Advances in Remote Sensing Technology and the Three Poles E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1239

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

ADVANCES IN REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY AND THE THREE POLES Covers recent advances in remote sensing technology applied to the "Three Poles", a concept encompassing the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Himalayas Advances in Remote Sensing Technology and the Three Poles is a multidisciplinary approach studying the lithosphere, hydrosphere (encompassing both limnosphere, and oceanosphere), atmosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere, of the Arctic, the Antarctic and the Himalayas. The drastic effects of climate change on polar environments bring to the fore the often subtle links between climate change and processes in the hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, while unanswered questions of the polar regions will help plan and formulate future research projects. Sample topics covered in the work include: * Terrestrial net primary production of the Arctic and modeling of Arctic landform evolution * Glaciers and glacial environments, including a geological, geophysical, and geospatial survey of Himalayan glaciers * Sea ice dynamics in the Antarctic region under a changing climate, the Quaternary geology and geomorphology of Antarctica * Continuous satellite missions, data availability, and the nature of future satellite missions, including scientific data sharing policies in different countries * Software, tools, models, and remote sensing technology for investigating polar and other environments For postgraduates and researchers working in remote sensing, photogrammetry, and landscape evolution modeling, Advances in Remote Sensing Technology and the Three Poles is a crucial resource for understanding current technological capabilities in the field along with the latest scientific research that has been conducted in polar areas.

Leseprobe

Advances in Remote Sensing Technology and the Three Poles

Edited by

Manish Pandey

Chandigarh University, Department of Civil Engineering, Mohali, India

Prem C. Pandey

School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Yogesh Ray

National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa

Aman Arora

Bihar Mausam Seva Kendra, Planning and Development Department, Bihar, India

Shridhar D. Jawak

Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), Norway

Uma K. Shukla

Banaras Hindu University, Institute of Science, Varnasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

This edition first published 2023

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The right of Manish Pandey, Prem C. Pandey, Yogesh Ray, Aman Arora, Shridhar D. Jawak and Uma K. Shukla, to be identified as the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Pandey, Manish (Assistant professor), editor. Title: Advances in remote sensing technology and the three poles / edited by Manish Pandey [and five others] Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2023. Identifiers: LCCN 2022028873 | ISBN 9781119787723 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119787730 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119787747 (epub) | ISBN 9781119787754 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Remote sensing--Polar regions. | Remote sensing--Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region. Classification: LCC G70.5.P73 .A38 2023 | DDC 621.36/780911--dc23/eng20221013 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022028873

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Indra Bir Singh (1943–2021) Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Prof I.B. Singh was an eminent scholar of international repute, a dedicated geoscientist, and an ideal teacher. He was born on 8 July 1943 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Prof Singh breathed his last in the morning of 11 February 2021 after a brief illness. He completed his secondary education from the Lucknow Christian College in 1956. For higher education, he joined the Lucknow University, from where he obtained a BSc (1961) and MSc (1962) in Geology. This was the time when his classmates noticed in him an exceptional ability to look at the subject of Geology in a more common way relating to natural processes at work. After completing his post graduation, he joined the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation of India for a brief period and being unsatisfied with the job he left. He went to Germany to obtain a Dr.Rer.nat. degree from Technical University, Stuttgart, Germany in 1966 under the supervision of H. Aldinger. He then worked as a research associate at Senckenberg Institute, Wilhelmshaven, Germany in 1966. He spent two years (1967–1968) as a Post-doctoral fellow at the Oslo University, Norway. Later, he returned to Senckenberg Institute, Wilhelmshaven, as Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and worked from 1969 to 1972 on modern shallow marine sediments.

In 1972, Prof Singh returned to India and started working in the Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, from where he retired as Head of the Department in 2008. He brought out qualitative changes in teaching and research of the Department. He headed the department in the most democratic way and raised it to the level of Centre of Advance Studies in Geology. Returning to India, he started working on the sedimentary sequences of the Himalaya and central India ranging in age from the Precambrian to Holocene. Applying his experience of working on modern sediments of marine and fluvial origin, Prof Singh was able to interpret the depositional environments of the Himalayan rock sequences precisely in terms of physical processes and age. He reinterpreted the Krol belt of Himalaya as Upper Proterozoic, which had been considered to be of Mesozoic age for over a century. This study changed the stratigraphy and evolutionary history of the Himalaya. He made many significant contributions for understanding rock sequences of the Kashmir, Kachchh, Gondwana, and Himalaya, east coast delta. These studies provided an in-depth understanding of the depositional processes based on field-based Facies Analysis.

In the early 1990s, Prof Singh established a very strong group with his students and adopted a multiproxy approach including Facies Analysis supported by OSL dating, geochemistry, and isotopic signatures to study the Ganga Plain of Himalayan Foreland Basin. He worked on the landform evolution, architectural element analysis of channel bars. and floodplain deposits. His group identified the contribution of interfluves (doab) processes in the fluvial domain which was a new discovery. This study provided insights into the nature of river systems, chronology to the Late Quaternary landform evolution, tectonic events, and climate changes in the Ganga Plain. He emphasized geoarchaeological aspects of the Ganga Plain and has been able to establish palaeovegetation, human settlement patterns, and agricultural activity, particularly the domestication of rice. Working on different aspects, Prof Singh guided 15 doctoral theses and published about 200 research papers in journals of national and international repute. His students have now established themselves as leaders in their own right and are a tribute to the training he imparted. With Prof H.E. Reineck, he co-authored the book, “Depositional Sedimentary Environments,” published in 1973. This is a classic book on depositional environments and has been translated into Russian and Chinese. With A.S.R. Swamy, he also wrote the book entitled “Delta Sedimentation: East Coast of India.”

Prof Singh was elected as Fellow of Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi in 1995. He was a recipient of the National Mineral Award, Government of India (1996) and National Award for excellence in Earth System Science in 2013. He also received the L. Rama Rao Birth Centenary Award of the Geological Society of India. He was honored with Fellow of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany in 1988–1989. Prof Singh was visiting Professor at Louisiana State University, USA (1984–1986) and at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Germany (1998–1999). He has served as a board member of governing bodies on several committees dealing with research and teaching and is easily placed among those few who have impacted Indian geosciences, research, and teaching in a fundamental way and with indigenous resources and ideas.

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

About the Editors

Notes on Contributors

Foreword

Preface

List of Acronyms

Section I Earth Observation (EO) and Remote Sensing (RS) Applications in Polar Studies

1 The Three Poles: Advances in Remote Sensing in Relation to Spheres of the Planet Earth

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Earth as a System and Components of the Earth System

1.1.2 Role of the “Three Poles“ and the Three Poles Regions in the Earth System

1.1.2.1 Defining the Three Poles, Three Poles Regions, and Their Geographical Extent

1.1.2.2 Interaction Among Components of the Earth System and Role of the Three Poles

1.1.3 Advancement of RS Technologies in Relation to Their Application in the Three Poles Regions

1.1.3.1 Remote Sensing Technology Advancements

1.1.3.2 Role of Remote Sensing (RS) in Mapping/Monitoring/Quantitative Analysis of Sub-Systems of Our Planet in the Three Poles Regions

1.2 Aim of the Book and Its Five Sections

1.3 Overview of the Contributing Chapters Covering Research About Different Aspects of the Sub-Systems of Our Planet in the Three Poles Regions

1.4 Summary and Recommendations

References

2 Continuous Satellite Missions, Data Availability, and Nature of Future Satellite Missions with Implications to Polar Regions

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Types of Orbit

2.1.1.1 High Earth Orbit (HEO)

2.1.1.2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

2.1.1.3 Semi-Synchronous Orbit

2.1.1.4 Molniya Orbit

2.1.1.5 Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

2.1.1.6 Polar Orbit and Sun-Synchronous Orbit

2.1.1.7 Lagrange’s Point

2.2 Satellite Missions and Data Availability

2.3 Future Satellite Missions

2.4 Applicability of Satellite Products in Three Poles Regions

2.5 Challenges and Limitations

2.6 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

3 Assessing the Accuracy of Digital Elevation Models for Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Study Area

3.3 Materials and Methods

3.3.1 Generation of Cartosat-1 DEM and Orthoimage

3.3.2 TanDEM-X

3.3.3 ALOS PALSAR

3.3.4 DGPS Survey for Obtaining Ground Control Points (GCPs)

3.3.5 Datum Transformation

3.3.6 Accuracy Assessment Methods

3.3.6.1 Vertical Accuracy

3.3.6.2 Spatial Accuracy

3.4 Results and Discussion

3.4.1 Vertical Accuracy Assessment: Comparison of DEMs With Reference to GCPs

3.4.2 Vertical Accuracy of DEMs for Different Land Use Classes

3.4.2.1 Dense Forest

3.4.2.2 Open Forest

3.4.2.3 Tea Garden

3.4.2.4 Built-up Area

3.4.3 Spatial Accuracy Assessment: Comparison of DEMs With Reference to Stream Networks

3.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

4 An Overview of Morphometry Software Packages, Tools, and Add-ons

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Overview of Morphometry Tools and Toolboxes

4.3 Stand-Alone Tools

4.4 Tools that Run within Coding Bases

4.5 Conclusion

References

5 Landscape Modeling, Glacier and Ice Sheet Dynamics, and the Three Poles: A Review of Models, Softwares, and Tools

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Taxonomy

5.2.1 Geomorphic Process-Based Models

5.2.2 Classification Based on Process of Modeling

5.2.2.1 Based on Geomorphic Processes

5.2.2.2 Based on Modeling Process

5.3 Working Principles for Geomorphological Models

5.3.1 Soil Production

5.3.2 Hillslope Transport

5.3.3 Land Sliding

5.3.4 Fluvial Incision and Transport

5.3.5 Glacial Erosion

5.4 Landscape Evolution Models

5.4.1 DEM-Based Models

5.4.2 SIBERIA

5.4.3 GOLEM

5.4.4 CASCADE

5.4.5 ZScape

5.4.6 CHILD

5.4.7 CAESAR

5.4.8 APERO

5.4.9 SIGNUM (Simple Integrated Geomorphological Numerical Model)

5.4.10 TTLEM (TopoToolbox Landscape Evolution Model) 1.0

5.5 Other Models

5.5.1 DELIM

5.5.2 EROS

5.5.3 Landscape Evolution Model Using Global Search

5.5.4 eSCAPE

5.5.5 r.sim.terrain 1.0

5.6 Combined/Application-Specific Models

5.7 Machine Learning Models

5.8 LEMs Developed for Glaciated Landscapes

5.9 Some Significant Glacier Evolution Models

5.10 Models Developed for Alpine Regions

5.11 Models Developed for the Arctic Regio

5.12 Models Developed for the Antarctic Region

5.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects

Acknowledgment

Declaration of Competing Interest

References

6 Spectral Indices Across Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors Relating to the Three Poles: An Overview of Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Database and Methodology

6.3 Rationale of Different Spectral Indices Across RS Sensors and Platforms

6.4 RS Sensors and Platforms: Characteristics (Spatial, Temporal, Spectral, and Radiometric Resolutions)

6.5 Most Widely and Popularly Used Spectral Indices

6.5.1 Spectral Indices and Lithosphere

6.5.2 Spectral Indices and Hydrosphere

6.5.3 Spectral Indices and Atmosphere

6.5.4 Spectral Indices and Biosphere

6.5.5 Spectral Indices and Anthroposphere

6.6 Thematic Evolution and Trends

6.6.1 Thematic and Network Maps

6.7 Summary and Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

Section II Antarctica: The Southernmost Continent Having the South Pole Environment and Remote Sensing

7 Glacier Dynamics in East Antarctica: A Remote Sensing Perspective

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Satellite Remote Sensing of Glacier Dynamics in East Antarctica

7.3 Glacier Velocity Estimation Using Remote Sensing

7.3.1 Glacier Velocity Estimation Using SAR Interferometry

7.3.2 Glacier Velocity Estimation Using Offset Tracking

7.4 Remote Sensing Based Dynamics of PRG: A Case Study

7.4.1 Data and Methods

7.4.2 Results and Discussion

7.4.2.1 Ice Front Location

7.4.2.2 Glacier Velocity Over the Period of 2016–2019

7.4.3 Summary and Conclusion

References

8 Terrestrial Deglaciation Signatures in East Antarctica

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Geomorphology

8.2.1 East Antarctica

8.3 Landform Variation Concerning Various Sectors and Elevation

8.3.1 Dronning Maud Land

8.3.2 Enderby Land

8.3.3 Mac. Robertson Land, Amery Ice Shelf, and Prince Elizabeth Land

8.3.4 Wilkes Land

8.4 Chronology

8.4.1 Dronning Maud Land

8.4.2 Enderby Land

8.4.3 Mac. Robertson Land, Amery Ice Shelf’s and Princess Elizabeth Land

8.4.4 Wilkes Land

8.5 Discussion

8.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

9 Geospatial Tools for Monitoring Vertebrate Populations in Antarctica With a Note on the Ecological Component of the Indian Antarctic Program

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Novel Geospatial Tools for Biodiversity Monitoring in Antarctica

9.2.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

9.2.2 Satellite Imagery

9.3 Spatial Mapping of Seabirds Under the Indian Antarctic Program

9.4 Recommendations to Incorporate New Tools for Antarctic Wildlife Monitoring Program

9.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

10 Bryophytes of Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica and Future Prospects

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Study Area

10.3 Materials and Methods

10.4 Taxonomic Treatment

10.5 Phytosociological Studies

10.6 Results and Discussion

10.7 Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

11 Antarctic Sea Ice Variability and Trends Over the Last Four Decades

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Datasets and Methods

11.2.1 Sea Ice Extent Analysis

11.2.2 Analysis of Physical Parameters

11.3 Results and Discussion

11.3.1 Sea Ice Variability in the Southern Ocean

11.3.2 Sea Ice Distribution With Respect to Ocean-Atmospheric Temperature

11.4 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Section III Himalayas: The Third Pole Environment and Remote Sensing

12 Some Unresolved Problems in the Himalaya: A Synoptic View

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Stratigraphic Ages, Basin Configuration, and Palaeontology

12.3 Sedimentology

12.4 Tectonics and Structure

12.5 Magmatism and Geochronology

12.6 Metamorphism

12.7 Mineral Deposits

12.8 Palaeomagnetic Studies

12.9 Glaciological Studies

12.10 Geomorphological Studies

12.11 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

13 Fluctuations of Kolahoi Glacier, Kashmir Valley, Its Assessment With Tree-Rings of Pinus wallichiana and Comparable Satellite Imageries and Field Survey Records

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Tree-Ring Sampling Site and Data Acquisition

13.3 Tree-Ring Chronology and Its Assessments

13.4 Fluctuations of Kolahoi Glacier: Existing Records and Its Assessment With Tree-Rings

13.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

14 Applications of ICESat-2 Photon Data in the Third Pole Environment

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Brief Background About NASA’s ICESat-2 Mission

14.3 Terrain Profiling From ICESat-2 Photon Elevations Over a Mountainous Region

14.4 Longitudinal Profiling of Rivers in a Mountainous Region

14.5 Inland Water Level Detection in Mountainous Regions Using ICESat-2 Photon Data

14.6 Inferring Annual Variations of Water Levels in Mountain Lakes Using ICESat-2’s ATL13 Data Product

14.7 Inferring Lake Ice Phenology in Mountainous Regions Using ICESat-2 Photon Data

14.8 Estimating Tree Heights in Mountain Regions Using ICESat-2 Photon Data

14.9 Utilization of ICESat-2 Photon Data to Generate Digital Elevation Models

14.10 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

15 Extreme Hydrological Event-Induced Temporal Variation in Soil Erosion of the Assiganga River Basin, NW Himalaya

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Study Area

15.3 Methodology and Dataset

15.3.1 Soil Erodibility (K Factor)

15.3.2 Rainfall Erosivity (R Factor)

15.3.3 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS Factor)

15.3.4 Crop Management (C Factor) and Support Practices (P Factor)

15.4 Results and Discussion

15.4.1 Pre-Post R, C, and P Variation

15.4.2 Soil Loss Spatial Pattern and Extent

15.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

16 Understanding the Present and Past Climate-Human-Vegetation Dynamics in the Indian Himalaya: A Comprehensive Review

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Study Site

16.3 Climate Vegetation Interaction in the Indian Himalaya

16.3.1 Present-Day Conditions

16.3.2 The Holocene Epoch

16.3.2.1 Western Himalaya

16.3.2.2 Eastern Himalaya

16.3.2.3 Central Himalaya

16.4 Conclusions

References

17 Flash Flood Susceptibility Mapping of a Himalayan River Basin Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Analysis and GIS

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Study Area

17.3 Data and Methodology

17.3.1 Data

17.3.2 Multicriteria Analysis

17.3.3 Selection and Classification of Flood Predictors

17.3.4 Flood Hazard Index

17.3.5 Validation

17.4 Results and Discussion

17.4.1 Flood Controlling Factors

17.4.2 Multicriteria Analysis

17.4.3 Flood Susceptibility Mapping

17.4.4 Validation

17.5 Conclusion

References

18 The Role of Himalayan Frontal Thrust in the Upliftment of Kimin Formation and the Migration of Sedimentary Basin in Arunachal Himalaya, Around Bandardewa, Papumpare District, Arunachal Pradesh

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Geology

18.2.1 Siwaliks of Arunachal Himalaya

18.2.2 Geology of the Study Area

18.3 Materials and Method

18.4 Study of Alluvial Fan

18.4.1 Description of Lithosections

18.4.1.1 Kimin Formation

18.4.1.2 Terrace Deposits

18.4.2 Grain Size Analysis

18.4.3 Cumulative Curve

18.4.4 Calculation of Size Parameters

18.4.4.1 Graphic Mean

18.4.4.2 Graphic Standard Deviations

18.4.4.3 Graphic Skewness

18.4.4.4 Graphic Kurtosis

18.4.5 Inter-Relationship of Size Parameters

18.4.6 CM Plot

18.5 Discussion and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

19 Himalayan River Profile Sensitivity Assessment by Validating of DEMs and Comparison of Hydrological Tools

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Study Area

19.3 Methodology (LSDTopoTools)

19.4 Details of DEM Datasets Used

19.4.1 ALOS-PALSAR

19.4.2 ASTER

19.4.3 CartoDEM

19.4.4 Copernicus DEM

19.4.5 NASA DEM

19.4.6 SRTM

19.5 Result and Discussion

19.5.1 Assessment of DEMs Generated Watershed Boundary and Slope

19.5.2 Sensivity of Longitudinal River Profiles Using Different DEMs

19.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

20 Glacier Ice Thickness Estimation in Indian Himalaya Using Geophysical Methods: A Brief Review

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Geophysical Methods for Estimation of Glacier Ice Thickness

20.2.1 Gravity

20.2.2 Magnetic

20.2.3 Resistivity

20.2.4 Seismic

20.2.5 Ground Penetrating Radar

20.3 Geophysical Methods in the Indian Himalaya Region

20.4 GPR Surveys in the Debris Covered Glaciers

20.5 A Case Study on Debris-Covered Satopanth Glacier

20.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

21 Landscapes and Paleoclimate of the Ladakh Himalaya

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Geology of the Ladakh Himalaya

21.2.1 Karakoram Region

21.3 Past Climate Variability

21.3.1 Early Holocene (~11.7 to 8.2 ka)

21.3.2 Mid-Holocene (~8.2–4.2 ka)

21.3.3 Late-Holocene (~4.2 ka–Present)

21.4 Modern Climatic and Vegetation

21.5 Landscapes in the Ladakh Region

21.6 Glaciation and Associated Landforms

21.7 Flood History and Disaster

21.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

22 A Review of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Soil Loss Models With a Comparative Study From the Upper and Marginal Ganga River Basin

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Geospatial Models

22.2.1 USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation)

22.2.2 RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation)

22.2.2.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor “R”

22.2.2.2 Soil Erodibility “K”

22.2.2.3 Slope Length and Steepness “LS”

22.2.2.4 Crop Management (C)

22.2.2.5 Support Practices “P”

22.2.3 MUSLE (Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation)

22.3 A Case Study in Upper and Marginal Ganga River Basins Using RUSLE Model

22.3.1 Study Area (Upper and Marginal Ganga River Basins)

22.3.2 Dataset and Methodology

22.3.3 Rate of Soil Loss in Rishiganga Basin (RG)

22.3.4 Rate of Soil Loss in Lower Chambal Basin (LC)

22.4 Discussion

22.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

23 Wetlands as Potential Zones to Understand Spatiotemporal Plant-Human-Climate Interactions: A Review on Palynological Perspective from Western and Eastern Himalaya

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Importance of Wetlands

23.3 Climate of Himalaya

23.4 Vegetation Types in the Himalayan Region

23.5 Wetlands as Sites for Floristic Analysis

23.6 Wetlands as Sites for Past Vegetation-Climate-Human Interaction

23.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

24 Investigation of Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Alaknanda River Basin, Himalaya During 1976–2020 351 Varun Narayan Mishra

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Materials and Methods

24.2.1 Study Area

24.2.2 Data Used

24.2.3 Methods

24.2.3.1 LULC Classification Scheme

24.2.3.2 LULC Change Investigation

24.3 Results and Discussion

24.3.1 LULC Status

24.3.2 LULC Change

24.4 Conclusions

References

Section IV The Arctic: The Northernmost Ocean Having the North Pole Environment and Remote Sensing

25 Hydrological Changes in the Arctic, the Antarctic, and the Himalaya: A Synoptic View from the Cryosphere Change Perspective

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Cryosphere and Its Influence on Socio-Ecological-Economical (GLASOECO) System

25.2.1 Cryospheric Change and Its Influence on Agriculture and Livestock

25.2.2 Cryospheric Change and Its Influence on Ecosystem and Environment

25.2.3 Cryospheric Change and Its Influence on the Economy

25.2.4 Cryospheric Change as a Risk to Energy Security

25.3 Hydrological Changes in the Arctic and the Antarctic Regions

25.3.1 Hydrological Changes in the Arctic

25.3.2 Hydrological Changes in the Antarctic

25.4 Hydrological Changes in the Third Pole (Himalaya)

25.4.1 Runoff Flooding

25.4.2 Future Hydrological Change in the Third Pole

25.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

26 High-Resolution Remote Sensing for Mapping Glacier Facies in the Arctic

26.1 Introduction

26.1.1 Glacier Facies Mapping Using Multispectral Data

26.1.2 Image Classification

26.1.3 Training Samples and Operator Skill

26.1.4 The Test of Operator Influence

26.2 The Geographical Area and Geospatial Data

26.3 Methodology

26.3.1 Radiometric Calibration and Digitization

26.3.2 Operator Selections

26.3.3 Classification and Reference Point Selection

26.4 Results and Discussion

26.5 Inferences and Recommendations

26.6 Conclusion

References

27 Supraglacial Lake Filling Models: Examples From Greenland

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Methods

27.2.1 Supraglacial Lake FillING (SLING)

27.2.2 Surface Routing and Lake Filling Model (SRLF)

27.2.3 Surface Routing and Lake Filling With Channel Incision (SRLFCI)

27.3 Study Area

27.4 Data Used

27.5 Results

27.5.1 Results For SLING Model

27.5.2 Results For SRLF Model

27.5.3 Results For SRLFCI Model

27.6 Discussion

27.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

28 Arctic Sea Level Change in Remote Sensing and New Generation Climate Models

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Remote Sensing of Arctic Ocean Sea-Level Changes

28.3 Results and Discussion

28.3.1 Observed Trend and Variability

28.3.2 Arctic Ocean Sea Level and Large-Scale Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation

28.3.3 Arctic Ocean Sea Level in CMIP6

28.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

29 Spatio-Temporal Variations of Aerosols Over the Polar Regions Based on Satellite Remote Sensing

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Data and Methodology

29.3 Results and Discussion

29.3.1 Seasonal Variations of Relative Humidity (RH) Over Northern and Southern Polar Regions

29.3.1.1 Arctic

29.3.1.2 Antarctic

29.3.2 Seasonal Variations of Winds over Northern and Southern Polar Regions

29.3.2.1 Arctic

29.3.2.2 Antarctic

29.3.3 Seasonal Variations of Global Fire Activities

29.3.4 Aerosol Variations Over the Northern and Southern Polar Region

29.3.5 Seasonal Aerosol Variations Over the Northern and Southern Polar Regions

29.3.5.1 Arctic

29.3.5.2 Antarctic

29.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Section V The Research Institutions on the “Three Poles,” Data Pools, Data Sharing Policies, Career in Polar Science Research and Challenges

30 Multi-Disciplinary Research in the Indian Antarctic Programme and Its International Relevance

30.1 Introduction

30.2 India in the International Bodies for Antarctica

30.3 Multi-Disciplinary Antarctic Research in the Last Decade

30.4 International Relevance

30.5 Concluding Remarks

References

31 Indian and International Research Coordination in the Arctic

31.1 The Changing Arctic and Inherited Interest

31.2 International Research Coordination

31.3 Arctic Research Coordination at the National Level

31.4 Coordination Among Students, Young Researchers, and Educators

Acknowledgments

Declaration of Competing Interest

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

CHAPTER 01

Table 1.1 Some references on research...

CHAPTER 02

Table 2.1 Satellite missions and...

Table 2.2 Other useful sources...

Table 2.3 Future satellite missions...

CHAPTER 03

Table 3.1 Details of data used in the study.

Table 3.2 Vertical error in Cartosat...

Table 3.3 Error statistics for different...

Table 3.4 Error statistics for different...

Table 3.5 EI for stream valleys...

CHAPTER 06

Table 6.1 Salient features of the...

Table 6.2 List of spectral Indices...

Table 6.3 List of spectral Indices...

Table 6.4 List of spectral Indices...

Table 6.5 List of spectral Indices...

Table 6.6 List of spectral Indices...

CHAPTER 07

Table 7.1 Specification of Sentinel-1...

CHAPTER 08

Table 8.1 Geographical locations and oldest...

CHAPTER 09

Table 9.1 Studies over the past...

Table 9.2 Some relevant past studies...

CHAPTER 10

Table 10.1 Epiphytic algae growing with...

Table 10.2 Conspectus of Bryophytes...

Table 10.3 Comparative analysis of Bryophyte...

CHAPTER 11

Table 11.1 For the Southern Ocean...

Table 11.2 Comparison of the yearly...

CHAPTER 13

Table 13.1 Differential glacial retreat rates...

Table 13.2 Sampling site details of...

CHAPTER 14

Table 14.1. Technical specifications of ICESat...

Table 14.2 Water levels retrieved from...

CHAPTER 15

Table 15.1 Soil texture of Assiganga...

Table 15.2 LULC classes present in...

Table 15.3 Change detection in LULC...

Table 15.4 Mean rate of soil...

CHAPTER 17

Table 17.1 Class weight and criteria...

Table 17.2 Pairwise comparison matrix of...

CHAPTER 18

Table 18.1 Graphical statistical size parameters...

CHAPTER 19

Table 19.1 The accuracy and source...

CHAPTER 20

Table 20.1 Details of geophysical investigations...

Table 20.2 Details of ground penetrating...

CHAPTER 22

Table 22.1 Description of some widely...

Table 22.2 History of soil loss...

Table 22.3 K values assigned from...

Table 22.4 LULC classes and their...

Table 22.5 Soil loss rate in...

Table 22.6 Soil loss rate in...

Table 22.7 Recent studies in the...

CHAPTER 23

Table 23.1 Types of Vegetation in...

Table 23.2 Salient features of vegetation...

CHAPTER 24

Table 24.1 Area and amount of...

CHAPTER 26

Table 26.1 Glaciers selected by each...

Table 26.2 Overall Accuracy and Kappa...

CHAPTER 27

Table 27.1 Comparison of the percentage...

CHAPTER 28

Table 28.1 List of satellite altimeter...

Table 28.2 List of CMIP6 models...

List of Illustrations

CHAPTER 01

Figure 1.1 Location map of the...

Figure 1.2 Interaction pathways among sub...

Figure 1.3 (A) Range of electromagnetic...

Figure 1.4 Evolutionary history of satellite...

Figure 1.5 Some examples of studies...

CHAPTER 02

Figure 2.1 Depiction of various orbits...

Figure 2.2 Representation of Molniya Orbit...

CHAPTER 03

Figure 3.1 Location map: (a) India...

Figure 3.2 Spatial and graphical representation...

Figure 3.3 A preview of optical...

Figure 3.4 Vertical errors of the...

Figure 3.5 Average RMSE for different...

Figure 3.6 (a) Locations of selected...

Figure 3.7 Comparison between reference and...

CHAPTER 04

Figure 4.1 Categories of morphometric tools...

CHAPTER 05

Figure 5.1 Tree representation of a...

Figure 5.2 Classification of Landscape Evolution...

Figure 5.3 Classification scheme of LEMs...

Figure 5.4 Classification of Qualitative LEMs...

Figure 5.5 LEM classifications based on...

CHAPTER 06

Figure 6.1 Different spheres of the...

Figure 6.2 Search KeyWords used in...

Figure 6.3 Significance of the most...

Figure 6.4 Bibliometrix generated graph...

Figure 6.5 The histogram shows annual...

Figure 6.6 Three-Fields Plot showing...

Figure 6.7 Source impact by the quality...

Figure 6.8 Thematic evolution of the...

CHAPTER 07

Figure 7.1 Location map of PRG...

Figure 7.2 Ice front location of...

Figure 7.3 Estimated glacier surface flow...

CHAPTER 08

Figure 8.1 Rock outcrops and moraine...

Figure 8.2 Chronological sequences from the...

Figure 8.3 Chronological sequences from Enderby...

Figure 8.4 Chronological sequence from Wilkes...

Figure 8.5 Available chronological data from...

Figure 8.6 Probability Plot for the...

CHAPTER 09

Figure 9.1 Spatial distribution of Antarctic...

Figure 9.2 Snow petrels (here a...

Figure 9.3 South Polar skua is...

Figure 9.4 Adelie penguins use multiple...

Figure 9.5 Author visiting inland mountains...

CHAPTER 10

Figure 10.1 Study area: Larsemann Hills...

Figure 10.2 Major collection sites.

Figure 10.3 Bryophyte community on calcareous...

Figure 10.4 1. Cephaloziella varians (Gottsche...

Figure 10.5 Cephaloziella varians (Gottsche) Steph...

Figure 10.6 Cephaloziella varians (Gottsche) Steph...

Figure 10.7 Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum (Hedw.) P...

Figure 10.8 Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum (Hedw.) P...

Figure 10.9 Bryum argenetum Hedw. var...

Figure 10.10 Bryum argenetum Hedw. var...

Figure 10.11 Bryum argenetum Hedw. var...

Figure 10.12 Bryum pseudotriquetrem (Hedw.) Gaertn...

Figure 10.13 Bryum pseudotriquetrem (Hedw.) Gaertn...

Figure 10.14 Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid...

Figure 10.15 Coscinodon lawanius (J.H...

Figure 10.16 Coscinodon lawanius (J.H...

Figure 10.17 Guembelia longirostris (Hook.) Ochyra...

Figure 10.18 Guembelia longirostris (Hook.) Ochrya...

Figure 10.19 Syntrichia sarconeurum Ochyra &...

Figure 10.20 Order, families, genera, and...

Figure 10.21 Island-wise diversity of...

Figure 10.22 Comparative diversity of Bryophytes...

CHAPTER 11

Figure 11.1 (a) Map showing the...

Figure 11.2 Timeseries of SIE derived...

Figure 11.3 (a) Timeseries plot showing...

Figure 11.4 Same as Figure 11...

Figure 11.5 Same as Figure 11...

Figure 11.6 Same as Figure 11...

Figure 11.7 Same as Figure 11...

CHAPTER 12

Figure 12.1 Map of the Himalaya...

CHAPTER 13

Figure 13.1 Location map of tree...

Figure 13.2 (a) A 177-year...

Figure 13.3 The yellow arrow in...

Figure 13.4 Retreat of Kolahoi glacier...

Figure 13.5 Tree-ring chronology of...

CHAPTER 14

Figure 14.1 Multi-beam data acquisition...

Figure 14.2 Along-track elevation profile...

Figure 14.3 Longitudinal profile for a...

Figure 14.4 A typical profile for...

Figure 14.5 Annual variations of water...

Figure 14.6 Lake ice phenology detection...

Figure 14.7 Canopy height detection in...

Figure 14.8 Utilization of ICESat-2...

Figure 14.9 Availability of ICESat-2...

CHAPTER 15

Figure 15.1 (A) The Geological map...

Figure 15.2 The Elevation map of...

Figure 15.3 The flowchart represents the...

Figure 15.4 (A) Loamy, loamy skeletal...

Figure 15.5 Monthly variation in annual...

Figure 15.6 (A) The rainfall erosivity...

Figure 15.7 (A) Represents the variation...

Figure 15.8 (A) The land use...

Figure 15.9 (A) Represents crop management...

Figure 15.10 (A) The spatial pattern...

Figure 15.11 The field photograph showing...

CHAPTER 16

Figure 16.1 Paleoclimatic sites from Indian...

Figure 16.2 Compilation of paleoclimate records...

CHAPTER 17

Figure 17.1 Location of the Bhagirathi...

Figure 17.2 Thematic layers of flood...

Figure 17.3 Flood hazard map: (a...

Figure 17.4 Area Under the Curve...

CHAPTER 18

Figure 18.1 Geological map. 1. Alluvium...

Figure 18.2 (a) DEM image showing...

Figure 18.3 (a) Beds of pebble...

Figure 18.4 (a) 20–30...

Figure 18.5 Vertical sections of sedimentary...

Figure 18.6 Graphic representation of grain...

Figure 18.7 (a) Plot of σ...

Figure 18.8 CM plot of samples...

CHAPTER 19

Figure 19.1 (A) The Ganga River...

Figure 19.2 The flowchart represents the...

Figure 19.3 Digital Elevation Models (DEM...

Figure 19.4 Slope from different DEM...

Figure 19.5 Longitudinal river profile generated...

Figure 19.6 Comparison of River Longitudinal...

CHAPTER 20

Figure 20.1 Glaciers of Indian Himalaya...

Figure 20.2 (a) Debris-covered glacier...

Figure 20.3 (a) Radargram (GPR profile...

CHAPTER 21

Figure 21.1 Geological map of the...

Figure 21.2 (a) Time averaged map...

Figure 21.3 Drainage map of the...

Figure 21.4 (a) and (b) are...

Figure 21.5 (a) Valley fluvial terraces...

Figure 21.6 (a) Glacial moraine in...

Figure 21.7 The valley bottom index...

CHAPTER 22

Figure 22.1 The map shows the...

Figure 22.2 The flowchart represents the...

Figure 22.3 The factors calculated for...

Figure 22.4 The spatial pattern of...

Figure 22.5 The factors generated and...

Figure 22.6 The spatial pattern of...

CHAPTER 23

Figure 23.1 Map locating the wetland...

CHAPTER 24

Figure 24.1 Location map of the...

Figure 24.2 LULC status of the...

CHAPTER 25

Figure 25.1 Flow diagram showing climate...

CHAPTER 26

Figure 26.1 The geographical region selected...

Figure 26.2 Workflow of the research...

Figure 26.3 Classified outputs from all...

CHAPTER 27

Figure 27.1 (a) j is the...

Figure 27.2 The colored regions are...

Figure 27.3 The study area is...

Figure 27.4 Map of the study...

Figure 27.5 Map showing the study...

Figure 27.6 (a) Composite plot showing...

Figure 27.7 Comparison of modeled and...

Figure 27.8 The modeled lakes have...

CHAPTER 28

Figure 28.1 Trend in annual mean...

Figure 28.2 Annual mean sea level...

Figure 28.3 Monthly mean sea level...

Figure 28.4 Schematic representation of sea...

Figure 28.5 Mean (1993–2014...

Figure 28.6 Annual mean sea-surface...

Figure 28.7 Difference in sea surface...

CHAPTER 29

Figure 29.1 Spatial variations of near...

Figure 29.2 Spatial variations of near...

Figure 29.3 Spatial variations of wind...

Figure 29.4 Variations of wind vectors...

Figure 29.5 Spatial distribution of the...

Figure 29.6 Spatial variations of mid...

Figure 29.7 Spatial variations of mid...

Figure 29.8 Spatial variations of mid...

CHAPTER 30

Figure 30.1 Scientific projects and participating...

Figure 30.2 Discipline-wise distribution of...

CHAPTER 31

Figure 31.1 Major research fields of...

Figure 31.2 Coordination organizations and their...

Guide

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

Table of Contents

About the Editors

Notes on Contributors

Foreword

Preface

List of Acronyms

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

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About the Editors

Dr Manish Pandey currently works at the University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University located in Mohali, Punjab, India. He earned his graduation (Geography honors) and post-graduation (Geography) from the University of Allahabad located in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has been awarded a research grant as Junior Research Fellow (JRF) and Senior Research Fellow (SRF) for carrying out his doctoral research by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. After earning his PhD degree in the field of Geomorphology, he has been engaged in post-doctoral research (at different research positions) for more than five years. His research interests are in Geography, Fluvial and Glacial Geomorphology, Glaciology, and Remote Sensing & Geoinformatics (GIS). Recently, he discovered his new area of interest in the application of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms in the domains of natural hazards, and how their application can be extended for exposure of land to future natural hazards. His simple interest is in understanding the process–form relationship in diverse environmental settings. He is an experienced research associate with a demonstrated capability of working in the research industry, skilled in Cartography, Geomorphology, well versed in GIS packages like ArcGIS, QGIS, ERDAS Imagine, and Data Analysis, and is a strong research professional with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Fluvial Geomorphology from Banaras Hindu University. His exposure to glaciological field work and training by India’s elite government institutions like the Geological Survey of India, and geospatial training provided to him by institutions like ISRO, has infused some very important skills in the respected fields of research needed to carry out this project to finality. Dr Manish has been in the field training groups carrying out research in the study of the Himalayan Foreland Basin deposits, ancient Neogene Siwalik sequences and their modern analogs like the Gangetic Foreland Basin sediments facies, to understand the role of synsedimentary processes in the evolution of one of the world’s most important foreland basin systems on the planet. He has published high-quality peer reviewed research articles in national/international scientific journals and books including Ecological Indicators, Science of the Total Environments, Advances in Space Research, Frontiers in Earth Science, etc.

Dr Prem C. Pandey received PhD from the University of Leicester, United King-dom, under Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan. He did his Post-Doctoral from the Department of Geography and Human Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University Israel. Currently, he is working as Assistant Professor at the School of Natural Sciences, Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (erstwhile, Shiv Nadar University), Uttar Pradesh, India. Previously, he has been associated with Banaras Hindu University India as a SERB-NPDF fellow. He received his BSc and MSc degrees (Environmental Sciences) from Banaras Hindu University and his M.Tech degree (Remote Sensing) from Birla Institute of Technology, India. He has worked as a Professional Research fellow on remote sensing applications in the National Urban Information System funded by the NRSC Government of India. He has been a recipient of several awards including Commonwealth Fellow United Kingdom, INSPIRE fellow GoI, MHRD-UGC fellow GoI, Malviya Gold Medal from Banaras Hindu University, SERB-NPDF from the Government of India, and Young Investigator Award. Dr Pandey is working on three projects related to Monitoring of wetlands/chilika lakes, mainly focusing on ramsar sites along with other natural resources-based research work funded by the NGP and SERB Government of India. Dr Pandey is also working with science collaborators in real-time disaster monitoring in the Himalayan regions. He has published more than 45 peer reviewed journal papers, 6 edited books, several book chapters, and presented his work at national and international conferences. He is a serving member (associate editor) of the editorial board for Geocarto International Journal, Taylor & Francis, and acted as guest editor for Remote Sensing, MDPI. Additionally, he is also a member of ISG (Indian Society of Geomatics), ISRS (Indian Society of Remote Sensing), IUCN-CEM (2017–2025), Society of Wetland Scientists (2021–2022), SPIE, and AAG. Dr Pandey focuses his research on remote sensing for natural resources including forestry, agriculture, urban studies, environmental pollutant modeling. and climate change.

Dr Yogesh Ray is presently working as Scientist-E at National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India) Goa, India. He earned his PhD from Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, MoU with HNB Garhwal University. He has published several papers in peer-reviewed journals and chapters in edited volumes. Research interests lie in Clastic Sedimentology, Geomorphology, Himalayan Geology, and the evolution of the Antarctic landscape in the Pliestocene-Holocene. Actively involved with the Indian Antarctic programme. Dr Ray participated in the 33rd, 35th, 37th, and 40th Indian Scientific expeditions to Antarctica (ISEA) and was entrusted with the responsibility of “Voyage Leader” during the 37th and 40th ISEA. He was bestowed with the Young Researcher Award 2010, Ministry of Mines, Government of India, Foundation day best research paper award 2010–2011 from the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India, the Shri PV Dehadrai Memorial Gold Medal, and Prof MS Srinivasan Gold Medal from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Dr Aman Arora has completed his doctorate (PhD) in Geography, specializating in Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) and has more than twelve years experience in different public and private organizations. He also holds a master’s degree as well as a postgraduate diploma in RS & GIS. Dr Aman Arora has core expertise in change detection analysis, urban planning, network analysis, flood frequency analysis, hydrometeorological trend analysis, and spatial modeling. His current research interests are in the fields of risk map analysis for different natural hazards by utilizing satellite images and advanced statistical algorithms including machine learning models in GIS environment. He had received awards and travel grants from different organizations/institutes of international repute such as the National Science Foundation, USA; United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, Vienna, Austria; Council of Scientific Industrial Research, India; and Sun Yat-sen University, China; for research work presentations, participation in conferences, and training programs.

In his current role as a Scientific Officer/Scientist (RS & GIS) at Bihar Mausam Sewa Kendra, Planning & Development Department, Government of Bihar, Dr Aman Arora is leading his team in providing support to others by performing accurate and timely delivery of weather maps to the stakeholders and officials for Bihar. Also, he and his team are actively involved in monitoring, assessment, and forecast of hydrological extreme events (floods/droughts) and meteorological extreme events (heat waves/cold waves).

In addition to his professional and academic achievement, Dr Aman Arora is an active International Rated Chess Player recognized by The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), Switzerland.

Dr Shridhar D. Jawak is currently working as a Senior Adviser in Remote Sensing at the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), Longyearbyen, Norway. He is on the advisory/evaluation board of three European projects focusing on Earth observation activities. He has chaired more than 14 sessions in international conferences, published more than 40 peer-reviewed articles, and presented more than 100 conference presentations in the past 12 years. He has participated in three summer expeditions to Antarctica and one field campaign to Svalbard during his doctoral research. He has acted as a co-principal investigator (Co-PI) of four projects peer-reviewed by national referees. He has guided/co-guided around 90 master’s students for their master’s thesis/summer training projects in the field of Earth observation and Remote Sensing in Polar Regions. He is the recipient of five prestigious awards/fellowships: 1) Emerging leadership grant: 2022 by the Arctic Frontiers; 2) International Mentorship Award: 2021 by the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS); 3) Indian National Geospatial Award: 2018 by the Indian Society of Remote Sensing (ISRS); 4) International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) Fellow: 2017; and (5) Recipient of Young Geospatial Scientist: 2017 by the Geospatial World Forum. His research interests include remote sensing of the cryosphere, specifically focusing on the usage of multi-satellite (SAR/Optical/LiDAR) and airborne data for spatiotemporal changes in the cryosphere of the Arctic, Antarctic, and Himalayas.

Professor Uma Kant Shukla is currently an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. He is a sedimentologist with 30 years of doctoral and postdoctoral research experience. His research interest hinges on facies analysis of ancient and modern deposits of fluvial, marine, and lake origin. For more than one decade, he has been using modern tools such as architectural element analysis, palaeocurrent, trace fossil, etc., in the study of the Himalayan Foreland Basin deposits, including ancient Neogene Siwalik sequences and modern Gangetic Foreland Basin sediments to generate facies models for various depositional domains, and to evaluate the role of synsedimentary tectonics and palaeoclimate influencing the mode of sedimentation through Neogene-Quaternary times. Study of modern fluvial processes has been helpful to understand the river dynamics in the past. The incised valley system of Gangetic Plain Rivers has also been compared to the Stuttgart Formation (Carnian, Late Triassic) of Germany, which is believed to have been formed under similar climatic settings. Palaeolake deposits of Ladakh and paleoflood sediments have been investigated and the interpretation of palaeoclimate and tectonic evolution of the Trans-Himalayan terrain. Glacial history of the Suru-sub-Basin of Kashmir Himalaya has been studied and an inventory of paleoclimatic response of glaciers has been proposed.

Recently, it has been realized that Geoarchaeological studies of ancient settlements may have societal implications and can help masses to understand existing myths and traditions in a more scientific way. Therefore, a collaborative attempt has been made involving experts from the Archaeology and Geography Departments of BHU to unravel the settlement history of Varanasi city and its possible evolution with the dynamics of River Ganga through the ages. This work has resulted in an authored book titled Varanasi and Ganga, published by Aryan Books International, New Delhi. Study of the Cretaceous Lameta and Bagh Formation of Central India, Precambrian sequences of Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, and the Vindhyan basin has helped to understand the processes of sedimentation, facies models, and palaeogeographic reconstruction of these basins. The Permian-Triassic Boundary in Spiti Himalaya has been studied and a major catastrophe has been deduced.

Professor Shukla has, to his credit, authored more than 90 national and international peer reviewed papers, book chapters, and has presented his research findings in different conferences and seminars, both in India and abroad. He has been a member of expert committees in MoES, Government of India, and SERB, a statutory body under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.

Notes on Contributors

Avinash Kumar PandeyDepartment of Chemistry, GLA University, Chaumuhan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Benidhar DeshmukhDiscipline of Geology, School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India.Email ID: [email protected]

Maneesh KuruvathKuruvath House, Muttathukulangara, Vellikulangara P.O Thrissur, Kerala, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Manish PandeyUniversity Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Rahul DevraniWadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun-248001, India; University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Delhi, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Rahul MohanESSO National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Rohit KumarDiscipline of Geology, School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India.Email ID: [email protected]

Romulus CostacheDepartment of Civil Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, RomaniaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Satarupa MitraUniversity Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Yogesh RayESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Aditya MishraHemvati Nandan Bahuguda Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Aljasil ChirakkalIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Alvarinho J. LuisESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Aman AroraBihar Mausam Seva Kendra, Planning and Development Department, Government of Bihar, Patna, Bihar, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Ambili AnoopIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Anand K. SinghESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Anant PandeDepartment of Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dūn, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Anil KumarWadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Antonio BonaduceNansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre, NorwayEmail ID: [email protected]

Anupam SharmaBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Archana SinghESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Ashutosh Venkatesh PrasadESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Astha DangwalDiscipline of Geology, School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India.Email ID: [email protected]

Avinash KumarNational Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Govt. of India) Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India; India & Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Chandra Prakash SinghDepartment of Endangered Species Management, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dūn, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Devendra SinghBotanical Survey of India, Acharya Jagadish Chndra Bose Indian, Botanic Garden, Howrah, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Devojit BezbaruahDepartment of Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Divya David T.ESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, GoaEmail ID: [email protected]

Giribabu DandabathulaRegional Remote Sensing Centre (West), NRSC, Indian Space Research Organization, Jodhpur, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Harish Chandra NainwalHemvati Nandan Bahuguda Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Jagriti MishraSchool of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Sapporo, JapanEmail ID: [email protected]

Juhi YadavESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

K. P. KrishnanESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Kasturi MukherjeeAssociate Professor, Department of Geography, Adamas University, Kolkata. IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Keshava BalakrishnaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Kiledar Singh TomarESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Kiran SinghDepartment of Geography, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

KN Prudhvi RajuBanaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Krishna G. MisraBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53-University Road, Lucknow, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

M. Javed BegESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Mallikarjun MishraBanaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Mehta BulbulIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Manauli, Punjab, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Mondip SarmaDepartment of Applied Geology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Neelam VermaAmity School of Earth & Environment Sciences, Amity Education Valley Gurugram, Manesar, Panchgaon, Haryana, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Nguyen Thuy LinhInstitute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, VietnamEmail ID: [email protected]

Nivedita MehrotraBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

ON BhargavaHonorary Professor, Geology Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, INSA Honorary ScientistEmail ID: [email protected]

Parv KasanaDepartment of Geology, University of Delhi, Chattra Marg, Delhi, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Prabhat RanjanCentral Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Pradeep SrivastavaIndian Institute of Technology, Roorkee; Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Prateek GantayatLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UKEmail ID: [email protected]

Pratik DashAssistant Professor, Department of Geography, Khejuri College, West Bengal, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Praveen K. MishraWadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Prem Chandra PandeyCenter for Environmental Sciences & Engineering (CESE), School of Natural Sciences (SoNS), Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Prodip MandalDepartment of Geography, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India

R. ShankarThe Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nādu, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Rahul DevraniWadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India; University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Delhi, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Rahul RajCentre for Korean Studies, School of Language, Literature & Culture Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Ravi S. MauryaBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Richard DavyNansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre, NorwayEmail ID: [email protected]

Rohit SrivastavaESSO-National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Headland Sada, Vasco-Da-Gama, Goa, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Roshin P. RajNansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre, NorwayEmail ID: [email protected]

Saeid JanizadehDepartment of Watershed Management Engineering and Sciences, Faculty in Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranEmail ID: [email protected]

Sagar F. WankhedeDepartment of Geoinformatics, Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Sajeed Zaman BorahTechno Canada Inc., Barmer, Rajasthan, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]

Sandhya MisraBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow, IndiaEmail ID: [email protected]; [email protected]

Sangita Kumari