampton

“Skinner’s revised and expanded second edition increases the chief pleasure of her first—to see a true scholar at work, formidably informed. Her scope of erudition embraces all manner of ancient testimony, from Greek romances to gravestones.”

Micaela Janan, Duke University

“Thoroughly revised and with new sections and illustrations in each chapter, this book remains a landmark study of a complex yet fascinating subject. Written by a global authority in the field, it delivers rigorous, up-to-date scholarship in a style appealing to the non-specialist reader.”

Konstantinos P. Nikoloutsos, Saint Joseph’s University

“A breathtaking synthesis of cutting edge research, this superb second edition of Skinner’s magisterial overview of ancient sexuality combines sophistication with accessibility and remains an indispensable resource for students, teachers, and scholars.”

Yurie Hong, Gustavus Adolphus College

Ancient Cultures

These enjoyable, straightforward surverys of key themes in ancient culture are ideal for anyone new to the study of the ancient world. Each book reveals the excitement of discovering the diverse lifestyles, ideals, and beliefs of ancient peoples.

Published

Ancient Babylonian MedicineMarkham J. GellerThe SpartansNigel KennellSport and Spectacle in the Ancient WorldDonald G. KyleFood in the Ancient WorldJohn M. Wilkins and Shaun HillGreek Political ThoughtRyan K. BalotTheories of MythologyEric CsapoSexuality in Greek and Roman Culture, second editionMarilyn B. Skinner

In preparation

Science in the Ancient WorldDaryn LehouxEthnicity and Identity in the Ancient WorldKathryn LomasRoman Law and SocietyThomas McGinnEconomies of the Greek and Roman WorldJeremy PatersonEconomies of the Greco-Roman WorldGary RegerThe City of RomeJohn PattersonSport and Spectacle in the Ancient World, second editionDonald G. Kyle

This second edition first published 2014© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e, 2005)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Skinner, Marilyn B.Sexuality in greek and roman culture / Marilyn B. Skinner. – 2nd Edition.pages cm. – (Ancient cultures; 2621)Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4443-4986-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-61108-1 (epub) – ISBN 978-1-118-61092-3 (mobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-61081-7 (epdf) 1. Sex customs–Greece–History–To 1500–Textbooks. 2. Sex customs–Rome–History–Textbooks. I. Title.HQ13.S535 2013 306.70937′6–dc23

2013018151

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: Detail of Sleeping Hermaphrodite, Roman marble copy of original Hellenistic sculpture. © Araldo de Luca/CorbisCover design by Simon Levy

Housman: Actually, “trochos” is Greek, it’s the Greek word for hoop, so when Horace uses “Graecus trochus” it’s rather like saying “French chapeau”. I mean he’s laying it on thick, isn’t he?Jackson: Is he? What?Housman: Well, to a Roman, to call something Greek meant – very often – sissylike, or effeminate. In fact, a hoop, a trochos, was a favourite gift given by a Greek man to the boy he, you know, to his favourite boy.Jackson: Oh, beastliness, you mean?                                            Tom Stoppard, The Invention of Love

Tondo of a red-figure cup by the Pedieus Painter, c.510 BCE

Illustrations and Maps

Illustrations

Frontispiece

Tondo of a red-figure cup by the Pedieus Painter, c.510 BCE.

1.1

Guido Reni (1575–1642). “The Abduction of Helen,” 1641.

2.1

The funeral banquet. Greek wall painting from the Tomb of the Diver, early fifth century BCE.

2.2

Polyxena sarcophagus, c.525–500 BCE. Women at symposium.

3.1

Kalyx krater (mixing bowl) by the Niobid Painter, c.460–450 BCE.

3.2

Image of satyrs on a red-figure kylix by the Nikosthenes Painter, sixth century BCE.

3.3

Red-figure cup by the Kiss Painter (name vase). 521–510 BCE.

3.4

Attic black-figure kylix, c.520–500 BCE: courtship between man and boy.

3.5

Attic black-figure amphora with male courtship scene, c.550–540 BCE.

3.6

Attic black-figure tripod pyxis with three male couples.

3.7

Attic red-figure kylix attributed to the Carpenter Painter, 510–500 BCE.

3.8

Peithinos cup, side A, sixth century BCE: young men and boys.

3.9

Peithinos cup, side B: sixth century BCE: youths courting young women.

3.10

Tondo of Peithinos cup: sixth century BCE: Peleus wrestling with Thetis.

3.11

Red-figure oinochoê, side A: running youth.

3.12

Red-figure oinochoê, side B: stooping barbarian.

3.13

Red-figure krater by the Dinos Painter, fifth century BCE: lovemaking scene.

3.14

Red-figure hydria by the Shuválov Painter, fifth century BCE: erotic scene.

3.15

Red-figure psykter signed by Euphronius: courtesans at a symposium.

3.16

Kylix (wine cup) by Douris with erotic scene, c.480 BCE.

3.17

Red-figure kylix by the Pedieus Painter, c.510–500 BCE: orgy scene.

3.18

Loutrophoros depicting a bridal procession, c.450–425 BCE.

3.19

Late Attic red-figure hydria by the Meidias Painter, fl. 410 BCE.

4.1

Late Attic red-figure kalyx krater, c.420 BCE: scene from comedy.

5.1

“Alexander Sarcophagus,” late fourth century BCE, detail: Alexander hunting lion.

5.2

Ivory head of Philip II from royal tombs at Vergina, fourth century BCE.

6.1

Praxiteles, Cnidian Venus. Roman copy after Greek original, c.350−30 BCE.

6.2

Gold octodrachm of Ptolemy II and Arsinoë II, Egypt, c.285–246 BCE.

7.1

Sarcophagus and lid with husband and wife, c.350–300 BCE.

7.2

Exterior of bull ring, Merida, Spain.

8.1

Fresco in the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii.

8.2

Peace or Tellus Mater: panel from the Ara Pacis, Rome, 13−9 BCE.

8.3

Marcus Agrippa with imperial family: south frieze of the Ara Pacis, Rome.

9.1

Colossal bust of Antinous.

10.1

Marble grave relief of Aurelia Philematium. Rome, Italy, c.80 BCE.

10.2

Fresco of Priapus weighing his penis from the Casa dei Vettii, Pompeii.

10.3

Ithyphallic bronze tintinnabulum from Pompeii.

10.4

Fresco of erotic scene from Pompeii, House of Caecilius Iucundus.

10.5

The Warren Cup, side A: lovemaking, man and youth.

10.6

The Warren Cup, side B: lovemaking, man and boy.

Maps

1

Greece and the Aegean World

2

The Hellenistic World

3

Italy

4

The Roman Empire under Trajan and Hadrian 98–138 CE

Preface to the Second Edition

Publication of a second edition of Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture gives me the opportunity to correct shortcomings noted by reviewers and readers of the first edition, incorporate new findings and update an ever-increasing bibliography, expand treatment of several topics, add more images, restructure the final chapters chronologically, and carry the narrative of ancient sexual ethics down to the Christian era. Students, I hope, will welcome a few features to make the work more user-friendly: for each chapter, the inclusion of a text box containing intriguing facts tangential to the main topic and the addition of discussion prompts and further readings at the end, as well as a glossary at the back defining boldfaced terms employed in the text. Many of these changes were suggested by respondents to electronic surveys conducted by the publisher. I deeply appreciate the thoughtful feedback those ­participants provided; as a teaching tool the book has benefited greatly.

While I have preserved all of the original content, I have rewritten entire portions of text, especially in the introduction, the chapters on classical Athens and the Hellenistic period, and the concluding chapters on imperial Rome. Perceptive reviewers observed that the previous edition was as much about gender as it was about sexuality. Indeed, it is almost impossible to disentangle the two, even conceptually. The introduction has been enlarged, then, by a theoretical explanation of relationships among the terms “sex,” “gender,” and “sexuality” as they will be encountered here. Though finding it hard to cover all the material I wished to include, I have added longer discussions of Aeschines’ speech Against Timarchus, the historical backdrop to Alexander the Great’s conquests, polygamy within the Argead dynasty, and the influence of Egyptian sexual customs and religion upon Greek writings produced in Ptolemaic Alexandria, as all seemed germane to main chapter themes. Finally, I have separated my account of sexual mores under the Caesars into two parts: one chapter on changing elite attitudes, Greek and Roman, toward the human body and the marriage bond, using literature and official public art as my chief witnesses, and the other on conditions and trends affecting the populace as a whole, presenting a fuller context for studying the rise of Christianity and its focus upon sexual denial. Although that last chapter is still eclectic, I believe it is more cohesive, and I trust that in providing detailed economic, legal, and demographic information I have not strayed too far from my goal of showing how an ascetic movement underpinned by eschatology might fit into the big sociological picture.

Because this book is a textbook, I have used commonly transliterated forms of proper names: “Aeschylus” instead of “Aiskhylos.” Exceptions are gods and mythic heroes, as students ought to know both Greek and Roman alternatives, and technical terms: hetairai, not “hetaeras.” Instructors might like to have my reason for supplying what I term “discussion prompts.” Initially I planned to include a set of review questions with factual answers to help students prepare for examinations. That practical notion became unfeasible, however, as I realized that I did not know what a teacher would emphasize in a given chapter and what she might prefer to leave out, depending on the level and size of the course, the length of the instructional period, and the various uses to which an assigned textbook might be put. The prompts I devised instead can function in numerous ways. Because they permit open-ended responses, classmates may debate them in breakout sessions or blog about them. They offer a choice of topics for short writing assignments. In combination with primary sources they can be used for open-book tests. Finally, ingenious students will doubtless be able to recast some of them as pick-up lines. Whatever the situation, prompts, as the noun implies, invite reflection upon personal experiences while one is seeking to grasp the workings of a foreign set of gender and sexual protocols. Whether such a process will render readers more comfortable with antiquity, I do not know. I suspect, though, that it will render them less comfortable with their own habits of thinking, and that is a good thing.

As before, I am indebted to colleagues who generously commented on drafts and offered timely assistance. On the subject of demographic projections Bruce Frier gave invaluable advice. Kristina Milnor sent a chapter of her forthcoming monograph on Pompeian graffiti. Konstantinos Nikoloutsos helped me look at Alexander through the eyes of a queer theorist. Gil Renberg supplied a bibliographic reference that complicated my view of the Warren Cup. On behalf of the Troy Project, C. Brian Rose authorized re-use of a drawing by Nurten Sevinç originally published in StudiaTroica (1996). Archaeological illustrator Christina L. Kolb produced a detailed rendering of a much discussed scene on the so-called “Getty Birds” vase. Once more, my apologies if I have overlooked mentioning someone’s scholarly contribution to the finished volume.

My thanks as well to those associated with Wiley-Blackwell who worked hard with me to produce an improved second edition: Haze Humbert, Acquisitions Editor, for commissioning the undertaking and soliciting suggestions from instructors; Ben Thatcher, Project Editor, for guiding me through the maze of getting ­permissions – again; Nora Naughton of NPM Ltd, the project production manager; Doreen Kruger, the meticulous copyeditor; and Elizabeth Saucier, Editorial Assistant, and her marketing staff for the arresting cover design. Finally, my express gratitude once again to Jeff Carnes for preparing an even more complicated index this time around.

Preface to the First Edition

The immediate decade has seen an explosion of curricular interest in ancient ­sexuality, a topic once warily neglected in the classroom. Undergraduate courses on gender and sexuality in Greece and Rome are now regularly offered by a large number of college and university classics programs in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Australia. They have proven enormously popular, and not just because their subject matter is intrinsically fascinating. Students who encounter the strange ways in which the educated classes of antiquity spoke about themselves as men and women and the odd cultural meanings they imposed on what takes place in the bedroom cannot help but begin to reconsider their own assumptions about themselves as members of a (supposedly) given sex and actors in a (supposedly) universal tragicomedy of desire and mating. Learning to view intimate matters from an alien perspective is a scary experience, particularly for young adults. This textbook is designed to help undergraduates engage with ancient sexuality in all its otherness. It is also designed for the general reader, who may have heard rumors about exciting new questions being broached in a proverbially conservative discipline.

As an academic field of study, Greco-Roman sexuality has only just become legitimate, to say nothing of trendy. Already, though, the literature is enormous and continues to grow, so that giving an overview of current thinking necessarily attempts to hit a moving target. The intellectual energy of specialists and the cutting-edge quality of their research guaranteed that the study changing the way everyone looked at a particular issue inevitably appeared just weeks after my own discussion of that issue was written. I have tried to keep abreast of developments as much as possible. For that reason, the bibliography is weighted heavily toward work published in the past ten or fifteen years. Instructors who wish to present this material in the context of more traditional accounts of social and political history may need to assign short readings from standard reference works. They may also want to select an accompanying sourcebook, although I have incorporated fairly lengthy chunks of ancient texts. All translations of Greek and Roman primary sources, except where indicated, are my own.

In composing what is, to my knowledge, the first overall survey of ancient sexuality, I have employed two different approaches to contemporary scholarship. As an expositor, I have attempted to compile and synthesize conclusions drawn from recent analyses and, in dealing with controversial questions, to explain the point of contention and present arguments from both sides. As a practicing investigator, however, I have sometimes taken positions when a given account appears to me the more plausible one. Because discussion in certain areas is intensely focused, and fundamental assumptions about the symbolic content of Greek and Roman sexual discourses are not always expressly articulated, I have formulated general observations on the semiotics of ancient sexuality that may themselves be starting points for further debate. I welcome such disagreement. As I maintain throughout this volume, the field is in its infancy – a textbook written for courses taught years from now will take for granted concepts that have not yet occurred to present-day researchers. Debate is the matrix of new understanding.

While writing this book, I realized that I was uniquely equipped to tell the story of how our picture of ancient sexual mores has changed in the past quarter-century, not because of any greater depth of erudition but rather thanks to two generations’ worth of hindsight. My college years fell in the late 1950s and early 1960s, before the cultural watersheds of the sexual revolution, the Vietnam War, and the second wave of feminism. I went to school, as young women of my background did in those days, to find a man to provide for me and my offspring and graduated four years later with no husband and a solid liberal arts education, which has served me in much better stead. During the next decade I was in a position, first as an adjunct instructor and then as a doctoral student, to observe how female undergraduates, not too much younger than I, were coming of age in a cultural landscape that had meantime changed dramatically, how they were confronting the world with wholly different expectations about their future. The sense of dislocation I experienced guaranteed a lasting emancipation from prior habits of thought: I would never again assume that notions of sex and gender were intrinsically correct just because they had been drummed into me when I was a child growing up in sheltered suburbia. Agnosticism and inquisitiveness subsequently attracted me, as a freshly degreed college professor, to the revolutionary domain of women and gender studies and finally into the history of sexuality. There I have had a privileged opportunity to indulge the kind of curiosity that, as Michel Foucault proclaimed in The Use of Pleasure, is “worth acting upon with a degree of obstinacy: not the curiosity that seeks to assimilate what it is proper for one to know, but that which enables one to get free of oneself” (1986: 8). It is in that spirit that this textbook is written: to arouse in younger persons the same impulse to think alternatively, especially about their own intimate experiences.

The difficulties that this large project presented were made easier through the assistance of many colleagues, associates, and friends. First, I wish to thank the editorial staff of Blackwell Publishing. Simon Alexander, the Publishing Coordinator for Classics, kept me working to deadline and thoughtfully replied to my proposals about cover design. Al Bertrand, the Commissioning Editor, thoroughly critiqued chapter after chapter, offering invaluable advice and support. Editorial Controller Angela Cohen helped keep track of permissions requests and supplied counsel on many technical problems of book preparation. The suggestions of several anonymous readers who responded to the initial book proposal aided me considerably as I subsequently revised the outline. Finally, my special thanks to Laura McClure, the Press referee who reviewed the entire manuscript, for her warm enthusiasm and generous assistance.

Several fellow classicists read individual excerpts from the book or provided me with work-in-progress. Elizabeth Belfiore offered expert bibliographical and scholarly advice on Greek tragedy and Plato and allowed me to consult her forthcoming study of the Platonic representation of Socrates in the Symposium. Jeffrey Carnes sent me a draft of his paper on ancient sexuality and recent Supreme Court decisions, a presentation that has become even timelier as the legal dispute over gay marriage intensifies. Laura McClure provided advance proofs of the opening chapters of Courtesans at Table: Gender and Greek Literary Culture in Athenaeus (2003) and responded thoughtfully to my discussion of the courtesan figure. Kristina Milnor gave permission to cite her working paper no. 14, “No Place for a Woman? Critical Narratives and Erotic Graffiti from Pompeii,” available from the University of Michigan Institute for Research on Women and Gender. Amy Richlin sent her own provocative survey of imperial Roman sexuality prepared for a forthcoming Blackwell’s Companion volume; as always, it has been a cognitive delight to grapple with her ideas. Brian Rose supplied me with an offprint of the first publication of the Polyxena Sarcophagus and helped me contact the author, Dr Nurten Sevinç, for permission to reproduce her illustration of the find. My apologies to anyone if I have inadvertently overlooked mentioning his or her intellectual contribution to the volume.

Needless to say, this textbook reflects the feedback of students who have been exposed to my thinking in various courses on Roman literature and women and gender in antiquity. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to the undergraduates in my Fall 2001 Freshman Colloquium CLAS 195, “Encounters with Classical Antiquity,” and the graduate students in my Spring 2002 seminar CLAS 596, “Greek and Roman Sexuality,” for serving as willing guinea pigs in thought experiments about the ancient world. Students at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, Macalester College in St Paul, Minnesota, and members of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Studies at the University of Minnesota peppered me with insightful questions when I presented parts of the book on a lecture tour in April, 2004. Holly Cohen, my research assistant, spent hours in the library probing into strange by- ways of ancient culture. Serpil Atamaz Hazar, a doctoral student in the History Department, translated my letters to Dr Sevinç into Turkish and her replies into English. To all of them, and to my long-suffering colleagues in the Department of Classics at the University of Arizona, let me express my deep gratitude.

Acknowledgments

The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to ­replicate the copyright material in this book:Faber & Faber Ltd for non-USA permission to reproduce in print and ­electronically an excerpt from “Annus Mirabilis” from High Windows by Philip Larkin. Copyright © 1974 by Philip Larkin.Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC, for United States permission to reproduce in print and electronically an excerpt from “Annus Mirabilis” from Collected Poems by Philip Larkin. Copyright © 1988, 1989 by the Estate of Philip Larkin. Reproduced by permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC.Faber & Faber Ltd for UK and British Commonwealth permission to reproduce in print and electronically an excerpt from The Invention of Love by Tom Stoppard. Copyright © 1997 by Tom Stoppard.Grove/Atlantic Inc. for United States permission to reproduce in print and electronically an excerpt from The Invention of Love by Tom Stoppard. Copyright © 1997 by Tom Stoppard.The Penguin Group for permission to use passages from pp. 61–2, 337, and 340–1 of Trevor J. Saunders’s translation of The Laws by Plato (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1970). Copyright © Trevor J. Saunders, 1970. Reproduced in print and electronically by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologizes for any errors or omissions in the above list and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations of the names of ancient authors and their works follow, whenever possible, the practice of the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edition (2012). Otherwise, Greek authors and titles are abbreviated as in Liddell and Scott, Greek–English Lexicon, 9th edition, revised by H. Stuart Jones and supplemented by various scholars (1968), referred to as LSJ. Latin authors and titles are abbreviated as in the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1982), commonly cited as OLD. Names of authors or works in square brackets [—] indicate spurious or questionable attributions. Numbers in superscript following a title indicate the number of an edition (e.g., OCD4). Abbreviations and descriptions of works of secondary scholarship are also usually taken from OCD4.

General

ad loc

.

ad locum

, at the placed being discussed in the commentary

ap

.

apud

, within, indicating a quotation contained in another author

c

.

circa

, about or approximately

cf.

compare

ch.

chapter

ff.

following pages

fig., figs.

figure, figures

fl.

flourished

fr., frr.

fragment, fragments

ibid.

ibidem

, in the same work cited above

inv.

inventory number

n., nn.

note, notes

pass

.

passim

, throughout

pl.

plural

pr.

preface

Greek Authors and Works

Ael.

Aelian

VH

Varia Historia

Aeschin.

Aeschines

Andoc.

Andocides

Anth

.

Pal

.

Palatine Anthology

Antiph.

Antiphon

Ap. Rhod.

Argon

.

Apollonius Rhodius,

Argonautica

Ar.

Aristophanes

Ach

.

Acharnians

Eccl

.

Assemblywomen

Eq

.

Knights

Lys

.

Lysistrata

Ran

.

Frogs

Thesm

.

Women at the Thesmophoria

Arist.

Aristotle

    [

Ath

.

pol

.]

Constitution of the Athenians

Eth

.

Eud

.

Eudemian Ethics

Eth

.

Nic

.

Nichomachean Ethics

Gen

.

an

.

On the Generation of Animals

Metaph.

Metaphysics

    [

Oec

.]

On Household Management

Pol

.

Politics

    [

Pr

.]

Problemata

Rh

.

Rhetoric

Arr.

Arrian, Anabasis

of Alexander

Artem.

Artemidorus,

Oneirokritika

Ath.

Athenaeus,

Deipnosophistae

Callim.

Callimachus

Aet

.

Aetia

Hymn

5

Hymn to Athena

Cass. Dio

Cassius Dio

Dem.

Demosthenes

Din.

Dinarchus

Diod. Sic.

Diodorus Siculus

Diog. Laert.

Diogenes Laertius

Epict.

Epictetus

Disc

.

Discourses

Epicurus

Epicurus

RS

Principal Doctrines

Sent

.

Vat

.

Vatican Sayings

Eub.

Eubulus

Eur.

Euripides

Alc

.

Alcestis

Hipp

.

Hippolytus

Gal.

Galen

Ars med

.

Art of Medicine

Libr. propr

.

On My Own Books

PHP

On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato

UP

On the Use of the Parts of the Body

Hdt.

Herodotus

Hermesian.

Hermesianax

Hes.

Hesiod

Op

.

Works and Days

Theog

.

Theogony

Hipp.

Haer

.

Hippolytus,

Refutation of All Heresies

[Hippoc.]

Hippocrates

Genit

.

On Generation

Loc

.

Hom

.

Places in Man

Mul

.

Diseases of Women

Nat. Hom.

On the Nature of the Human Being

Hom.

Homer

Il

.

Iliad

Od

.

Odyssey

Hymn

.

Hom

.

Ap

.

Homeric Hymn to Apollo

Cer

.

Homeric Hymn to Demeter

Ven

.

Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite

Hyp.

Hyperides

Iambl.

VP

Iamblichus,

Life of Pythagoras

Isae.

Isaeus

Isoc.

Isocrates

[Longinus]

Subl

.

[Longinus],

On the Sublime

[Luc.]

Am

.

[Lucian],

Affairs of the Heart

Lucian

Eun

.

Lucian,

The Eunuch

Lucill.

Lucillius

Lys.

Lysias

Men.

Menander

Sam

.

Samia

Muson.

Musonius Rufus

Nic.

Nicander

NT

New Testament (Authorized Version)

    1 Cor.

    First Epistle to the Corinthians

    Rom.

    Epistle to the Romans