The Collected Works of Benedictus de Spinoza - Benedictus de Spinoza - E-Book

The Collected Works of Benedictus de Spinoza E-Book

Benedictus de Spinoza

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This comprehensive eBook presents the complete works or all the significant works - the Œuvre - of this famous and brilliant writer in one ebook - easy-to-read and easy-to-navigate: • Ethica. English • Theologico-Political Treatise • On the Improvement of the Understanding • The Philosophy of Spinoza • Ethics • Theologico-Political Treatise

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Table of Contents
The Ethics
(Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata)
Translated from the Latin by R. H. M. Elwes
PART I. CONCERNING GOD.
DEFINITIONS.
AXIOMS.
PROPOSITIONS.
APPENDIX:
PART II.
ON THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE MIND
PREFACE
DEFINITIONS
AXIOMS
PROPOSITIONS
POSTULATES
PART III.
ON THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE EMOTIONS
DEFINITIONS
POSTULATES
DEFINITIONS OF THE EMOTIONS
GENERAL DEFINITION OF THE EMOTIONS
PART IV:
Of Human Bondage, or the Strength of the Emotions
PREFACE
DEFINITIONS.
AXIOM.
PROPOSITIONS.
APPENDIX.
PART V:
Of the Power of the Understanding, or of Human Freedom
PREFACE
AXIOMS.
PROPOSITIONS.
A Theologico-Political Treatise
PREFACE.
CHAPTER I. - Of Prophecy
CHAPTER II. - OF PROPHETS.
CHAPTER III. OF THE VOCATION OF THE HEBREWS, AND WHETHER THE GIFT OF PROPHECY WAS PECULIAR TO THEM.
CHAPTER IV. - OF THE DIVINE LAW.
CHAPTER V. - OF THE CEREMONIAL LAW.
AUTHOR'S ENDNOTES TO THE THEOLOGICO-POLITICAL TREATISE
A Theologico-Political Treatise - Part 2 - Chapters VI to X
CHAPTER VI. - OF MIRACLES.
CHAPTER VII. - OF THE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE
CHAPTER VIII. - OF THE AUTHORSHIP OF THE PENTATEUCH AND THE OTHER HISTORICAL BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT
CHAPTER IX - OTHER QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SAME BOOKS: NAMELY, WHETHER THEY WERE COMPLETELY FINISHED BY EZRA, AND, FURTHER, WHETHER THE MARGINAL NOTES WHICH ARE FOUND IN THE HEBREW TEXTS WERE VARIOUS READINGS.
CHAPTER X. - AN EXAMINATION OF THE REMAINING BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT ACCORDING TO THE PRECEDING METHOD.
AUTHOR'S ENDNOTES TO THE THEOLOGICO-POLITICAL TREATISE
A Theologico-Political Treatise Part III - Chapters XI to XV
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
CHAPTER XI - An Inquiry whether the Apostles wrote their Epistles as Apostles and Prophets, or merely as Teachers, and an Explanation of what is meant by Apostle.
CHAPTER XII - Of the true Original of the Divine Law, and wherefore Scripture is called Sacred, and the Word of God. How that, in so far as it contains the Word of God, it has come down to us uncorrupted.
CHAPTER XIII - It is shown, that Scripture teaches only very Simple Doctrines, such as suffice for right conduct.
CHAPTER XIV - Definitions of Faith, the True Faith, and the Foundations of Faith, which is once for all separated from Philosophy.
CHAPTER XV - Theology is shown not to be subservient to Reason, nor Reason to Theology: a Definition of the reason which enables us to accept the Authority of the Bible.
CHAPTER XI - AN INQUIRY WHETHER THE APOSTLES WROTE THEIR EPISTLES AS APOSTLES AND PROPHETS, OR MERELY AS TEACHERS; AND AN EXPLANATION OF WHAT IS MEANT BY AN APOSTLE.
CHAPTER XII - OF THE TRUE ORIGINAL OF THE DIVINE LAW, AND WHEREFORE SCRIPTURE IS CALLED SACRED, AND THE WORD OF GOD. HOW THAT, IN S0 FAR AS IT CONTAINS THE WORD OF GOD, IT HAS COME DOWN TO US UNCORRUPTED.
CHAPTER XIII - IT IS SHOWN THAT SCRIPTURE TEACHES ONLY VERY SIMPLE DOCTRINES, SUCH AS SUFFICE FOR RIGHT CONDUCT.
CHAPTER XIV - DEFINITIONS OF FAITH, THE FAITH, AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF FAITH, WHICH IS ONCE FOR ALL SEPARATED FROM PHILOSOPHY.
CHAPTER XV - THEOLOGY IS SHOWN NOT TO BE SUBSERVIENT TO REASON, NOR REASON TO THEOLOGY: A DEFINITION OF THE REASON WHICH ENABLES US TO ACCEPT THE AUTHORITY OF THE BIBLE.
AUTHOR'S ENDNOTES TO THE THEOLOGICO-POLITICAL TREATISE
CHAPTER XI.
CHAPTER XV.
A Theologico-Political Treatise - Part IV of IV - Chapters XVI to XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS: Search strings are shown thus [16:x]. Search forward and back with the same string.
[16:0] CHAPTER XVI - OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF A STATE; OF THE NATURAL AND CIVIL RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS; AND OF THE RIGHTS OF THE SOVEREIGN POWER.
[17:0] CHAPTER XVII - IT IS SHOWN THAT NO ONE CAN, OR NEED, TRANSFER ALL HIS RIGHTS TO THE SOVEREIGN POWER. OF THE HEBREW REPUBLIC, AS IT WAS DURING THE LIFETIME OF MOSES, AND AFTER HIS DEATH, TILL THE FOUNDATION OF THE MONARCHY; AND OF ITS EXCELLENCE. LASTLY, OF THE CAUSES WHY THE THEOCRATIC REPUBLIC FELL, AND WHY IT COULD HARDLY HAVE CONTINUED WITHOUT DISSENSION.
[18:0] CHAPTER XVIII - FROM THE COMMONWEALTH OF THE HEBREWS, AND THEIR HISTORY, CERTAIN POLITICAL DOCTRINES ARE DEDUCED.
[19:0] CHAPTER XIX - IT IS SHOWN THAT THE RIGHT OVER MATTERS SPIRITUAL LIES WHOLLY WITH THE SOVEREIGN, AND THAT THE OUTWARD FORMS OF RELIGION SHOULD BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH PUBLIC PEACE, IF WE WOULD OBEY GOD ARIGHT.
[20:0] CHAPTER XX - THAT IN A FREE STATE EVERY MAN MAY THINK WHAT HE LIKES, AND SAY WHAT HE THINKS.
On the Improvement of the Understanding
THE PHILOSOPHY
OF
SPINOZA
edited by JOSEPH RATNER
PREFACE
CONTENTS
THE LIFE OF SPINOZA
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SPINOZA
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
FIRST PART
ON GOD
CHAPTER I
OF SUPERSTITION[1]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II
OF THE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE[2]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER III
OF PROPHETS AND PROPHECY[4]
I
II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER IV
OF THE VOCATION OF THE HEBREWS[6]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V
OF THE DIVINE LAW[7]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI
OF THE CEREMONIAL LAW[8]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VII
OF MIRACLES[10]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VIII
OF THE DIVINE NATURE
Definitions
Axioms
The Essence of God
The Corporeality of God
The Properties of God
I
II
III
The Necessity of All Things
General Conclusions
FOOTNOTES:
SECOND PART
ON MAN
CHAPTER IX
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN MIND
Introductory
Definitions
Axioms
The Mind of God
The Order and Dependence of Ideas in God
The Origin of the Human Mind
The Nature of the Human Mind
The Complexity of the Human Mind
Imagination
Association of Ideas and Memory
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER X
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE
Of Truth
Of Falsity
The Origin and Nature of Confused Ideas
The Origin and Nature of Adequate Ideas
The Three Kinds of Knowledge
Reason and Imagination
Sub Specie Æternitatis
The Limits of Human Knowledge
I
II
III
The Mind's Knowledge of God
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XI
DETERMINISM AND MORALS
The Mind Is Necessarily Determined
Faculty Psychology Fallacious
False Doctrines about Error Exposed
Freedom of the Will
The Independence of Mind and Body
The Moral Values of Determinism
I
II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XII
THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE EMOTIONS
Introductory
Definitions
Postulates
The Two States of Mind: Active and Passive
The Basic Endeavor of All Things
The Three Primary Emotions
I
Desire
II
Joy and Sorrow
Definitions of the Principal Emotions
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XIII
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE EMOTIONS
The Association of the Emotions
The Imitation and Reciprocation of the Emotions
I
II
The "Herd Instinct"
The Varieties of Emotion
The Inconstancy of the Emotions
The Power of Love Over Hate
FOOTNOTES:
THIRD PART
ON MAN'S WELL-BEING
CHAPTER XIV
OF HUMAN BONDAGE
Introductory
Definitions
Axiom
Man's Place in Nature
The Nature of Good and Evil
The Control of the Emotions
How the Strength of the Emotions Varies
I
II
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XV
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE MORAL LIFE
Introductory
The Essence of Virtue
I
II
The Highest Virtue of Reason
THE MORAL VALUE OF THE EMOTIONS
I
General Principles
II
Value of Joy and Sorrow
III
The Good Emotions
IV
The Evil Emotions
V
Necessary Evils
(i)
(ii)
VI
Diseased Emotions
VII
Reasonable Emotions
The Life of Virtue
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
XXVIII
XXIX
XXX
XXXI
XXXII
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVI
OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF A STATE[32]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVII
OF SUPREME AUTHORITIES
I
Of the Right of Supreme Authorities[36]
II
Of the Functions of Supreme Authorities[38]
III
Of the Best State of a Dominion[39]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XVIII
FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND SPEECH[41]
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER XIX
OF HUMAN FREEDOM
Introductory
Axioms
The Strength of the Emotions
The Power of the Intellect Over the Emotions
I
General Principles
II
The Natural Basis of Rational Control
III
The Function of the Intellectual Order
IV
Summary
CHAPTER XX
OF HUMAN BLESSEDNESS AND THE ETERNITY OF THE MIND
Human Blessedness: The Intellectual Love of God
I
II
III
IV
V
The Eternity of the Mind
I
II
III
Conclusion
FOOTNOTES:

The Ethics

(Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata)

Benedict de Spinoza

Translated from the Latin by R. H. M. Elwes

PART I. CONCERNING GOD.

DEFINITIONS.

I. By that which is self—caused, I mean that of which the essence involves existence, or that of which the nature is only conceivable as existent.

II. A thing is called finite after its kind, when it can be limited by another thing of the same nature; for instance, a body is called finite because we always conceive another greater body. So, also, a thought is limited by another thought, but a body is not limited by thought, nor a thought by body.

III. By substance, I mean that which is in itself, and is conceived through itself: in other words, that of which a conception can be formed independently of any other conception.

IV. By attribute, I mean that which the intellect perceives as constituting the essence of substance.

V. By mode, I mean the modifications[1] of substance, or that which exists in, and is conceived through, something other than itself.

[1] "Affectiones"

VI. By God, I mean a being absolutely infinite—that is, a substance consisting in infinite attributes, of which each expresses eternal and infinite essentiality.

Explanation—I say absolutely infinite, not infinite after its kind: for, of a thing infinite only after its kind, infinite attributes may be denied; but that which is absolutely infinite, contains in its essence whatever expresses reality, and involves no negation.

VII. That thing is called free, which exists solely by the necessity of its own nature, and of which the action is determined by itself alone. On the other hand, that thing is necessary, or rather constrained, which is determined by something external to itself to a fixed and definite method of existence or action.

VIII. By eternity, I mean existence itself, in so far as it is conceived necessarily to follow solely from the definition of that which is eternal.

Explanation—Existence of this kind is conceived as an eternal truth, like the essence of a thing, and, therefore, cannot be explained by means of continuance or time, though continuance may be conceived without a beginning or end.

AXIOMS.

I. Everything which exists, exists either in itself or in something else.

II. That which cannot be conceived through anything else must be conceived through itself.

III. From a given definite cause an effect necessarily follows; and, on the other hand, if no definite cause be granted, it is impossible that an effect can follow.

IV. The knowledge of an effect depends on and involves the knowledge of a cause.

V. Things which have nothing in common cannot be understood, the one by means of the other; the conception of one does not involve the conception of the other.

VI. A true idea must correspond with its ideate or object.

VII. If a thing can be conceived as non—existing, its essence does not involve existence.

PROPOSITIONS.

PROP. I. Substance is by nature prior to its modifications.

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