SPSS For Beginners E-Book

Hunt Robert D.

• Herausgeber: AMD
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

About the Book
The Statistical Package for the Social Science is one of the dynamic and prominent analytical tools that performs very intricate data analysis and manipulation with ease. This statistical analytic tool is widely used in various fields such as surveys, research, business administration, academics, competitor analysis etc. Its flexibility and all-inclusive data management in analysis enables user access a clearer and more detailed knowledge of the data.
This book serves as an effective guide to the basics of the SPSS workspace, as well as the advance usage. This guide is adequately equipped to help SPSS users become proficient in analyzing various types of statistical data, formulate basic charts, tables and pivotable, perform inferential statistics using the three basic t-tests, regression and correlation.
This guide is a powerful academic tool into the world of statistics.

Leseprobe

SPSS

for Beginners

An Illustrative Step-by-Step Approach to analyzing Statistical data

Robert D. Hunt

Copyright

SPSS for Beginners

Copyright © 2023 Robert Hunt

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Disclaimer

This book is geared towards providing information in regards to the topic and issue covered. The publication is sold with the idea that the publisher is not required to render accounting, officially permitted, or otherwise, qualified services. If advice is necessary. Legal or health professional, a practiced individual in the profession should be ordered.

Printed on acid-free paper.

Table of Content

Copyright

Table of Content

Introduction

Versions, Editions and Modules

Windows in SPSS

Main Menus in SPSS

Icons and their Functions

CHAPTER ONE

THE BASICS

WorkSpace

Customizing SPSS Default Settings

Properties of SPSS Variable view

CHAPTER TWO

Creating a New Data

Importing Data

Cleaning Data for Import

Improving Data

Chart Builder

CHAPTER THREE

ANALYZING DATA

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics for Categorical Data

Frequencies Command Menu

Descriptive Statistics for Two Categorical Variables (Chi-square).

Recoding Variable

Descriptive Statistics for Scale Data

Visual Binning

Descriptive Command Menu

Create Z Scores

Explore Command Menu

Descriptive Statistics for Both Categorical and Scale Variable

Comparison with Compare Mean Command

CHAPTER FOUR

OUTPUT

Basic Syntax

The Output/Viewer

Modify Viewer Results

Modify Chart Using Chart Editor (APA Style)

Modify Tables Using Pivot Tables

Export Output

Export Data

Data Codebook

CHAPTER FIVE

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

T-Tests

Levene’s Test of Equal Variance

One-Way ANOVA

Two-Way ANOVA

Correlation

Regression

About the Author

Introduction

The term SPSS stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. SPSS primary audience has been known to be researchers and students, especially in the social sciences. Although they are also in other fields like business, this is because of its user-friendly feature with a point and click interface which allows individuals to easily assemble code and save as a syntax file, which can be reused, adapted and shared with others. The biggest strength of SPSS is its user interface, which relies on dropdown menus, making it easy to learn. The common criticism of SPSS is also because of the user interface, as it makes statistical analysis simple and by risk of making analysis simplistic it allows people to run tests without adequate understanding of what they are doing and encourages mindless analysis. IBM SPSS Statistics as a software deal with cross-sectional type of data, where data are collected from multiple cross-sections at a single time period. SPSS analyzes data in three basic ways:

● Describe data using descriptive statistics e.g frequencies, standard deviation etc.

● Examine relationship between variables e.g correlation analysis, regression etc.

● Compare groups to determine if there are significant differences between these groups e.g T-test, analysis of variant etc.

Versions, Editions and Modules

Versions are the release update of the software. SPSS version 1 came out in 1968 and was called “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.” The version 24 that came out in 2016 was called “IBM SPSS Statistics.” For some time, SPSS was briefly called Predictive Analytics SoftWare (PASW) during a trademark dispute when it was bought by IBM. One thing to note about SPSS is that, no matter what version you are using, the files are highly compatible. So, the code created in version 16 can be readable in Version24 or 27. However some of the advanced functions could have compatibility issues.

Editions on SPSS vary according to what is included in a particular purchase. Editions of SPSS can be broken down into four major categories which are Base, Standard, Professional and Premium. Each of these additions differ by price and the function embedded in them. Base edition gives you such things as basic Statistics, linear regression, clustering and factor analysis. Standard edition presents you with logistic regression, generalized linear models (LM), survival analysis as well as drag-and-drop interactive tables. Professional edition adds to it through data prep, forecasting, decision trees and imputation. And finally, the Premium edition adds bootstrapping, complex sampling, exact tests and structure equation modeling (SEM).

Modules on SPSS are the component that adds extra functionality to SPSS. In other words, they serve to primarily differentiate each of the various editions. Modules available on SPSS include advanced statistics, bootstrapping, categories, complex samples, conjoint, custom tables, data preparation, decision trees, direct marketing, exact tests, forecasting, missing values, neural networks and regression. However, the packages are expensive and there are free plug-ins that make it possible to use code in R, Python, Java and the Microsoft.NET within the SPSS.

In summary, it can be said that SPSS has a long-standing history that has gradually evolved bringing about several variations and possible additions that can be made to it when extra modules are added. And also, the cost is something to consider when doing the cost-benefit analysis, as it is very pricey.

Windows in SPSS

There are two major view modes to SPSS. The Syntax window is one of the windows in SPSS but cannot be said to be a major window as it is not necessarily used in every analysis. The major windows listed here must be involved for any analysis to be run.

Data Editor

This is a window in SPSS where variables are created, data are entered and statistical functions are carried out. There are two tabs in the data editor, Data View and Variable View. The data view is basically used for entering data as well as viewing data in the data editor. In the data view, rows represent individual cases i.e states, country, businesses, people etc. The columns in the data view represent a particular variable in a data file. The variable view is used to create and define various characteristics of variables. In the variable view, the rows represent individual variables and the columns represent the specific characteristics of those variables.

Output/Viewer

This window is simply where the result of any analysis appears. The Output/Viewer is broken into two separate parts. The left side contains an outline or menu pane, which reveals the complete list of every analysis performed. This side of this window can be used to easily navigate around the output. The right side of this window consists of the results of analysis which include tables, charts and graphs.

Main Menus in SPSS

SPSS has a number of menu options located at the top of the screen. The menu in SPSS is one feature that does not change when you switch between interface windows. In each of the main menus are underlined letters that allow for a shortcut access to the menu, simply hold down the Alt key on your keyboard and hit the letter underlined on the menu you want to access.

⮚ File: This menu allows you work on existing files, create new one, print and save. The Recently Used Data allows you to quickly access files that you recently worked on. It simply contains the standard options that can be seen in other Windowsprograms.

⮚ Edit: This menu contains edit functions for the data editor, such as cut, paste and inserting of variables. Options in this menu can be used to select the various preferences.

⮚ View: This menu essentially deals with systems specifications such as whether or not there are gridlines or value labels. In other words, it determines if the gridlines or value labels will be displayed.

⮚ Data: This permits you to make any form of changes to the data editor. One most important feature in this is the Split File, which is used to split the file by grouping variables or select cases, which would mean running analyzes only on selected cases.

⮚ Transform: This menu is mainly used in manipulating variables. For instance Recode is used to change the values of certain variables.

⮚ Analyze: Embedded in this menu is every of the statistical procedures you will be using.

⮚ Direct Marketing: This menu enables companies to conduct advanced analysis of contact and customers.