Veterinary Dentistry for the Small Animal Technician E-Book

M. Lynne Kesel

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 428

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Veterinary Dentistry for the Small Animal Technician is an introductory, step-by-step guide that addresses the delicate mechanics of dentistry, the patient's needs, and the client's education. Topics covered include: * Basic oral and dental anatomy * Maintaining dental equipment and supplies * Taking diagnostic X rays * In-depth discussion of periodontal disease, including gingeval hyperplasia, feline stomatitis, and feline resorptive lesions * Performing the dental prophy and creating dental charts * Safe administration of anesthesia and postsurgical support * Reviews of extractions, periodontics, orthodontics, prosthodontics, and restorative dentistry that aid the technician in understanding what is being done and how to assist * Client education, including handouts explaining periodontal disease, dental proceedures, and postdental care for their pets More than 100 figures are included to illustrate dental anatomy and procedures. Also included are appendices on related books, veterinary dental associations, dental abbreviations of the American Veterinary Dental College, guidelines on what dental care the technician is qualified to perform, and a list of dental suppliers.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

chapter 1 Oral and Dental Functional Anatomy

THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE TOOTH

FORMATION OF THE ROOT

FORMATION OF ENAMEL

FORMATION OF DENTIN

THE TOOTH PULP

THE PERIODONTIUM

THE ATTACHED GINGIVA, GINGIVAL SULCUS, AND ORAL MUCOSA

MORE INFORMATION ON NORMAL ANATOMY AND TERMINOLOGY

chapter 2 Maintaining Dental Equipment and Supplies

BASIC EQUIPMENT FOR THE DENTAL OPERATORY

chapter 3 Dental Radiology

RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

POSITIONING

EXPOSING AND DEVELOPING THE FILM

STORAGE AND FILING OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

OTHER SYSTEMS FOR DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY

INTERPRETATION OF DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS

TROUBLESHOOTING

chapter 4 Periodontal Disease

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE

GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA

FELINE STOMATITIS

FELINE RESORPTIVE LESIONS

THE HEALING POWER OF THE PERIODONTIUM

chapter 5 Performing the Dental Prophy

SAFETY AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

SETTING UP FOR A SIMPLE PROPHYLAXIS

PERFORMING THE PROPHY, STEP BY STEP

chapter 6 Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Postsurgical Support

PREANESTHESIA SCREENING

ANESTHESIA MEDICATIONS

ANESTHESIA MONITORING

SUGGESTED REGIMES FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE ANESTHESIA

PATIENT POSITIONING AND SUPPORT DURING THE DENTAL PROCEDURE

ANALGESIA

ANESTHESIA RECOVERY

chapter 7 Dental Charting

STEPS IN CHARTING: THE DIAGNOSIS

CHARTING DENTAL THERAPIES

chapter 8 Assisting with Extractions

SIMPLE EXTRACTIONS

SECTIONED EXTRACTIONS

SURGICAL EXTRACTIONS

TOOTH ATOMIZATION AND SUBGINGIVAL AMPUTATION

AFTERCARE

chapter 9 Assisting with Periodontics

GINGIVOPLASTY

GINGIVECTOMY AND OTHER “POCKET” SURGERIES

ALVEOLOPLASTY, PERIODONTAL POCKET THERAPY, AND GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION

EXTRACTION SITE GRAFTS

ORO-FACIAL SURGERY

chapter 10 Assisting with Endodontics

THE ROOT CANAL

APEXIFICATION

THE PULP CAP

chapter 11 Assisting with Orthodontics, Prosthodontics, and Restorative Dentistry

ORTHODONTICS

PROSTHODONTICS

RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY

chapter 12 Client Education

POSTPROPHY QUESTIONS FOR CLIENTS

PROGRESSION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE

CLEANING YOUR PET’S TEETH

DENTAL CARE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PETS

FELINE STOMATITIS

RESORPTIVE LESIONS OF FELINE TEETH

POSTANESTHESIA CARE FOR PETS

DENTAL EXTRACTIONS

FRACTURED AND TRAUMATIZED TEETH

THE ROOT CANAL

AFTERCARE FOR PULP CAPS (VITAL PULPOTOMIES)

appendix 1 Related Books

appendix 2 Veterinary Dental Associations

appendix 3 Dental Abbreviations of the American Veterinary Dental College

appendix 4 Position Statement of the American Veterinary Dental College

appendix 5 Dental Suppliers

Index

RELATED BOOKSbyBlackwell Publishing

An Atlas of Veterinary Dental Radiology

Donald H. DeForge and Benjamin H. Colmery III, editors, 2000

The Practice of Veterinary Dentistry: A Team Effort

Jan Bellows, 1999

Self-Assessment Color Review of Veterinary Dentistry

Frank J. M. Verstraete, editor, 1999

Manual of Small Animal Dentistry,

Second Edition

David A. Crossley and Susanna Penman, editors, 1995

M. Lynne Kesel, DVM, is an associate professor in the Department of Clinical Sciences at Colorado State University. Since 1989, she has been in charge of the clinical Small Animal Dentistry Service at the university’s Veterinary Teaching Hospital.

© 2000 Iowa State University Pressa Blackwell Publishing companyAll rights reserved

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First edition, 2000

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kesel, M. Lynne

Veterinary dentistry for the small animal technician / M. Lynne Kesel; with illustrations by M. Lynne Kesel and Anna Kendall. — 1st ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index.ISBN-13 978-0-8138-2037-8ISBN-10: 0-8138-2037-51. Veterinary dentistry. 2. Dogs—Diseases. 3. Cats—Diseases. I. Title.SF867 .K47 2000636.7'08976—dc21   00-024450

The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7   2012

For

Martha, Anna, and Shaela

Preface

Early in 1997, Dr. Bernie Rollin suggested I write this book. He and I had previously collaborated in coediting a major reference work in the laboratory animal field for which we had both written chapters. Since beginning our project in the two-volume work The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, I had changed jobs in the university from laboratory animal medicine and was teaching veterinary students in clinical rotations involving routine surgeries and small animal dentistry. When Bernie said I should get busy and write a dental book for veterinarians, I smugly quashed the notion, pointing out that there were several excellent books recently published or being published on that topic. And then he said, “How about a book on dentistry for technicians?” The complete lack of books on the subject and my interest made it a natural.

Small animal dentistry is, I feel, one area of veterinary medicine in which technicians can act like nurse-practitioners in the human field. The nurse-practitioner is highly trained (to the level of a physician) in one limited area. He or she does not have the in-depth, general education of a physician or see the complete range of rotations that a physician in training would. The nurse-practitioner works with a physician, uses the physician’s wider knowledge and experience as a resource, and knows when to refer problems to the physician. For instance, the nurse-midwife would seek a physician’s guidance if a pregnant patient showed signs of a heart condition.

In this book, I have attempted to explain even fairly complicated dental procedures so that the technician can understand what is being done and how to assist, but not necessarily how to do them. In veterinary medicine, technicians have been taught how to administer anesthetics and even how to perform routine surgeries to free veterinarians for other tasks. Depending on the jurisdiction this may be perfectly legal as long as the veterinarian provides supervision. There are some areas where the law severely limits the role of anyone except the licensed veterinarian in providing service. Often, this has evolved because of abuses in the system (e.g., the veterinarian takes a day off, and the technicians do the surgery). The technician should always be aware of the legal limits of his or her job and refuse to perform unlawfully. If something should go wrong, there is always the possibility of being named in a lawsuit and losing a technician license and/or money for damages.

The American Veterinary Dental College has published thorough guidelines describing who should provide veterinary dental care (see Appendix 3). To stay within these suggested guidelines for technicians is always safe. If a veterinarian expects the technician to exceed these guidelines (which is very common), it is worth consulting local or regional technician organizations or even the state board of veterinary medicine. In some areas, the response will be “Whatever the veterinarian asks of the technician is legal as long as he or she is supervised by the veterinarian.”

Many veterinary schools still do not have dental specialists on staff to teach veterinary students about dentistry, and technicians who have learned only the material in Chapters 1, 4, and 5 may well have more knowledge about anatomy, periodontal disease, and cleaning teeth than their bosses! Because I have attempted to present information in an accessible manner, technicians who have purchased this book may want to loan it to their veterinarians; veterinarians may want to purchase it for their technicians. (I hope so!)

In the final analysis, the technician is providing an invaluable service to pets and their owners even if limited to dental prophies (cleanings) and client education. In most cases, home and professional dental care can ward off periodontal disease and its potential ramifications, which can be painful, debilitating, and even life threatening.

Acknowledgments

First among many, I would like to thank my dear friends Bernard Rollin and Vicki Matteson, who read the manuscript chapter by chapter as it came out of my printer. They faced a daunting task: attempting to make my prose intelligible when I wandered off the path with run-on sentences or bizarre ways of expressing myself, as well as cleaning up my spelling and occasional grammatical lapses. Any errors in style or substance still belong to me, however, since I had the final word at the keyboard as I decided whether to accept their improvements (I gratefully accepted most). Bernie also was my goad to write this book in the first place, and Vicki was my inspiration as a technician par excellence.

I want to thank my dental mentor, Dr. Ed Eisner, for the knowledge he has imparted to me over the years and for the photographs of cases he shared for this book. Most of the other photographs in the book were taken by Jenger Smith or Charles Kerlee of the Colorado State University Photo Lab. They also “duped” slides for me and scanned illustrations, and all of their help is very appreciated.

My daughter Anna Kendall aided me not only by producing highly detailed drawings but also with manipulation of computer images of the illustrations, and to her I say, “Thanks, babe.”

chapter 1

Oral and Dental Functional Anatomy

By tradition as well as necessity, a text must begin with the basics. A mechanic could not fix a car effectively if he did not understand the layout and appearance of the engine (the anatomy) or the way it should work (the physiology). A surgeon would be ineffective, and probably dangerous, if she or he ignored the importance of understanding the anatomy and physiology of the structures she or he was intending to alter by surgery. So it is with you, the veterinary dental technician. You should have an understanding of oral and dental structures and how they work in health as well as illness. With this knowledge, you can be a full participant in the total health care of the patient. Understanding begins with knowing about the formation of teeth in the jaw (Fig. 1-1).

Figure 1-1 Diagrammatic representation of the rostral mandible of a dog. The lip, canine tooth, and the first and second premolars are shown in a cutaway view to demonstrate the relationship of the teeth to each other, the periodontal tissues, and the mandibular canal. The incisors rostral to the canine are not shown as a sectioned view.

THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE TOOTH

To grossly simplify embryology, which is a complex and fascinating subject, we can speak of three basic tissues that are transformed into all of the organs and structures of the animal: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. The ectoderm is the layer on the outside of the early embryo, which will eventually become epithelium (skin), as well as other things (like the enamel of teeth). The association of tooth enamel with the epithelium is important because something that can affect one may affect the other. For instance, before it became rare due to widespread vaccination, canine distemper caused enamel deficits in dogs who were infected as puppies because the virus has a tropism for (attraction to) epithelial cells such as the ameloblast, the enamel-producing cell. When the ameloblast is actively producing enamel for a tooth and it is infected by the virus, it stops functioning, and there will be no enamel on the tooth surface where that cell was situated. Severe fevers during tooth development can cause damage to the enamel organ (the collective name for all the ameloblasts making the enamel of a tooth crown) as well, just as they can cause the loss of hair follicles in the skin by killing those cells.