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Advanced membranes-from fundamentals and membrane chemistry to manufacturing and applications A hands-on reference for practicing professionals, Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications covers the fundamental principles and theories of separation and purification by membranes, the important membrane processes and systems, and major industrial applications. It goes far beyond the basics to address the formulation and industrial manufacture of membranes and applications. This practical guide: * Includes coverage of all the major types of membranes: ultrafiltration; microfiltration; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis (including the recent high-flux and low-pressure membranes and anti-fouling membranes); membranes for gas separations; and membranes for fuel cell uses * Addresses six major topics: membranes and applications in water and wastewater; membranes for biotechnology and chemical/biomedical applications; gas separations; membrane contractors and reactors; environmental and energy applications; and membrane materials and characterization * Includes discussions of important strategic issues and the future of membrane technology With chapters contributed by leading experts in their specific areas and a practical focus, this is the definitive reference for professionals in industrial manufacturing and separations and research and development; practitioners in the manufacture and applications of membranes; scientists in water treatment, pharmaceutical, food, and fuel cell processing industries; process engineers; and others. It is also an excellent resource for researchers in industry and academia and graduate students taking courses in separations and membranes and related fields.
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Seitenzahl: 1845
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
Contents
PREFACE
ABOUT THE EDITORS
CONTRIBUTORS
PART I: MEMBRANES AND APPLICATIONS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER
CHAPTER 1 Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Reverse Osmosis
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 APPLICATION OF RO MEMBRANES
1.3 MAJOR PROGRESS IN RO MEMBRANES
1.4 TRENDS IN RO MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
1.5 REVERSE OSMOSIS/BIOFOULING PROTECTION
1.6 LOW-FOULING RO MEMBRANE FOR WASTEWATER RECLAMATION
1.7 CHLORINE TOLERANCE OF CROSS-LINKED AROMATIC POLYAMIDE MEMBRANE
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 Cellulose Triacetate Membranes for Reverse Osmosis
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 HISTORY OF CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANE
2.3 TOYOBO RO MODULE FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION
2.4 ACTUAL PERFORMANCE OF TOYOBO RO MODULE FOR SEAWATER DESALINATION
2.5 MOST RECENT RO MODULE OF CELLULOSE TRIACETATE
2.6 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 Seawater Desalination
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANT CONFIGURATION
3.3 WATER PRODUCTION COSTS
3.4 FUTURE TRENDS
3.5 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 Seawater Desalination by Ultralow-Energy Reverse Osmosis
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 SWRO ENERGY REDUCTION USING ENERGY RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
4.3 SWRO ENERGY OPTIMIZATION
4.4 AFFORDABLE DESALINATION COLLABORATION (ADC)
4.5 CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 RECENT TRENDS AND PROGRESS IN MF/UF TECHNOLOGY
5.3 FUTURE PROSPECTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 Water Treatment by Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MATERIALS, MODULE CONFIGURATIONS, AND MANUFACTURERS
6.3 MICROFILTRATION/ULTRAFILTRATION PRETREATMENT
6.4 MEMBRANE APPLICATIONS
6.5 MEMBRANE FOULING AND CLEANING
6.6 INTEGRATED MEMBRANE SYSTEMS (MF or UF + RO or NF)
6.7 BACKWASH WATER REUSE, TREATMENT, AND DISPOSAL
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 Water Reclamation and Desalination by Membranes
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 WATER RECLAMATION AND SEAWATER DESALINATION
7.3 COST ESTIMATION
7.4 PROCESS OPTIONS FOR WATER RECLAMATION
7.5 COST OF WATER RECLAMATION
7.6 PROCESS OPTIONS FOR DESALINATION
7.7 COST OF DESALINATION
7.8 WATER REUSE VERSUS DESALINATION
7.9 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 Chitosan Membranes with Nanoparticles for Remediation of Chlorinated Organics
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
8.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
8.4 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 PRINCIPLE OF THE MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR PROCESS
9.3 MBR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
9.4 APPLICATIONS AND COST
9.5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 Submerged Membranes
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 MODES OF OPERATION OF SUBMERGED MEMBRANES
10.3 SUBMERGED MEMBRANE MODULE GEOMETRIES
10.4 BUBBLING AND HYDRODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
10.5 PRACTICAL ASPECTS
10.6 APPLICATIONS
10.7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 Nanofiltration
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 PROCESS PRINCIPLES
11.3 APPLICATION OF NANOFILTRATION FOR PRODUCTION OF DRINKING WATER AND PROCESS WATER
11.4 WASTEWATER POLISHING AND WATER REUSE
11.5 OTHER APPLICATIONS
11.6 SOLVENT-RESISTANT NANOFILTRATION
11.7 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 Membrane Distillation
12.1 INTRODUCTION TO MEMBRANE DISTILLATION
12.2 MEMBRANE DISTILLATION MEMBRANES AND MODULES
12.3 MEMBRANE DISTILLATION MEMBRANE CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES
12.4 TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN MD: TEMPERATURE POLARIZATION, CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION, AND THEORETICAL MODELS
12.5 MEMBRANE DISTILLATION APPLICATIONS
12.6 LONG-TERM MD PERFORMANCE AND MEMBRANE FOULING IN MD
12.7 HYBRID MD SYSTEMS
12.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13 Ultrapure Water by Membranes
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 INTEGRATED MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN UPW SYSTEMS
REFERENCES
PART II MEMBRANES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CHEMICAL/BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 14 Tissue Engineering with Membranes
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL TISSUE CULTURE
14.3 MICROMEMBRANE PROBES FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING MONITORING
14.4 FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
14.5 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 15 Biopharmaceutical Separations by Ultrafiltration
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 ULTRAFILTRATION: AN OVERVIEW
15.3 BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLES OF ULTRAFILTRATION
15.4 ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANES AND DEVICES
15.5 ULTRAFILTRATION PROCESSES
15.6 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 16 Nanofiltration in Organic Solvents
16.1 ORGANIC SOLVENT NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES
16.2 OSN TRANSPORT MECHANISMS–THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
16.3 APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC SOLVENT NANOFILTRATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 17 Pervaporation
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 APPLICATIONS OF AZEO SEP AND VOC SEP
17.3 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF MODULE PERFORMANCE
17.4 PERMEATION AND SEPARATION MODEL IN HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANE MODULE
17.5 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 18 Biomedical Applications of Membranes
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 MEMBRANE THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS
18.3 MEDICAL MEMBRANE PROPERTIES
18.4 MEDICAL MEMBRANE MATERIALS
18.5 BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MEMBRANE-BASED THERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS
18.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 19 Hemodialysis Membranes
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 TRANSPORT REQUIREMENTS
19.3 OTHER REQUIREMENTS
19.4 MEMBRANE MATERIALS, SPINNING TECHNOLOGY, AND STRUCTURE
19.5 DIALYZER DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
19.6 CURRENT MARKET TRENDS
19.7 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
19.8 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 20 Tangential-Flow Filtration for Virus Capture
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 TANGENTIAL-FLOW FILTRATION
20.3 TANGENTIAL-FLOW FILTRATION FOR VIRUS CAPTURE
20.4 TANGENTIAL-FLOW FILTRATION FOR VIRUS CLEARANCE
20.5 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART III GAS SEPARATIONS
CHAPTER 21 Vapor and Gas Separation by Membranes
21.1 INTRODUCTION TO MEMBRANES AND MODULES
21.2 MEMBRANE PROCESS DESIGN
21.3 APPLICATIONS
21.4 CONCLUSIONS
21.5 GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 22 Gas Separation by Polyimide Membranes
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.2 PERMEABILITY AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF POLYIMIDES
22.3 MANUFACTURE OF ASYMMETRIC MEMBRANE
22.4 MEMBRANE MODULE
22.5 APPLICATIONS OF POLYIMIDE GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 23 Gas Separation by Carbon Membranes
23.1 INTRODUCTION
23.2 STRUCTURE OF CARBON MEMBRANES
23.3 TRANSPORT IN CARBON MEMBRANES
23.4 FORMATION OF CARBON MEMBRANES
23.5 CURRENT SEPARATION PERFORMANCE
23.6 PRODUCTION OF CMS MODULES
23.7 CHALLENGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CMS MEMBRANES
23.8 DIRECTION OF CARBON MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 24 Polymeric Membrane Materials and Potential Use in Gas Separation
24.1 INTRODUCTION
24.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GAS SEPARATION IN POLYMER MEMBRANES
24.3 LIMITATIONS OF GAS SEPARATIONS USING POLYMER MEMBRANES
24.4 POLYMER MEMBRANE MATERIALS
24.5 MEMBRANE GAS SEPARATION APPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 25 Hydrogen Separation Membranes
25.1 INTRODUCTION
25.2 POROUS NONMETALLIC MEMBRANES FOR HYDROGEN SEPARATIONS
25.3 HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SEPARATION MEMBRANES
25.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
PART IV MEMBRANE CONTACTORS AND REACTORS
CHAPTER 26 Membrane Contactors
26.1 INTRODUCTION
26.2 MEMBRANE-BASED CONTACTING OF TWO FLUID PHASES
26.3 MEMBRANE-BASED SOLID–FLUID CONTACTING
26.4 TWO IMMOBILIZED PHASE INTERFACES
26.5 DISPERSIVE CONTACTING IN A MEMBRANE CONTACTOR
26.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 27 Membrane Reactors
27.1 STATE-OF-THE-ART ON CATALYTIC MEMBRANE REACTORS
27.2 ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENTS
27.3 SELECTIVE OXIDATIONS
27.4 BIOCATALYTIC MEMBRANE REACTORS
27.5 CATALYTIC CRYSTALS
27.6 INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS
27.7 MICROREACTORS
27.8 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
PART V ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 28 Facilitated Transport Membranes for Environmental, Energy, and Biochemical Applications
28.1 INTRODUCTION
28.2 SUPPORTED LIQUID MEMBRANES WITH STRIP DISPERSION
28.3 CARBON-DIOXIDE-SELECTIVE MEMBRANES
28.4 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 29 Fuel Cell Membranes
29.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUEL CELLS
29.2 BACKGROUND ON FUEL CELL MEMBRANES
29.3 RECENT WORK ON NEW FUEL CELL MEMBRANES
29.4 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
PART VI MEMBRANE MATERIALS AND CHARACTERIZATION
CHAPTER 30 Recent Progress in Mixed-Matrix Membranes
30.1 INTRODUCTION
30.2 RECENT PROGRESS IN MIXED-MATRIX MEMBRANES
30.3 SUMMARY AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 31 Fabrication of Hollow-Fiber Membranes by Phase Inversion
31.1 INTRODUCTION
31.2 BASIC UNDERSTANDING
31.3 RECENT PROGRESSES ON SINGLE-LAYER ASYMMETRIC HOLLOW-FIBER MEMBRANES
31.4 DUAL-LAYER HOLLOW FIBERS
31.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 32 Membrane Surface Characterization
32.1 INTRODUCTION
32.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF A MEMBRANE
32.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE HYDROPHILICITY
32.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE CHARGE
32.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE MORPHOLOGY
32.6 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 33 Membrane Characterization by Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry
33.1 INTRODUCTION
33.2 PRINCIPLE OF UTDR MEASUREMENT
33.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF INORGANIC MEMBRANE FOULING
33.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE BIOFOULING
33.5 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE COMPACTION
33.6 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE FORMATION
33.7 CHARACTERIZATION OF MEMBRANE MORPHOLOGY
33.8 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 34 Microstructural Optimization of Thin Supported Inorganic Membranes for Gas and Water Purification
34.1 INTRODUCTION
34.2 MORPHOLOGY, POROSITY, AND DEFECTS
34.3 OPTIMIZATION OF SUPPORTED MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
34.4 SYNTHESIS AND MANUFACTURING
34.5 CHARACTERIZATION
34.6 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 35 Structure/Property Characteristics of Polar Rubbery Membranes for Carbon Dioxide Removal
35.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
35.2 THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
35.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
35.4 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Index
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Advanced membrane technology and applications/edited by Norman N. Li . . . [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-471-73167-2 (cloth)
1. Membranes (Technology) 2. Six sigma (Quality control standard) 3. Membrane industry.
I. Li, Norman N.
TP159.M4A38 2008
660’.28424—dc22 2007041577
PREFACE
Since the last membrane book I published with the New York Academy of Sciences, I have attended several quite large membrane conferences including the one that I organized in the beautiful city of Irsee, Germany. I was struck by the fact that there had been very good progress made in the broad field of membranes science and technology. Also, membranes seem to be coming to the center of the water treatment and desalination technologies. Many parts of the world now are in critical need of clear water. Membrane technology is gaining increasing importance in treating and reusing wastewater and in producing potable water from seawater. It appears there is a timely need for a book that comprehensively reviews the up-to-date membrane technology and its many applications.
To undertake the task of publishing this book, I invited three of my colleagues, Tony Fan, Winston Ho, and Takeshi Matsuura to help, thus a team of four editors. Together we invited 35 chapters to cover membrane applications from gas to water separations. These chapters are now divided into six categories—membranes and applications in water and wastewater, membranes and applications in biotechnology and biomedical engineering, gas separations, membrane contactors and reactors, environmental and energy applications, and membrane materials and characterization. These six categories indeed cover a very broad field of applications.
I believe three somewhat unique features can be said about these chapters. One is that the percentage of contributors from industry is high. This is, of course, a relative comparison, in general, with the other published membrane books. As we know, most of the authors of the chapters in a membrane book are from academia, whereas many of the contributors from this book are from some of the major international membrane manufacturing companies. The other feature is that the chapters, in general, are more into applications than theories. The third feature is that a very strong coverage of water treatment and purification is presented for the reason mentioned above.
We are truly gratified to the strong response to contributing chapters. As a matter of fact, we still have quite many chapters that have been promised but have not been finished. This prompted me to consider publishing a second book in the near future. Meanwhile, we are indeed very pleased to have this book published and wish to thank all the reviewers and chapter contributors.
Norman N. Li
NL Chemical Technology, Inc.
Mount Prospect, Illinois
ABOUT THE EDITORS
Dr. Norman N. Li has about 40 years of working experience in the chemical and petroleum industries. He was a senior scientist with Exxon Research and Engineering Co, Director of Separation Science and Technology at UOP Co. and Director of Research and Technology at AlliedSignal Co. (now part of Honeywell). Since 1995, he is the president of NL Chemical Technology, Inc., which focuses on the development of membrane technologies. Dr. Li has more than 100 technical publications, 44 U.S. patents, and 13 books edited, all in the field of separation science and technology. He received the prestigious Award of Separation Science and Technology from the American Chemical Society, the Founders Award, Alpha Chi Sigma Award for Chemical Engineering Research, and the Award in Chemical Engineering Practice from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Perkin Medal from the Society of Chemical Industry. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers held special symposia on membranes in his honor at its national meetings in 1995 and 2000. Dr. Li served as the president of the North American Membrane Society and the chair of the International Congress on Membranes and Membrane Processes (ICOM) in 1990. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, United States.
Dr. Tony Fane is a chemical engineer with a Ph.D. from Imperial College, London. He has been working on membranes since 1973 when he joined the University of New South Wales, in Sydney, Australia. His current interests are in membranes applied to environmental applications and the water cycle, with a focus on the sustainability aspects of membrane technology. He is a former director of the UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology at UNSW and recently Temasek Professor at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is currently director of the Singapore Membrane Technology Centre at NTU. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Membrane Science and Desalination. He is a fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, a recipient of the Centenary Medal in 2002 for services to Chemical Engineering and the Environment, and an honorary life member of the European Membrane Society.
Dr. W. S. Winston Ho is University Scholar Professor of Chemical and Materials Science and Engineering at the Ohio State University since 2002. Previously, he was a professor of chemical engineering at the University of Kentucky, after having more than 28 years of industrial R&D experience with Allied Chemical, Xerox, and Exxon, and serving as senior vice-president of technology at Commodore Separation Technologies. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering, United States, in 2002. A New Jersey Inventor of the Year (1991), Dr. Ho holds more than 50 U.S. patents in separation processes. He is co-editor of Membrane Handbook and the recipient of the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Award for the most outstannding engineering work in 1993. He received the 2006 Institute Award for Excellence in Industrial Gases Technology and the 2007 Clarence G. Gerhold Award from AIChE. He obtained his B.S. degree from National Taiwan University and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, all in chemical engineering.
Dr. Takeshi Matsuura received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo, and his doctoral degree from the Institute of Chemical Technology of the Technical University of Berlin in 1965. After working at the Department of Synthetic Chemisty of the University of Tokyo as a staff assistant and at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of California as a postdoc, he joined the National Research Council of Canada in 1969. He became a chair professor at the University of Ottawa in 1992. He also served as the director of the Industrial Membrane Research Institute until he retired in 2002. He is now a visiting professor at the National University of Singapore and the University Technology Malaysia, Skudai. Dr. Matsuura received the Research Award of International Desalination and Environmental Association in 1983. A symposium of membrane gas separation was held at the Eighth Annual Meeting of the North American Membrane Society, May 18–22, 1996, Ottawa, to honor him and Dr. S. Sourirajan. He received the George S. Links Award for Excellence in Research from University of Ottawa in 1998. He has published more than 300 articles in refereed journals, authored and co-authored 3 books, and edited 4 books.
CONTRIBUTORS
Fakhir U. Baig, Petro Sep Membrane Technologies Inc., Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Richard W. Baker, Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025
Dibakar Bhattacharyya, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
Bart VanDer Bruggen and Jeroen Geens, Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory for Applied Physical Chemistry and Environmental Technology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
G. Catapano, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
Tai-Shung Neal Chung, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
P. Cornel, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Department of Civil Engineering, Institute WAR, Darmstadt, Germany
Pierre Côté andMingang Liu, GE Water and Process Technologies, ZENON Membrane Solutions, Ontario, L6M 4B2, Canada
Zhanfeng Cui, Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Avijit Dey, Director – Application and Research, Omexell Inc., Stafford, Texas 77477
Enrico Drioli and Enrica Fontananova, Institute on Membrane Technology of the National Council Research (ITM-CNR), and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
Anthony G. Fane, UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science & Technology, University of New South Wales, Australia 2052 and Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Raja Ghosh, Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
Alan R. Greenberg, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0427
Alexis M. W. Hillock, Shabbir Husain, and William J.Koros, School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332
Sumod Kalakkunnath, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Manufacturing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
Douglass S. Kalika, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Manufacturing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
M. Kallioinen and M. Nystrom, Laboratory of Membrane Technology and Technical Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), Lappeenranta, Finland
Sujatha Karoor, Renal Division, Baxter Healthcare Corp., McGaw Park, Illinois, Massachusetts
Yoji Kase, UBE Industries Ltd., Ichihara, Chiba 290-0045, Japan
M. D. Kennedy, J. Kamanyi, S. G. Salinas Rodriguez, N. H. Lee, J. C.Schippers, and G. Amy, UNESCO–IHE Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
Mohamed Khayet, Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
William B. Krantz, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, The Republic of Singapore, 117576
S. Krause, Microdyn-Nadir GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany
N. Kubota, T. Hashimoto, and Y. Mori, Microza Research & Development Department, Specialty Products & Systems R&D Center, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Fuji City, Shizuoka, 416-8501 Japan
A. Kumano and N. Fujiwara, Desalination Membrane Operating Department, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
Victor A. Kusuma, Benny D. Freeman, and Miguel Jose-YacamaN, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
Haiqing Lin, Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025
Chunqing Liu and Santi Kulprathipanja, UOP LLC, 25 East Algonquin Road, Des Plaines, Illinois, 60017
Yi Hua Ma, Center for Inorganic Membrane Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
M. L.Mottern, J. Y. Shi, K. Shgau, D. Yu, and Henk Verweiji, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1178
Norma J. Ofsthun, Clinical Science Department, Fresenius Medical Care, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420
Ho Bum Park and Young Moo Lee, School of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
Peter N. Pintauro and Ryszard Wycisk, Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7217
Raphael Semiat, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, The Wolfson Chemical Engineering Department, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
P.Silva, L. G. Peeva, and A. G. Livingston, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2BY, United Kingdom
Kamalesh K.Sirkar, Otto H. York Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Membrane Technologies, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
Steven Siverns, EnviroTower, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 1R7, Canada
Mitsuru Suzuki, Medical Membrane Department, Toyobo Corp., Osaka, Japan
Yit-Hong Tee, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046
R. L. Truby, Toray Membranes, Escondido, California 92026
Tadahiro Uemura and Masahiro Henmi, Global Environment Research Laboratories, Toray Industries Inc., Otsu Shiga, Japan
J. Vienken, Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
Nikolay Voutchkov, Poseidon Resources Corporation, Stamford, Connecticut
S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1370
P. Jason Williams and William J. Koros, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Jian Zou, Jin Huang, and W. S. Winston Ho, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1180
PART I
MEMBRANES AND APPLICATIONS IN WATER AND WASTEWATER