The Great Web 3.0 Glossary E-Book

Nikolas Beutin

• Herausgeber: Fachmedien Recht und Wirtschaft
• Serie: r&w/Fachmedien Recht und Wirtschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 670

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Metaverse, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Service Robots etc. are a rapidly expanding field with an ever-increasing number of terms and community-specific jargon. A new term is not always accompanied by something truly novel. In addition to verbal "pseudo-innuendos" and "crypto-slang" introduced with the intent of attracting attention quickly, there are several significant new developments. The issue with this development is that the risk of "Babylonian language confusion" is growing exponentially. Our observations indicate that this risk is particularly prevalent in the dialogue between science and practice. This book hopes to contribute to the clarification with quick access to all key terms. Obviously, many online marketplaces, platforms, encyclopedias, and glossaries already exist. However, our pre-book analysis has revealed that neither is even close to completion, sometimes with imprecise language and often with contradictory definitions and explanations. This glossary provides quick access for managers, students, and professors alike who are faced with the topics in their daily work. Students may keep track of the web 3.0's numerous terms as they study it. Instructors, teachers, and professors may use it as a guide for a consistent use of Metaverse, NFT, Cryptocurrency, and Blockchain terminology. Although, the more than 1,300 explanations of the individual terms are scientifically based, the focus is on easy understanding of the terms. The authors have made an effort to provide clear and concise definitions, an application-focused perspective, and simple language.

Leseprobe

The great Web 3.0 Glossary

by

Nikolas Beutin & Daniel Boran

Fachmedien Recht und Wirtschaft | dfv Mediengruppe | Frankfurt am Main

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

ISBN 978-3-8005-1855-5

© 2023 Deutscher Fachverlag GmbH, Fachmedien Recht und Wirtschaft, Frankfurt am Mainwww.ruw.de This work and all its individual parts are protected by copyright law. Any unauthorized use outside the narrow limitations laid down by copyright law (Urheberrechtsgesetz) is unlawful and liable for prosecution. This applies in particular to reproduction, editing, translation, microfilming and storage and processing in electronic systems.

Printing and production: WIRmachenDRUCK GmbH, Backnang

Preface

Metaverse, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and related topics such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Service Robots represent a rapidly expanding field with an ever-increasing number of terms and community-specific jargon for many years. A new term is not always accompanied by something truly novel. In addition to verbal “pseudo-innuendos” and “cryptoslang” introduced with the intent of attracting attention quickly, there are a number of significant new developments. Examples include new technologies or authorities, laws, and regulations affecting the Metaverse, NFT, Cryptocurrency, AI, Service Robots, and Blockchain sector.

This development illustrates the fascinating diversity of the Metaverse, NFT, Cryptocurrency, and Blockchain landscape. The issue with this development is that the risk of “Babylonian language confusion” is growing exponentially. Our observations indicate that this risk is particularly prevalent in the dialogue between science and practice. In light of this, this DFV encyclopedia hopes to contribute to the clarification of terms. Those who are interested in the discussed fields will find a reference work that provides quick access to all key terms.

Obviously, platforms, online encyclopedias, and glossaries such as Bueno, Moonpay, Social-Lady, Coinmarketcap, Binance, Wikipedia, and finder already exist. However, our pre-book analysis has revealed that neither is even close to completion. In addition, we frequently encountered imprecise language and contradictory definitions and explanations among the various sources.

The encyclopedia is intended for managers, students, and professors alike. With the aid of this encyclopedia, managers who are faced with Metaverse, NFT, Cryptocurrency, AI, Predictive Modeling, Service Robot, or Blockchain decisions in their daily work should have quick access to technical terms. This encyclopedia is also intended to help students keep track of the subject’s numerous terms as they study it. The encyclopedia can also be used as a guide for a consistent use of Metaverse, NFT, Cryptocurrency, and Blockchain terminology by instructors, teachers, and professors. This DFV encyclopedia is not primarily focused on science. Although the explanations of the individual terms are scientifically based, the focus is on easy understanding of the terms. The authors have made an effort to provide clear and concise definitions, an application-focused perspective, and simple language.

The book covers a variety of Metaverse, NFT, Cryptocurrency, and Blockchain-related topics, as well as AI, predictive modeling, service robots, and legal terms.

In the acquisition of authors, care was taken to recruit a younger generation of renowned specialists. The objective was not to recruit as many established authors as possible, but rather to recruit qualitatively vetted subject matter experts. This allowed for the processing of articles “from a single source.” On the following page, you will find the list of experts and their respective subject areas. In the future, we will continue to update and incorporate new keywords and corresponding articles.

Without the support of our families and wives in covering our backs, this book would have never been published – we are grateful and thankful for the opportunity you gave us. Second, we would like to express our gratitude to the authors who, despite their many obligations, contributed their subject areas to this dictionary. Their contributions are fundamental to this book. Of course, we would also like to thank the DFV team, specifically Patrick Orth. Without their effortless cooperation, the publication process would have likely dragged on for months rather than the few weeks we needed.

Even with the most effective quality management and research, errors may occur. Thus, we welcome all suggestions and recommendations for improvement. And, if any reader discovers new terms, inconsistencies, incorrect or inadequate explanations, or any other error, we would be delighted to be informed.

We are looking forward to an updated second edition of our book in 2024 and hope for a favorable reception.

Bayreuth, Februar 2023

NIKOLAS BEUTIN and DANIEL BORAN

Editors

Prof. Dr. Nikolas Beutin

Nikolas has more than 25 years’ experience as CEO, managing director, president, owner, and practice group leader for building up and leading professional service firms as Accenture, PwC, EY, or H&P. He has consulted clients in go-to-market and growth strategy, pricing, sales, service, marketing, supply chain management, logistics, and innovation topics.

Nikolas has achieved 75+ bn additional revenue and 30+ bn additional EBITDA for his clients in his more than his 700+ projects working in 32+ countries for DJ, EuroSToxx DAX, and MDAX companies as well as for numerous family-owned businesses.

Nikolas has taught and teaches Pricing, Sales & Marketing since more than 20 years at many different leading universities and has 200+ national and international publications and has won two article of the year journal awards. He is also Professor at the Quadriga University where he has designed and built-up the MBA in Leadership & Sales Management program.

He studied economics and law at the University of Bonn and completed his Ph. D. program at the University of Mannheim after being a research assistant at the WHU Koblenz and the Colorado State University. Nikolas is also alumni of the Harvard Business School.

His specialties are Strategy, Commercial & Sales Excellence, Pricing Excellence & Implementation, Service Excellence, Innovation and Market Research.

Nikolas is co-founder of XBANQ.com, a premium NFT marketplace especially for commercial use cases.

He is married, has three children and lives in Bayreuth.

Daniel Boran

Daniel is an experienced German creative and marketing director as well as founder and CEO of the brand communication agency BORAN x PAROT.

He has more than 20 years of experience in advertising, internet, brand communication, and marketing for more than 500 national and international companies, celebrities, and institutions. He has been responsible for the concept & design of many marketing mixes, campaigns, photoshoots, ads, websites, briefings, presentations, press releases which were rolled out to 35 countries worldwide.

His work was honored with the well-known HSMA Marketing Award in 2001 for the first website in the hotel industry with 360° views of the hotel and its rooms.

Since 2015, Daniel has been deeply involved with blockchain, cryptocurrencies, artificial intelligence, metaverse, non-fungible tokens, and other emerging technologies that will significantly shape our world in the future.

Daniel works with special emphasis on aesthetics, creative ideas, and communication goals, and with very high attention to details.

He is co-founder of XBANQ.com, a premium NFT marketplace especially for commercial use cases.

Daniel is married, has two children and lives in Pegnitz.

Persons responsible for subject areas

The following persons have created the articles for the selected subject areas:

PROF. DR. NIKOLAS BEUTIN

Quadriga University & XBANQ GmbH

Subject Area: Crypto, NFT, Blockchain & Metaverse

DANIEL BORAN

XBANQ GmbH & Boran X Parot GmbH

Subject Area: Crypto, NFT, Blockchain & Metaverse

KEVIN KOENIG

University of Bayreuth

Subject Area: NFT & Crypto Law

PROF. DR. WERNER KUNZ

University of Massachusetts

Subject Area: Service Robots

PROF. DR. FRAUKE SCHLEER-VAN GELLECOM

University of Giessen & PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH (PwC)

Subject Area: Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Modeling

Glossar

0x Protocol, 0x is an open-source protocol built on the Ethereum blockchain that allows for the frictionless peer-to-peer exchange of cryptocurrencies. The team envisions a future in which the Ethereum network is leveraged to tokenize all sorts of assets. For example, selling a home would not require attorneys or escrow agents as 0x provides a complete solution that can tokenize property and transfer ownership to the buyer via a smart contract. This not only eliminates the need for costly intermediaries, but it also speeds up the entire process, turning real estate into a liquid asset. With the 0x Launch Kit, anybody can create their own decentralized exchange (DEX) on top of 0x and earn fees for their services. The 0x protocol acts as a standard message format for exchanges, like SWIFT, which is the standard messaging system used by banks worldwide to communicate about fiat currency transfers. The 0x API (application programming interface) was also released, which allows for liquidity throughout the network and permits customers to always exchange assets at optimal prices.

1:1 NFT, An important aspect of minting an NFT is its rarity. An extreme case is a 1/1 NFT (or 1×1 NFT), where a single token is issued for a unique asset. Then the owner of this one token is also the owner of the asset. Multiple tokens can also be issued for the same asset. A 1x1 NFT can be used for anything from a physical item to an event ticket. The owner of the token can only transfer it once and receives nothing in return. At the other end of the spectrum is an infinite supply (or infinite stock) NFT, which has no set number of tokens and therefore no limit to how many times it can be transferred or traded. The owner always receives consideration when they sell their token – usually another token – and these tokens can themselves vary in scarcity depending on how much the issuer limits their supply.

10k Project, A 10k project is a collection of non-fungible Tokens containing 10,000 non-fungible Tokens. This sort of NFT was likely pioneered by the CryptoPunks collection in 2017; since then, other others have emerged. BAYC is the premier illustration of the market-dominating potential of 10K NFTs. These collections are in high demand and a fantastic instrument for building an exclusive group and establishing previously unimaginable income opportunities.

2FA, → “Two-Factor Authentication”

401(k) Plan, A 401(k) is a retirement program in the US offered by employers. Employees are given tax breaks on the funds they contribute to their accounts. Contributions are automatically taken from the paychecks. These are then invested in funds that the employee picks from a list available to them. However, some 401(k) management companies do not allow employees to choose where funds are invested. In any case, this will be explained to the employee as they sign up for the plan. 401(k) plans have an allowance limit of $20,500 per annum as of 2022 and $27,000 for those aged 50 or more. This plan derives its name from the section of the tax code that established it – subsection 401 (k). With the growing popularity of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, many have wondered whether they could invest in Bitcoin via a 401(k). That recently became possible, thanks to Fidelity Investments, the most significant player in the 401(k) industry. The company announced in April this year that it would allow investments in BTC.

51 % Attack, A 51 % assault occurs when a malevolent actor (or group) controls over 50 % of the blockchain network’s mining power and disrupts its integrity. Blockchain transactions require consensus. A bad actor with the majority of hashing or mining power can hypothetically create the majority in this consensus mechanism and disrupt the blockchain by changing transaction order, preventing transactions from being confirmed, or double spending. Blockchains with less hashing power are more vulnerable to 51 % attacks because hostile actors can more easily obtain majority processing power. More miners and resources mine a blockchain, making it safer. Bitcoin has the most hashing power, making it the safest blockchain. Ethereum Classic experienced a 51 % attack in January 2019.

80/20 Rule (Pareto Principle), The 80/20 rule, often known as the Pareto Principle, argues that 20 % of input influences 80 % of outcome. This ratio is a typical distribution, not a rule. In general, a few inputs yield many outputs. In 1897, Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto noticed that 20 % of his pea plants generated 80 % of his healthy pea pods. Later, he discovered 20 % of England’s people owned 80 % of the land (and every other country he examined after that). Since then, Pareto’s projected imbalance has affected practically all aspects of modern life. Dr. Joseph Juran, not Pareto, created the phrase Pareto Principle. Juran employed Pareto’s findings in 1940s quality management and consultancy. He helped companies improve output by showing that 20 % of manufacturing methods caused 80 % of product issues. He used Pareto analysis to reduce the 20 % of production concerns to increase quality. Juran popularized the Pareto Principle, which suggests focusing on the few and neglecting the many to maximize achievement. The Pareto Principle helps to prioritize. The 80/20 rule can help choose the most efficient resources. It saves time, money, supplies, energy, and more. IT experts can apply Pareto Principle to identify 80 % of threats generated by 20 % of security controls. This lets them enhance a few important controls while protecting the network from most threats. 20 % of workplace hazards may cause 80 % of accidents. Regulating a few risks can prevent most mishaps. Health and safety costs may decrease with Pareto Principle. Preventative strategies reduce accident costs and increase ROI. The 80/20 rule helps warehouses locate the 20 % of products that generate 80 % of sales.

Glossar A

AAGR, → “Average Annual Growth Rate”

AAR, → “Average Annual Return”

Abenomics, Abenomics refers to the economic policies followed by the Japanese government under the leadership of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. In an effort to rescue Japan from deflation, integrated economic policies and structural improvements were implemented. Abenomics attempted to achieve an inflation target of 2 % in order to erase deflation and the Japanese economy’s near-stagnation since the 1990s. Shinz Abe’s stint as Japan’s prime minister was accompanied by economic policies designed to combat the country’s deflation. To stimulate the stagnant Japanese economy, he implemented Abenomics. The three essential components are monetary policies, fiscal policies, and structural adjustments or growth plans. As of December 2017, the inflation rate was below the target rate of 2 %, at 1 %. Nonetheless, the demand for high-tech goods is a positive component of the recent rise of the Japanese economy.

Abnormal Return, Abnormal return refers to unusually high or low investment returns. Temporary effects may emerge from irregular fundamentals or fraudulent action on the side of the organization holding funds creating abnormal returns. Abnormal returns differ from Alpha and excess returns, which are attributed to the success of investment managers. Furthermore, Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CAR) is the total of all abnormal returns and is used to track the impact of external risks on stock prices. Calculating a positive or negative anomalous return involves subtracting actual returns from expected returns. It helps investors to analyze the performance of an asset or security over a specific period of time, especially because anomalous returns tend to be skewed over short time periods. In rare circumstances, stock prices fluctuate in reaction to a company’s team’s social media engagement.

Absolute Advantage, Absolute advantage is a term in economics that represents a company’s or nation’s ability to create and deliver identical goods with less resources than its competitors. One of the greatest advantages of absolute advantage is that it may be utilized to improve the manufacturing process of any firm. For instance, if one firm has a better degree of production than another, it may create more things for the same price. The manufacturing process will be more efficient the larger the advantage. Adam Smith (1723-1790) advocated that nations should concentrate their production efforts on the categories of goods for which they have a competitive advantage. Comparative advantage is the capacity of a corporation to create an item at a lower opportunity cost. There are two key contrasts between the two: enterprises or countries with an absolute advantage are more likely to prosper than those with a comparative advantage.

Absolute Return, Absolute return is a measurement of the whole rise or decrease in value of an asset given as a percentage. It assesses the investment’s total profit or loss and might be positive or negative. To compute an absolute return, just two variables are required: the current value of the asset or portfolio and its original value. The compound annual growth rate refers to the rate at which returns are compounded over time (CAGR). Although calculating an absolute return is rather simple, it is difficult to convert this number into terms relevant to other sorts of investments. A clearer picture may be acquired by comparing various asset categories that have traded across a variety of time periods. This is only the case if people consistently reinvest their business’s profits. Due to the varied time periods and return rates, it is difficult to identify which investment is the most beneficial. The solution to this issue is an annualized return that expresses the returns using an expression equal to one year.

Abstract, An abstract is anything that exists as a concept in the mind, but has no physical or even tangible existence. It is also a summary of topics that are often provided in a skeleton format. An abstract is anything that may summarize or condense the key features of a bigger object or several things. The term abstract is derived from a Latin word that meaning drawn away or separated, implying that something is removed from physical or tangible reality.

Accepting Risk (Acceptance), Accepting risks, also known as risk acceptance, is used when taking no action to solve an issue is the most cost-effective course of action. Risk management is the capacity to strike a balance between the costs of risk management and the costs connected with the risk itself. Credit risk, project failures, financial market volatility, accidents, legal obligations, natural disasters, and competitive threats are among the most common types of risks that firms encounter. As it is not always possible to cover all of these risks, a business must choose which risks are most essential to it and then spend funds to cover those risks. Managers may mitigate risk via the creation of rules and processes, the use of technology, and the provision of training. When the risk has already realized or when the chance is exceedingly high, however, it is essential to impose limitations on the consequences. In this instance, hedging is the most effective strategy for achieving this objective.

Account, An account is the record in an accounting system that is used to monitor the financial operations of a particular asset, cost, income, equity, or obligation. All of these records may rise or decrease over the accounting period when certain occurrences occur. At the conclusion of the accounting period, each individual account is recorded in a general ledger, where it may be utilized to create the financial statements. In other words, accounts are the records or statements of financial expenditures and revenues pertaining to a certain time or objective. In the crypto community, this is known as a cryptocurrency account. It confers specific advantages and is a prerequisite for using almost every bitcoin exchange. A cryptocurrency account allows access to hot wallets, which enable to buy, sell, and trade cryptocurrencies rapidly, and it provides an identity or a method to store public keys for the aforementioned procedure. One may also get promotions through an account and it is effectively a command center, where one may adjust anything to their liking, from spending limitations to personal preferences.

Account Balance, In the banking and finance business, the entire amount of money that may be removed from a bank account or crypto account is referred to as the account balance. Accounts are used by individuals, companies, and businesses alike to facilitate transactions. These accounts provide an alternative to the standard means of handling monetary transactions. There are several types of crypto and bank accounts accessible for storing and transferring assets and sending and receiving payments. The difference between all transactions debited from and credited to a ledger account is known as the account balance in accounting. These accounts may be for the company’s assets, liabilities, or even stock. Account balances are used to evaluate whether a user has adequate money to cover a transaction. The amount of available balance that may be spent is known as the available balance. The available balance of an account is computed using the account’s deposits, withdrawals, and pending transactions. Pre-authorized transfers, point-of-sale transactions, and merchant payments are examples of pending transactions.

Account Number, A bank account number is a series of digits (and occasionally letters) used to identify a particular bank account and account holder. In this way, financial institutions allow consumers safe access to their accounts so they can make and receive payments. The first piece of information offered by a bank when an account is opened is a unique account number. In the past, social security numbers were issued to fulfill this function. However, the widespread usage of this has led to an upsurge in fraud and identity theft. Even though social security numbers are still in use, different account numbers are now needed for banking (and especially crypto) activities. Even though security precautions such as multi-factor authentication have helped reduce the number of fraud and theft cases over time in the modern world, bank account numbers are still at risk of being stolen and used for malicious purposes if account holders do not engage in secure online banking practices.

Accountability, Accountability refers to the obligation or willingness to accept responsibility for one’s conduct. When a person takes responsibility, they commit to producing favorable outcomes. This dedication is what some refer to as taking ownership of a circumstance. When an employee assumes responsibility for a certain role within an organization, they are often obliged to meet specific standards. Higher accountability leads directly to increased employee engagement. It empowers individuals to make their own choices and undertake activities that will lead to the consequences they want. Thus, accountability is vital in a corporate context. The practice of accountability also aims to eradicate instances of workplace carelessness and insubordination. Senior management has a stronger duty to be accountable since their actions have a larger impact on the business as a whole. Therefore, top executives’ actions must be examined in a thorough way to prevent misbehavior and unexpected consequences coming from erroneous decisions.

Accounting Conservatism, The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) tenet of conservatism does not tell an accountant to be exceedingly conservative. Accountants are supposed to maintain objectivity and impartiality. However, transactions should be documented in a way that reduces profit and/or increases liabilities and costs. This is due to the fact that conservatism prefers fewer desirable outcomes. Companies use this tactic to avoid creating a misleading picture of their fiscal health or integrity. Accountants may use accounting conservatism to a variety of internal accounting procedures. Conservatism considerably reduces the negative effect of volatility, hence enhancing the brand identity. The company may get better access to funds by providing a clear picture of the organization’s conservative financial standing. The accounting method enables financial analysts to provide predictions that are more objective and precise. However, there is a potential that the financial estimates will reflect an erroneous downward trend.

Accounting Method, A method of accounting is a collection of rules and principles established by a regulatory authority. It describes how a company would record its commercial activities in its accounting records. The two accounting systems offered to businesses are cash and accrual. Cash-based accounting signifies that a revenue or cost transaction will not be recorded in the books until cash has been collected or paid. The second is the accrual technique, which relates to the accounting rules often used by big firms. Here, businesses use more intricate accounts, such as accounts payable, longterm obligations, current assets, and stock. In accordance with this procedure, income is recorded at the time of the transaction, regardless of whether or not the cash has been received. Companies that are huge or corporations must employ accrual accounting.

Accounting Token, Accounting tokens are easiest to comprehend when seen as a distributed ledger. As with any spreadsheet-based accounting system, accounting tokens are basically tokenized credit or debit entries (IOU/UOM). For accounting reasons alone, they indicate the amount of money due by the token holder. As they are not supported by fiat currency like stablecoins, they cannot be considered a financial product. This technique is effective for a small number of settlement partners. Using the token’s smart contract, the whole procedure may be resolved on the blockchain with a small enough amount. These accounting tokens need not represent simply cash; they may also represent products or services equivalent to the recorded value, like a coupon. In practice, they function just like coupons. Implementing a Know Your Customer/Anti-Money Laundering (KYC/AML) procedure, providing documentation, and making the whole process visible on a public blockchain enables businesses to limit potential token holders.

Accredited Investors, An accredited investor is any individual or institution entitled to invest in securities that are not registered with financial regulatory agencies. The root term accredited implies that an investment must meet certain conditions. Accredited investors meet asset, net worth, and income requirements. Different nations define an accredited investor differently. US regulations demand that a person must have earned $200,000 per year over the last two years ($300,000 with spouse’s income) to be an accredited investor and must expect the same or higher income next fiscal year. Accreditation also requires $5 million in assets. An individual or couple must have $1 million in net worth to buy (if married). Net worth does not include a person’s primary home. Congress added investment advisors and brokers to the definition of an accredited investor in 2016. Accredited investors can participate in private placements when a corporation raises money privately rather than on public markets. These typically have higher returns than public markets. Seed-funding platforms connect accredited investors with new businesses with similar ambitions.

Accrual Accounting, Accrual accounting records transactions when they occur, even if the cash has not been received/paid. Assuming the consumer will pay soon, it is recorded as an asset till then. Expenses are also documented in the same way, thus if the business consumes an item or service on an accrual basis, the transaction must be recorded at the date of the purchase, not the date of payment. Due to the accounting concept of accruals, the transaction was recorded for the time when it occurred, not when it was paid. This ensures that the accounts are accurate and fair. When a customer buys something and pays later, accrued revenue is recorded. On the date of delivery, the accountant debits the receivables account. The sales account is credited. The accountant debits cash/bank and credits sales receivables when payment is received. Accrued expenses occur when a company buys raw materials on credit. The company obtains the product before payment. The business credits trade payables and debits purchases when raw materials are received. When it pays for raw materials, it debits trade payables and credits bank/cash.

Accrue, Accruals are previous revenue, interest, or expenses that have accumulated to be paid or received. A firm that sends products or services to a customer in December but receives payment in February has incurred debt. Accruals arise when a firm makes credit sales to clients or purchases raw materials on credit. The accruals accounting principle argues that revenues and costs should be recorded in the accounting period when the transactions occur, not when the money is received or paid. When the payment is received, trade receivables are reduced and cash is increased. Accruals can be assets or liabilities.

Accrued Income, Accrued income is accounted for using the accrual method since the firm earned the money but did not receive it right away. It is considered differently than ordinary revenue. This accounting approach argues that money made in a period should be recognized in the same period. This is done to match expenses and revenues. One must report accrued revenue in the same accounting period it is generated in. Once the income is received, the bank or cash account is debited and the income accrued account is credited. Accrued income and accrued revenue are commonly regarded as the same, although they are distinct. Accrued income is the money made by investing, while accrued revenue is the amount created from selling products or services.

Accrued Interest, Accrued interest is the interest a corporation has yet to pay or receive but has been recorded. As a lender, a corporation earns interest; as a borrower, it pays interest. These are represented as interest due or receivable on the balance sheet and income statement. Only accrual accounting uses this procedure. Accrued interest is used to account for accrued interest in bonds, which accumulates up between the issuer’s interest payment dates. Only the timing of interest payments differentiates accrued from normal interest.

Accrued Liabilities, Accrued liabilities occur when a firm purchases products and services on credit without receiving invoices. Credit purchases do not damage a company’s bank or cash balances. The balance is in the balance sheet’s trade payables account. As with cash purchases, the purchase account is deducted. The company must record the expenditure for the time when it was incurred, not when it was paid. These transactions are noted in the balance sheet’s current liabilities column, and the amount is written off whenever the firm pays for the products or services. The transaction is documented when the products or services are received since the firm has benefited from the purchase. This is related to accruals’ matching principle. Accrued liabilities are wiped off once paid.

Accrued Revenue, Accrued revenue is when a firm offers products or services to a consumer but expects payment later. When a corporation accrues income, it must mark two dates. The first is the day the client receives the products or services. On this day, the firm can register the sale and allocate the remainder to trade receivables. After receiving payment, the firm credits the cash/bank account and debits the trade receivables account. Many businesses allow credit sales because they may lose prospective revenue if they do not. Several sectors have slow payment periods due to insufficient liquidity. Many businesses like to buy products and services on credit. Hence, many companies provide credit sales to keep consumers.

Accumulation Phase, Traders aim to detect stocks in the accumulation phase to be able to buy the asset before it starts its uptrend. They buy these securities in tranches to avoid getting detected by the market participants. At this stage, the security has been under a strong downtrend, triggering a bearish sentiment around it causing the institutions to be able to buy the security at a very attractive price. The traders anticipate great potential in undervalued security and start building up their position. There are four main stages that are part of a regular market cycle: accumulation, run-up, distribution and run-down. Spotify’s accumulation phase, or run-up phase, started after a strong downtrend, which took Spotify from $195 to $100 – the level where the market bottomed out.

Accumulation/Distribution Indicator, The accumulation/distribution indicator determines the (current & future) trend of an asset. It does this by examining the relationship between the stock’s closing price and its volume flow. Traders constantly decide if the market is bullish (increasing) or bearish (decreasing). They do it by looking for a divergence in the price and the indicator. The accumulation/distribution line (ADL) is a tool that can be used to evaluate price patterns and possibly predict future reversals. When the price of an asset falls while the ADL rises, this indicates that purchasing pressure is there, and the price may reverse to the upside. The ADL demonstrates how supply and demand influences pricing. Trading gaps are not considered by the ADL.

Acid Test Ratio, Acid-test ratio contrasts short-term assets and liabilities. Higher ratios indicate stronger liquidity and financial soundness. A ratio over one means a corporation has e.g., $2 in liquid assets for every $1 in current obligations. A high percentage (such as 10) shows idle cash, not productive utilization. A corporation with a ratio below 1 needs additional current assets. Ideal business ratio is 1.

Acquisition, An acquisition occurs when one company purchases all or the majority of the shares of another company in order to control it. Buying more than fifty percent of a company’s shares gives the buyer the authority to make all operational decisions. Companies acquire other businesses for many reasons. These may include economies of scale, substantial market share, diversification, cost reduction, or the introduction of new service offerings. Prior to the purchase, a firm must determine if the target company is a suitable candidate for acquisition, and company officers must conduct due diligence on the target company. The objective is to determine whether the recommended pricing is accurate. The precise metrics utilized vary per industry.

Acquisition Cost, Acquisition cost is the amount required to acquire another company. In some instances, it is also known as the cost of recruiting new clients. Acquisition expenses represent the base price paid for an organization’s assets before sales tax. It relates to all costs associated with obtaining a new customer or acquiring another company. Costs involved with making a fixed asset operational are included in the purchasing price. In the crypto world, there are acquisition expenses associated with the introduction of every project. To attract the greatest talent for a blockchain project, a corporation must offer attractive compensation. This falls under talent acquisition expenses.

Acquisition Premium, An acquisition premium is the difference between the amount paid by a buyer for a target company and its estimated fair value. It shows the amount paid above the company’s fair worth by the acquiring entity. There are various reasons to pay an acquisition premium, such as if multiple bids are competing for the target firm or if a purchase will provide a company with a distinct competitive edge. In the world of cryptocurrencies, something similar to an acquisition premium can occur. For example, sellers may be unwilling to part with their Bitcoin holdings while purchasing Bitcoin on an exchange. Therefore, one is compelled to purchase Bitcoin using other cryptocurrencies at a premium to the current fair market price. As a result, it could spark a bull run as more individuals attempt to purchase bitcoin above the present price.

Active Management, The objective of active management is to generate higher returns than index funds. To actively manage a portfolio, active managers make investment decisions based on projections, analytical study, personal experience, judgment, and fundamental analysis. Actively managed investors are in opposition to efficient market ideals. Active management permits a fund manager to employ diverse hedging tactics, including short selling and the use of derivatives for portfolio protection. Since the crypto sector is still in its infancy, it is sense to participate in active portfolio management. For instance, certain crypto coins valued billions of dollars today could lose a significant portion of their market capitalization if a new project with superior utility joins the market. To make the right decisions at the appropriate moment, it is essential to keep a careful eye on events in the DeFi world and centralized exchanges (CEX) such as Binance and Kraken.

Activist Investor, An activist investor is a person or group that purchases a significant stake in a public company in order to influence its management. Activist investors may pursue a corporation if it has significant cash reserves or if its operating expenses are deemed unnecessary. Activist investing is commonly referred to as value investing because the target company’s stock is frequently perceived as being undervalued. Activist investors hand-select companies they believe have unrealized worth or potential. When activist investors target a corporation, the returns on assets and operating profit margins are typically high. Typically, they have a decrease during the event year, followed by a recovery one year later and significant improvement two years after the event.

Adam Back, Adam Back created Hashcash, which is the Bitcoin mining algorithm. He made significant contributions to the development of Bitcoin and the Bitcoin white paper. In 2014, he co-founded Blockstream, a blockchain technology business that provides advanced blockchain solutions. In 2020, Blockstream introduced Liquid.net, a centralized resource for Liquid Network data and statistics. Liquid Network provides its services to a variety of platforms, including BTCPAY and LAVA. Additionally, Blockstream established the Blockstream Scam Database to combat scammers that appropriate the Blockstream brand.

Adaptive State Sharding, State, transactions, and network are the three types of sharding. Adaptive state sharding is the name given to Elrond’s method of Blockchain sharding, which combines all three forms. Combining the benefits of all three methods of sharding resulted in the most effective mechanism. The outcome facilitates parallel processing, enhances communication within the shards, and ultimately boosts performance. The present issue with blockchain technology is that it does not scale effectively for some applications, such as banking, supply chain management, and largescale analytics. Elrond’s adaptive state sharding provides blockchain with a mechanism that can improve its throughput and scalability.

Address, A crypto address is a string of alphanumeric characters representing a wallet that may transmit and receive cryptocurrency. It is like a physical address, email address, or website. Each address is distinct and represents the location of a wallet on the blockchain. The majority of blockchain addresses are incomprehensible to humans, as they consist of lengthy random strings of letters and numbers. However, they are all distinct, posing no issue for computer networks. Blockchain addresses are public, and a blockchain explorer can be used to view the transactions entering and leaving an address. The lone exception are blockchains that prioritize privacy (e.g., Monero and Grin). Even though the addresses are public, the majority of them are anonymous (or rather, pseudonymous), as the owner’s true identity is typically not associated with the address.

Administrative Expenses, Administrative costs include salary, benefits, rent, and manager pay. These are not sales, marketing, or research charges. They are indirect expenses because they do not contribute to product manufacture. They also include legal, accounting, clerical, and IT. Administrative costs are not directly tied to producing services and goods, hence they are not included in gross margins. Administrative costs help a corporation perform vital operations, boost efficiency, and oversight, and comply with law. They are frequently fixed and incurred as part of business operations. Since administrative costs may be often cut without hurting output, they are frequently cut first. Management is driven to keep these costs low since it improves leverage. Like at other companies, crypto investors analyze administrative costs before investing in blockchain projects.

Adoption Curve, Adoption curves show how a market adopts new technology. Adoption is often depicted as a bell curve with innovators being the first to utilize a new product, followed by early adopters. Laggards are the last to adopt a product. Different market sectors accept a new product or technology at different times and for different reasons. Blockchain technology illustrates well the adoption curve. In the early 1990s, cryptographically secured blockchains were created, but Satoshi Nakamoto established the blockchain architecture only in 2008. The first genesis chain mined in 2009. Since then, more than 80 % of Bitcoins have been mined and 5,000 cryptocurrencies have been created on blockchains.

ADTV, → “Average Daily Trading Volume”

Advance/Decline Line (A/D Line; ADL), A/D line illustrates the difference between rising and falling equities. A/D line shows traders the growth and fall of assets. It is used to validate main index price trends and warn of reversals if divergence develops. It anticipates the trend’s chance of reversal and divergence. The lines indicate the cumulative difference between rising and falling stock market indexes for that day. Major stock price changes may have a disproportionate effect on market indexes. In such cases, A/D lines are utilized to gauge the market. A falling A/D line with increasing indices is bearish divergence. A rising A/D slope and decreasing stock indices are positive. Not just the stock market uses A/D lines. This is also a technical indicator in cryptocurrencies.

ADX, → “Average Directional Index”

AEA, → “Autonomous Economic Agent”

Aeternity Blockchain, Aeternity blockchain is a hybrid PoW/PoS system that provides efficiency, transparency, and scalability. The technology allows users to adopt decentralized systems, including public and private blockchains. Aeternity’s blockchain combines PoW and PoS consensus techniques. Aeternity’s hybrid architecture processes information off-chain for enhanced privacy, quicker transactions, and reduced costs. Aeternity strives to improve blockchain scalability and privacy. It is being constructed by a team lead by Yanislav Malahov, a blockchain pioneer and Ethereum contributor. Aeternity works by combining on-chain and off-chain functionalities using a Decentralized Oracle Machine that connects the blockchain to the outside world. Because of blockchain’s nature, smart contracts cannot access outside data. Oracles extract real-world data for blockchain smart contracts (e.g., information about weather conditions, flight times, sporting event results).

Affiliate, Affiliates are formally connected entities. Affiliate status is determined by common ownership, shared management, and a contract. Affiliate thus refers to the link between two corporations. In business, affiliate has two meanings. An affiliate can be a company subservient to another under corporate law and taxes. Online retail affiliates help another brand sell products and services directly or indirectly. A subsidiary is an owned or controlled enterprise with a parent company owning most of subsidiary’s shares. An affiliate has its own management team and board of directors. A subsidiary is generally handled by parent business personnel. It is an independent company. Even if one company may own another, ownership does not necessarily imply control.

Affiliate Marketing, Affiliate marketing is when a business or person is paid to promote another company’s products typically online. Affiliates promote a retailer’s website online to increase traffic and sales. Each click or transaction pays the affiliate. Affiliate marketing is therefore driven by customer purchases. Decisions in Affiliate Marketing are often based on product categories, commission, payment terms, etc. Affiliates may also work with other companies or affiliate networks to promote links on their website, newsletters, and social media.

Agency Problem, Conflicts often arise when persons entrusted with defending others’ interests (the agents) use their influence for personal benefit. It is a common problem that impacts companies and governments. Organizations combat it via tight screening methods, prizes for successes, sanctions for bad conduct, and watchdogs. No organization can fully handle the problem since the expenses exceed the benefits. Common agency problem avoidance methods are to include major shareholders, especially mutual funds, life insurance firms, and pension funds in a company. One idea is to compensate managers for serving owners e.g., with stock options. This incentive tends to motivate managers to operate in a manner that maximizes share price by giving them a financial incentive to do so.

Agency Theory, Agency theory describes principals and agents in business. This idea explains shareholder (company owner) and firm leader conflicts (agents). Agency theory recommends how to manage company contacts to minimize disagreements. In an organizational environment, agency theory refers to how a corporation may motivate or inspire its agents (including its employees) to behave in the organization’s best interest rather than their own. To avoid the agency dilemma, a company must provide precise contract wording and guidelines for managers, employees, and consultants. It should be clear about the agent’s authority and align interests by linking compensation to certain duties or results.

Agent, Agents represent another side and sign contracts for its principal. If the agent fulfills its duty, the principal may be liable. Every employee who represents a business to end a debate or finish a sale is acting as the firm’s agent, as companies are legal entities and cannot represent themselves. The agent-principal relationship has three aspects: Principal and agent agree to an agency relationship in writing, verbally, or tacitly. The agent has the same capacity as the principal to make legal choices, such as signing contracts with new rights and obligations. The principal controls the agent’s actions to ensure correct and honorable service. Third parties may think this agent can perform management duties. In fraud cases, the principal may be accountable for a sub-act of his agents.

Aggregate Demand, The measure of aggregate demand is the overall demand for all completed products and services in an economy. It is the total of everything bought by enterprises, households, the government, and foreign customers through export less the portion of demand supplied by imports from foreign producers. According to Keynesian economists, aggregate demand will grow if companies seek high levels of investment and consumers are ready to spend rather than save. According to monetarists, aggregate demand is governed by the quantity of money in circulation. In 1937, a synthesis known as IS-LM was developed. In IS-LM, both the money supply and the saving-investment balance influence aggregate demand. It includes the interest rate as a factor in determining the velocity of money. If the government boosts expenditure, which is an injection, it raises interest rates, which in turn increases the velocity of money, leading to a rise in nominal GDP.

Aggressive Investment Strategy, An aggressive investing approach aims to maximize profits by accepting significant risks. An investor may be aggressive in several ways. Smallcap crypto or stocks may appreciate more than large-cap assets. Prices may double if the company model works and generates more income. Investors may lose money if the firm fails. Emerging markets may swiftly compound as their economies develop. In many nations, poor institutions and governance pose a danger. High regulatory and political risk arise. When investing in crypto, one may select Bitcoin and dino alts that are more stable than memecoins that provide greater risk/reward. Another way to reduce danger is to utilize a trustworthy exchange like Binance, which has appropriate security procedures in place.

AI, → “Artificial Intelligence”

Air Gap, The idea of idea gap is based on the believe that if data cannot be accessed, it cannot be contaminated or corrupted. In IT, this is often done as a duplicate copy of data on an offline secondary storage system not linked to any production or public networks. This second data copy is safe from assaults and corruption if the air gap is maintained. Companies use air gap data as a last resort. The air gap is used to complement current backup, recovery, and disaster recovery systems. Air gaps might be array-based, backup-based, or object-based.

Airdrop, A way of releasing cryptocurrencies to the public based on their ownership of other tokens or wallets on a specific blockchain is known as an airdrop. Typically, this is done for marketing objectives to incentivize the ownership of other tokens or persuade others to join the blockchain network. Airdrops often require users to keep a certain number of tokens in a publicly available wallet at a specified time (snapshot time). Airdrops enable users to diversify their cryptocurrency holdings, promote knowledge of the airdropped token, and receive a dividend in effect (of their previous holdings). The majority of airdrop campaigns include getting cash or tokens in return for basic acts such as spreading news, introducing friends, or installing an application.

Airnode, The decentralized web, or Web 3.0, is the next iteration of the internet. Using blockchain, it revolutionizes how the world exchanges assets. Airnode is an open-source Web3-API middleware that facilitates the connection of any web API to a blockchain application. Decentralization, the foundation of Web3 security, has become a concern for API provider as there is no direct connection between smart contracts and APIs that allow access to real-world data and services. Airnode is a Web3 oracle solution for the API economy. a serverless, maintenance-free platform that connects any web API to any blockchain application. Airnode removes the need for a middleman and can immediately connect any company to blockchain applications while retaining 100 percent of income. It is a free and open-source platform that permits users have complete control over their blockchain connection.

Alan Greenspan, Alan Greenspan, an American economist, was the thirteenth chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1987 until 2006. Greenspan is one of the most outspoken opponents of cryptocurrency. Many contend that his policies, which are sometimes referred to as easy-money policies, caused the dot-com boom disaster and the 2008 housing market catastrophe. Greenspan, however, denies these ideas. According to him, the 2008 housing collapse was not the consequence of low short-term interest rates, but rather a worldwide phenomenon that led to a gradual decrease in long-term interest rates. In 2017, Greenspan compared bitcoin to the continental money, a currency produced during the American Revolutionary War in 1775. The 2008 financial market meltdown was the impetus for the invention of Bitcoin, which debuted in 2009 shortly afterwards. Its purpose was to restore economic power to the people. In this respect, blockchain technology has been highly successful.

Algorithm, An algorithm, often known as an algo, is a collection of rules designed to solve a problem. In algorithms, the sequencing of instructions is very significant. Every single computing device uses algorithms to solve issues. Algo trading is the process of doing automated trading. A computer program is used in algorithmic trading to purchase and sell assets. Algorithms may assist businesses in achieving substantial cost reductions. Financial institutions use algorithms stock trading, loan pricing, and asset-liability management. Algorithms do many of the arduous activities that humans would otherwise have to perform manually. Algorithms are especially effective for automating the purchase of cryptocurrency if a specific price threshold is reached. A trader may, for instance, establish instructions to purchase X amount of cryptocurrency whenever the moving average hits a given value.

Algorithmic Market Operations (AMOs), In contrast to stablecoins, which physically mint or burn to grow or reduce their supply, algorithmic stablecoins depend on algorithmic market operation modules (AMOs) to automatically manage supply. By offering an AMO solution, a stablecoin has a greater chance of achieving the requisite growth and scale for acceptance. AMOs also eliminate the need for a centralized staff since smart contracts will take on this responsibility. This decreases the likelihood of human mistake and manipulation. Each AMO has the following four characteristics: decollateralization, market operations, recollateralization, and FXS1559 (the precise amount of FXS that can be burned and still leave profits above the targeted collateral ratio). Because AMOs may be defined as a mechanism-in-a-box, anybody can construct one so long as they adhere to the standards.

Algorithmic Stablecoin, By being pegged to a reserve asset such as the US dollar, gold, or any other foreign currency, an algorithmic stablecoin is intended to establish price stability and balance the circulating supply of an asset. In other words, an algorithmic stablecoin employs an underlying algorithm that can issue more coins when its price rises and purchase them off the market when their price falls. These currencies provide traders with many of the advantages of crypto assets such as ETH and BTC without the danger of excessive price volatility. Ampleforth is the longest-running algorithmic stablecoin at now (AMPL).

Algorithmic Trading, → “Algo-Trading”

Algo-Trading (Algorithmic Trading), Algotrading places buy and sell orders based on a computer program or algorithm. It may consider price, timing, and volume. Alga-trading software places orders when market conditions match the algorithm. Algo-trading uses complex rules and conditions to build a profitable formula and allows faster and more frequent portfolio trading than manual orders. Instant orders in algo-trading ensure best prices and reduce slippage. Algo-trading is used in many markets, but it offers more benefits in 24/7 cryptocurrency markets, where traders risk losing opportunities while sleeping. Arbitrageurs who use price differences can use algorithms. Algo trading also helps short-term traders and scalpers capture profits from smaller market movements and avoid chasing losses.

All Risks Coverage, All-risks insurance covers any contract-excluded risk. Also flood damage is covered by all-risks property insurance if not excluded which is a property insurance is all-risk and named-peril covering basically a certain events vandalism and fire. All-risks coverage requires physical loss or damage. Insurers must always prove coverage exclusion. After e.g., power outages, small businesses can file claims. The insurer could, however, say the lost income was due to a power outage, not a property loss. Of course, a c Comprehensive insurance is expensive. Therefore, costs and claim likelihood must be weighed.

Allocation, Allocation is a cryptocurrency portfolio term. Crypto asset allocation includes allocating a portion of Bitcoin and altcoins. To ensure long-term profitability, blockchain projects must allocate their tokens and budgets to marketing, software development, and operating costs. Many blockchain projects have treasuries and foundations with their own tokens. Blockchain firms often give early team members tokens they cannot sell for a limited time. Investors can invest in multiple rounds. Private sale rounds may benefit early investors because projects allocate many tokens as a courtesy for their initial investments. Each investor in this case would receive a portion of the total sale amount. As a reward for their efforts, team members working on a currency, protocol, or project may receive tokens before the sale. These allocations could be phased out over time or given all at once at the token generation event (TGE).

Allocation Efficiency, Allocation efficiency is assigning capital so that all parties benefit and resources are spent on projects that will lead to growth. This is most easily achieved when all parties have accurate market data to allocate resources. Investors then can make profitable decisions with all relevant data. Overall market efficiency is required for allocative efficiency when all market data is accessible to all participants and reflected in asset prices in efficient markets. The Top 100 cryptocurrencies are currently considered informationally efficient. Decentralized exchanges like Uniswap have been used to make the crypto market efficient. Small market cap altcoins may not have complete price data and zthus are market inefficient. Market manipulation, which causes rug pulls, could be behind the current price. Profitability of crypto arbitrage also indicates inefficiency.

Allotment, In business, an allotment is the allocation of company shares to applicants. Companies often issue stock through IPOs. When a company goes public, private shareholders’ shares become worth the public trading price. Before launching an IPO, participants estimate demand. Allotment processes can be complex. Oversubscription is when company stock demand is high. The allotted shares are less than requested. This oversubscription causes the IPO share price to spike. If demand is lower than expected, there was an undersubscription, and share prices fall once the IPO starts. This means investors do not get their desired allotment and must pay a lower price. In crypto, a share allotment occurs via an ICO or the popular initial DEX offering (IDO). Investors buy tokens instead of shares during an ICO. ICOs rely on investor trust, while IPOs have legal backing. Unregulated ICOs have shaky legal grounding in case something goes wrong.

All-Time High (ATH), The highest point (in price, in market capitalization) that a cryptocurrency has been in history.

All-Time Low (ATL), The lowest point (in price, in market capitalization) that a cryptocurrency has been in history.

Alpha NFT, When someone shares non-public information about an NFT project with another person and it leads to a rapid increase in investment return.

Alpha Version, Scientists use the first letter of the Greek alphabet to indicate which experiments and projects need further study with Alpha being a pre-release version. Alpha versions of software are normally released to test usability and interface. Alpha testing is often done with a small group outside the product’s developer unit (often under strict confidentiality agreements). Alpha testing typically continues until all bugs are fixed. Due to the early release, testers will have fewer expectations about how the product should work or be used. They are more willing to provide feedback on buggy, confusing, or hard-to-use product parts than long-time users. In contrast, Beta versions are released to many users outside the company to get feedback on how well the program works and what features need improvement. The time between alpha and beta releases varies by product, but it is usually months.

Alphanumeric, Alphanumeric means containing both letters and numbers, or a character with both. In the world of cryptocurrencies, this refers to setting a password for a wallet or exchange, where both letters and numbers should be used for maximum account security. The more one mixes and matches, the less likely their account will be compromised. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z are alphanumeric, as are 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9. Almost every cryptocurrency exchange requires the users to create a strong password to use the exchange to protect the users.

Altcoin Trader, Altcoins are cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin, thus the name. Altcoins are blockchain-based but use different consensus mechanisms. Altcoin developers often promote their coin as superior to Bitcoin (such as a faster transaction speed, cheaper transaction fees and so forth). Altcoins compete with Bitcoin for market capitalization, hoping to overtake it. Ethereum, XRP, Litecoin, Cardano, and Dogecoin are well-known altcoins. Altcoin traders normally trade daily to make short-term profits. Altcoin traders also aim to strategize based on real-time news and anticipate optimal timing to realize greatest potential gains, but can also incur big losses instead from the price volatility.

Altcoins, Altcoin is a term used to describe any digital currency that is not Bitcoin. As Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency, all subsequent cryptocurrencies are considered alternatives or Altcoins.

Alternative Investments, Alternative investments encompass all asset classes besides stocks, bonds, and real estate. Private equity, venture capital, hedge funds, collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), real estate, and other non-traditional investment vehicles are examples. Private equity investments are those made in privately held companies, as opposed to those traded on public markets. Hedge funds are investment vehicles that employ a variety of investment strategies, such as short selling, derivatives, arbitrage, and credit arbitrage, in addition to other esoteric investment strategies that are frequently unique to the fund. A CLO is a securitization of a debt pool, in this case a portfolio of loans that finances the real estate purchase. A real estate investment trust (REIT) is a publicly traded company that owns commercial real estate properties such as office buildings, shopping centers, hotels, hospitals, and apartments.

Amalgamation, A merger combines two or more organizations. An organization can be a business, nonprofit, society, trust, or other legal entity in that jurisdiction. Two or more legal entities merge into one company through amalgamation. Mergers can benefit both companies. Combining two companies’ specialties expands their service range. Through this method, two companies with different target markets may combine their customer bases, expanding both groups’ clientele. An amalgamation makes it easier for a company to obtain bank financing. Investors may be more confident in a merged company with a diverse and stable funding source than in a smaller company with fewer investors. An amalgamation can be beneficial but also challenging. However, it may be harder for the merged company to be as efficient as before. This is true if the companies use different business models or if one is more efficient. In a reverse take-over, a smaller company buys a larger one using the larger company’s shares as payment.

Amazon S3, Amazon Web Services (AWS) offers S3 as cloud storage. It was first released in 2006 to provide cloud storage through a web interface. Amazon S3 uses the same storage architecture as its global e-commerce business and can store web applications, data archives, data recovery, recovery plans, analytics, hybrid cloud storage, and more. Amazon Managed Blockchain and Amazon S3 secure and store blockchain data. Amazon S3 users can protect their data with encryption and access management tools. S3 Block Public Access is a simple storage solution that restricts public access to bucket or account-level objects. S3 complies with PCI-DSS, HIPAA/HITECH, FedRAMP, EU Data Protection Directive, and FISMA. The platform offers auditing options for tracking S3 access requests. AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) establishes users’ databases and manages their access. Access Control Lists (ACLs) make specific items available to authorized users. Bucket policies set permissions for all S3 objects. Amazon S3 offers server-side and client-side encryption for uploads. Amazon VPC endpoints can connect to S3 resources.

Amended Return, An amended tax return revises the original to correct e.g., errors, claim new deductions or credits, or add new information. Depending on the situation, one can file an amended tax return online, by mail, or hybrid-style. Typically, tax authorities provide a deadline. The IRS may audit both original and amended tax returns, which could mean a thorough audit. The IRS may take 16 weeks to process amended returns.

AML, → “Anti-Money Laundering”

AMLD5