Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 2 E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: ISTE Consignment
- Sprache: Englisch
Over the last decade or so, additive manufacturing has revolutionized design and manufacturing methods by allowing more freedom in design and functionalities unattainable with conventional processes. This has generated extraordinarily high interest in both industrial and academic communities. Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 2 puts forward a state of the art of additive manufacturing and its different processes, from metallic raw materials (in the form of powder or wire) to their properties after elaboration. It analyzes the microstructures and post-processing of existing AM materials as well as their use properties. Using a balanced approach encapsulating basic notions and more advanced aspects for each theme, this book acts as a metal additive manufacturing textbook, as useful to professionals in the field as to the general public.
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Seitenzahl: 427
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Introduction
Chapter 1. Microstructures of Metallic Materials from Additive Manufacturing
1.1. Solidification microstructures from AM processes
1.2. Microstructures of steels
1.3. Microstructures of nickel-based superalloys
1.4. Microstructures of titanium alloys
1.5. Microstructures of aluminum alloys
1.6. Conclusion
1.7. References
Chapter 2. Post-processing in Additive Manufacturing
2.1. Surface treatments
2.2. Hot isostatic pressing
2.3. Heat treatments
2.4. Conclusion
2.5. References
Chapter 3. The Properties of Parts Produced by Additive Manufacturing
3.1. Static mechanical properties
3.2. Fatigue behavior
3.3. Creep behavior and resistance
3.4. Aqueous and high temperature corrosion of alloys produced by additive manufacturing
3.5. Properties of architectured materials
3.6. Conclusion
3.7. References
Conclusion
Abbreviations
List of Authors
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1. Chemical compositions in mass percentage of four grades representat...
Table 1.2. Values of chromium-equivalent and nickel-equivalent indicators as m...
Table 1.3. Values of the coefficient Ke in a binary Fe-X system (Ghosh 2001) a...
Table 1.4. Chemical compositions (% mass) of four nickel-based superalloys (%C...
Table 1.5. Mass percentage of a β-stabilizer element necessary for the conserv...
Chapter 2
Table 2.1. Processes for finishing metal parts that have been the subject of w...
Table 2.2. Implementation of the electropolishing process for other metallic m...
Table 2.3. Evolution of roughness Sa (µm) at different times and processing vo...
Table 2.4. Main advantages and disadvantages associated with aqueous finishing...
Table 2.5. Evolution of the surface roughness obtained with a satellite centri...
Table 2.6. Evolution of the surface roughness of samples produced by L-PBF aft...
Table 2.7. Evolution of the roughness parameters of parallelepipedal specimens...
Table 2.8. Overview of the performances achievable with the finishing processe...
Table 2.9. Standard post-treatments for Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 alloys (acco...
Table 2.10. Summary table of the main microstructural and mechanical character...
Table 2.11. Advantages and disadvantages of the different heat treatments appl...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
Begin Reading
Conclusion
Abbreviations
List of Authors
Index
End User License Agreement
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SCIENCES
Materials Science, Field Director – Jean-Pierre Chevalier
Processes in Material Science
Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 2
Microstructures, Post-processing and Use Properties
Coordinated by
Patrice Peyre
Éric Charkaluk
First published 2023 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2023The rights of Patrice Peyre and Éric Charkaluk to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022948735
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78945-055-2
ERC code:PE8 Products and Processes EngineeringPE8_7 Mechanical and manufacturing engineering (shaping, mounting, joining, separation)PE8_8 Materials engineering (biomaterials, metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, etc.)
Introduction
Patrice PEYRE1 and Éric CHARKALUK2
1PIMM, CNRS, Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Paris, France
2LMS, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
Fuelled by Barack Obama’s 2013 State of the Union speech (Elyan and IDG NS 2013), which highlighted 3D printing as the spearhead of the manufacturing industry of the future, additive manufacturing (AM) has experienced an unprecedented craze and exponential growth for several years, as have associated scientific and technological developments. According to the New York Times, this is indeed the industrial revolution 2.0, offering the possibility of printing personalized parts and small and medium series at increasingly lower costs.
It has been a long time since the first patent was filed for additive manufacturing in 1984 by the French trio J.-C. André, O. De Witte and A. Le Méhauté (André 2017). In 10 years (2007–2017), the annual revenues generated by additive manufacturing have increased eightfold and the number of scientific publications on the subject by five. Not a week goes by without the press reporting a revolutionary new additive technology, a new material being developed or a new field of application being explored. All of this goes well beyond the fad: witness the considerable success of the last Formnext face-to-face show on the subject (Frankfurt, November 23–27, 2019), reflecting the growing maturity of current processes and the emergence of different derived processes.
The short-term prospects for different ranges and sizes of parts are also exciting, from those associated with bioprinting, allowing the printing of blood vessels or human skin, to the construction of individual houses by printing layers of concrete.
This new manufacturing paradigm directly impacts a large number of sectors such as raw materials (powders, wires), manufacturing machines (3D printers, material deposition machines, etc.), 3D modeling software (topological optimization) and production systems (lasers, non-destructive testing, real-time control systems, etc.), to name a few (Heinrich 2013). For more information on the technical and economic aspects associated with additive manufacturing, the reader may refer, for example, to PIPAME publications on the subject (PIPAME 2017).
One of the strengths of additive manufacturing lies in its incredible power to attract the younger generations, who find it a good way to express themselves when participating in the design or manufacture of parts of formidable complexity, often inspired by nature and so far unachievable with traditional technologies. The printing of three-dimensional parts is therefore part of our daily life and calls on the imagination as much as it responds to everyday problems (manufacturing of spare parts for example).
It is therefore easy to understand that the engineer, the technician and the project manager of the future factory must control the entire value chain of additive manufacturing at different levels, since the development of this new creativity unleashes the imagination of designers and even allows one to predict the sustainability of manufactured parts through the appropriation of associated processes.
In this very exciting and competitive context (in France, each region has launched its own initiatives on the subject), writing a book on metal additive manufacturing is undoubtedly necessary, but also a challenge as technology is evolving so rapidly, driven by unprecedented industrial challenges. The risk of planned obsolescence is therefore real, even if, in the field of metallic materials, certain technologies have already reached a real degree of maturity.
More concretely, the production of small and medium series of “acceptable” metallic parts (density close to 1) by additive manufacturing is now possible using different types of processes, which are mainly distinguished by differences in complexity or dimensions of achievable parts. On this point, 5 years ago, the largest parts achievable using powder laser bed fusion (L-PBF) did not exceed 40 cm, whereas they are now more than double this.
In addition, new processes appear regularly. To name just one, we can mention the recent patent (2017) filed by P. Teulet (formerly of the company Phénix) for additive micro welding in which material is manufactured by the laser welding of thin metal bands layer by layer (Teulet 2017).
The objective in the following pages is therefore to establish the least obsolete state of the art possible on the subject in 2021 by focusing on metallic materials, their different development conditions and the basic physical principles involved, then concluding with the microstructures and the material properties of the produced parts. There is no historical review as there is little or no notion of creativity in additive manufacturing, bio-inspired design and topological optimization, but there is a well-assumed process-materials approach, and an important part dedicated to numerical simulation, the latter being essential in the detailed physical understanding of the complex processes involved. For more information on additive manufacturing, design rules and standardization, readers are invited to consult the recent general work by Barlier and Bernard (2020).
The chapters that make up this work were originally written in French by recognized French-speaking specialists, with a balance, for each topic, between fundamental and more advanced aspects, directly derived from laboratories and associated manufacturers.
This work consists of two volumes:
Volume 1 (Peyre and Charkaluk
2022
) presents the metallic AM processes, the raw materials, the physics of AM processes and numerical simulation;
this book, Volume 2, presents the microstructures, post-processing and material properties of AM parts.
All this is intended to form an overview of metal additive manufacturing which, we hope, will be useful to as many people as possible.
References
André, J.-C. (2017).
From Additive Manufacturing to 3D/4D Printing 1: From Concepts to Achievements
. ISTE, London, and John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Barlier, C. and Bernard, A. (2020).
Fabrication additive: du prototypage rapide à l’impression 3D
, 2nd edition. Dunod, Paris.
Elyan, J. and IDG NS (2013). Obama veut s’appuyer sur l’impression 3D pour relancer l’industrie et l’emploi.
Le monde informatique
[Online]. Available at:
https://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-obama-veut-s-appuyer-sur-l-impression-3d-pour-relancer-l-industrie-et-l-emploi-53552.html
.
Heinrich, P. (2013). Impression 3D [Online]. Available at:
http://www.audentia-gestion.fr/3D/Impression-3D.pdf
.
Peyre, P. and Charkaluk, É. (2022).
Additive Manufacturing of Metal Alloys 1
. ISTE Ltd, London, and John Wiley & Sons, New York.
PIPAME (2017). Prospective. Futur de la fabrication additive. Report [Online]. Available at:
https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/prospective/Industrie/2017-Fabrication-additive.pdf
.
Teulet, P. (2017). Procédé et installation de fabrication d’un objet tridimensionnel. Patent, WO2017121746A1.
