Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
ANIMAL ABUSE & INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF THE CAUSES OF, AND LINKS BETWEEN, INTERPERSONAL AND INTERSPECIES VIOLENCE
Animal Abuse & Interpersonal Violence: A Psycho-Criminological Understanding addresses the many aspects of the link between animal cruelty and human violence. Presenting new theory, research, policy, and practice, this authoritative volume explores the subject through a psycho-criminological lens to describe, explain, and potentially prevent intentional behavior that causes pain, suffering, or death in animals and humans.
With an integrated theoretical-practical approach, Animal Abuse & Interpersonal Violence offers up-to-date research and provides real-world insights into current thinking in the study of animal abuse and interpersonal violence. Sixteen in-depth chapters by a multidisciplinary team of active researchers and experienced field practitioners examine central topics in the field, including different forms of animal exploitation, connections between animal cruelty and substance abuse, the association between childhood animal cruelty and adult interpersonal violence, the role of veterinarians in the identification of animal abuse cases, the complex legal aspects of animal abuse cases, and more.
- Advances scholarship on animal abuse, its relationship with interpersonal violence, and the psycho-criminological mechanisms involved in that relationship
- Introduces readers to contemporary research on a range of topics and issues related to animal abuse and interpersonal violence
- Examines the origins of animal cruelty, its societal implications, and various prevention and treatment approaches
- Defines and describes various types of animal maltreatment and their links to different forms of interpersonal violence
Animal Abuse & Interpersonal Violence: A Psycho-Criminological Understanding is essential reading for practitioners, researchers, scholars, and advanced students in fields such as behavioral science, law, criminology, veterinary forensics, criminal justice, law enforcement, social work, sociology, social sciences, education, and animal welfare.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Foreword
References
Endorsements
1 Introduction
Introduction
The Approach Adopted in this Book
The Structure of the Book
Advancing our Understanding of Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence from a Psycho‐Criminological Approach
References
Part 1: Theory and Research
2 Animal Abuse
Acknowledgments
Animal Abuse and Suffering
Conclusion
References
3 The Animal Cruelty‐Delinquency Relationship
Introduction
Assessing the Animal Cruelty‐Delinquency Relationship
Interpreting the Animal Cruelty‐Delinquency Relationship
Recommendations for Future Research
An International Perspective
Conclusion
References
4 Animal Cruelty and the Development of “Link” Research between Nonhuman and Human Violence
Introduction
Animal Cruelty and Human Violence
Link Theories and Their Empirical Support
References
5 Attitudes toward Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Relating
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
6 Toward a Classification of Animal Maltreatment
Introduction
Psychotic Animal Killing
Substantial Animal Cruelty in Childhood
Sexual Maltreatment of Animals
Partner and Pet Animal Abuse
Animal Hoarding
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
7 How Animal Abuse Is Related to Interpersonal Violence
Introduction
The Relationship Between Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence
The Research in Turkey
Discussion
Conclusion
References
8 Dog Ownership, Love, and Violentization among Young People in the United Kingdom
Acknowledgments
Introduction
“Status” Dogs, Irresponsible Dog Ownerships, and Social Responses
Evidencing the Link
Methodology
Motivations for Dog Ownership and Related Harms
Conclusion
References
9 Instrumental Harm toward Animals in a Milgram‐like Experiment in France
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Part 2: Policy and Practice
10 Animal Cruelty, the Link to Interpersonal Violence, and the Law
Introduction
The Macdonald Triad
Post‐Triadic Research
Assessing the State of the Research on the Link
Legal Relevance of the Link
Conclusion
References
11 Bestiality
Introduction
Terminology
Epidemiology, Sexual Acts, and Motivations
Bestiality and Mental Health
Violence Risk Research
Bestiality and the Law
Conclusion
References
12 The Role of Veterinarians in the Recognition of Animal Cruelty
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Function of the Led
Results
Conclusions
References
13 Animal Abuse, Control, and Intimate Partner Violence
Introduction
The Nature of Animal Abuse
The Importance Of Animal Abuse as an Indicator of Human Violence
Policing and Domestic Abuse
Animal Abuse and Control
Conclusions
References
14 Substance Abuse and Animal Maltreatment
Introduction
Extant Literature on Substance Abuse and Animal Maltreatment
Theoretical Explanations for the Relationship Between Animal Maltreatment and Substance Abuse
The Relationship Between Animal Maltreatment and Other Forms of Family Violence
Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment
Substance Abuse and Intimate Parner Violence
Substance Abuse and Elder Abuse
Substance Abuse and Animal Maltreatment: Treatment Implications
Future Research
Conclusion
References
15 The Impact of Discretion in the Criminal Justice System on Animal Cruelty Prosecutions in Hong Kong
Acknowledgements
Introduction
The Animal Cruelty Offense in Hong Kong
The Use Of Discretion at Investigation and Charging Stage
The Use of Discretion at the Sentencing Stage
The Use of Discretion on Appeal and Review
Conclusion
References
16 Conclusion
Concluding Remarks
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Descriptive statistics for the ATTAS and PROQ3.
Table 5.2 Comparison of mean scores on the ATTAS and PROQ3 for males and fe...
Table 5.3 Correlations between the ATTAS and PROQ3 subscales.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 RSPCA cruelty complaints, investigations, and convictions under t...
Table 8.2 Dog bite/strike admissions, dog seizures, and prosecutions under ...
Table 8.3 Estimated number of stray status dogs handled by Local Authoritie...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Descriptives and correlation with number of injections for each v...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Limitations of current research on the Link.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Definitions relevant to the survey of bestiality.
Table 11.2 Motivations for sex with animals
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Cases presented to the LED.
Table 12.2 Type of abuse and Body Condition Score (BCS).
Table 12.3 Probability of animal abuse.
Table 12.4 Reasons for not reporting animal abuse cases.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Cases investigated by typology.
Table 15.2 Animal species by case typology in prosecuted cases.
Table 15.3 Defendant typology in prosecuted cases.
Table 15.4 Sentences imposed for animal cruelty under Cap 169 in the four m...
Table 15.5 Maximum and minimum penalties by year.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of the violence graduation hypothesis.
Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of the deviance generalization hypothesis.
Figure 3.3 Schematic diagram of the antecedent lifestyle hypothesis.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 The numeric device.
Figure 9.2 The setting.
Figure 9.3 Percentages of observed injections for every toxicity level.
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Foreword
Endorsements
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Series Editor
Heng Choon (Oliver) ChanUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
The Wiley Series in the Psycho‐Criminology of Crime, Mental Health, and the Law publishes original, high‐quality authored and edited collections on all aspects of crime, mental health, and the law from a psycho‐criminological perspective. This series primarily focuses on the application of psycho‐criminological approaches and constructs to crime, criminal and civil law, and the influence of law on mental health and behavior. This series recognizes the wider need to foster a greater multidisciplinary and multidirectional cross‐national understanding, by encouraging collaboration between scholars and professionals from West and East to produce high‐quality and highly relevant work across different geographical regions and cultures.
Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence: A Psycho‐Criminological UnderstandingHeng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Rebecca W. Y. Wong
Sexual Offending in Asia: A Psycho‐Criminological PerspectiveHeng Choon (Oliver) Chan
Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence
A Psycho-Criminological Understanding
Edited by
Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan
Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Rebecca W. Y. Wong
Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
This edition first published 2024© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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The right of Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Rebecca W. Y. Wong to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Chan, Heng Choon, 1981– editor. | Wong, Rebecca Wing Yee, 1986– editor.Title: Animal abuse and interpersonal violence : a psycho‐criminological understanding / edited by Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan, Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, University of Birmingham, UK, Rebecca W.Y. Wong, Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2024. | Series: Psycho‐criminology of crime, mental health, and the law | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2023003576 (print) | LCCN 2023003577 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119894100 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119894117 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119894124 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Animal welfare–Psychological aspects. | Violence. | Criminal psychology.Classification: LCC HV4708 .A5424 2024 (print) | LCC HV4708 (ebook) | DDC 636.08/32–dc23/eng/20230530LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023003576LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023003577
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © poppistock/Getty Images
Dedication
To the Chan Family:With deep appreciation for your unconditional love, endless support, and encouragement.In the loving memory of my mother and father.Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan, Ph.D.
Dedicated to my children, Rycca and Rico.Rebecca W. Y. Wong, Ph.D.
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of the violence graduation hypothesis.
Figure 3.2 Schematic diagram of the deviance generalization hypothesis.
Figure 3.3 Schematic diagram of the antecedent lifestyle hypothesis.
Figure 9.1 The numeric device.
Figure 9.2 The setting.
Figure 9.3 Percentages of observed injections for every toxicity level.
About the Editors
Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Birmingham, UK (previously affiliated with City University of Hong Kong [CityU], Hong Kong, SAR). He received his Ph.D. in Criminology from the University of South Florida, USA. Over the years, Dr. Chan has been awarded a number of awards to recognize his outstanding research performance and contributions to professional education; namely “Outstanding Criminology Ambassador Award” (2012, Department of Criminology, University of South Florida [USF]), “Early Career Award” (2014, Hong Kong Research Grants Council of University Grant Committee), “The President’s Award” (2017, The President’s Office, CityU), “CLASS New Researcher Award” (2017, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences [CLASS], CityU), “The Outstanding Supervisor Award” (2018, Office of the Provost, CityU), “CLASS Teaching Innovation Award—Team Award” (2019, CLASS, CityU), and more recently, “Distinguished Alumni Award” (2021, Department of Criminology, USF).
Dr. Chan’s research focuses on sexual homicide, sexual offending, stalking, psycho‐criminology, and Asian criminology. As of May 2023, he has published over 110 peer‐reviewed journal articles and book chapters; and presented at numerous international, regional, and local academic conferences. Dr. Chan has since published six academic books, with three as the sole‐authored monographs on sexual homicide and sexual offending (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015; Springer Nature, 2019; and John Wiley & Sons, 2023); and another three as a lead co‐editor of edited collections on the psycho‐criminological approach to Asian criminal justice (i.e., police, correctional, and legal psychology; Routledge, 2017), the international perspective of stalking behavior (John Wiley & Sons, 2020), and the African mental health and criminal justice system (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). His book on the stalking behavior was awarded the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title 2020 by the Association of College and Research Libraries of American Library Association, USA.
Dr. Chan is a book series editor of Psycho‐Criminology of Crime, Mental Health, and the Law (John Wiley & Sons), a journal section editor of Heliyon, ‐psychology section (expertise on forensic psychology and criminology), a journal senior editor of Cogent Social Sciences (law, criminology, criminal justice section), and a journal associate editor of four SCI‐ and SSCI‐listed journals—that is, Sexual Abuse, Frontiers in Psychiatry (forensic psychiatry specialty section), Frontiers in Psychology (forensic and legal psychology specialty section), and International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. He also sits on the Editorial Advisory Board of Journal of Criminal Justice and Journal of Criminal Psychology and Editorial Board of Behavioral Sciences and the Law and Journal of Sexual Aggression. Besides, he is an ad‐hoc reviewer for over 90 peer‐reviewed journals and academic publishers in the disciplines of criminology, psychology, psychiatry, forensic sciences, sociology, law, and other behavioral and social sciences. He was selected for the Outstanding Reviewer Award for Journal of Criminal Psychology in 2022. Dr. Chan has also been regularly interviewed by electronic media and quoted in print media on criminological issues, and consulted on the offending behavior of violent offenders by television program scriptwriters and movie producers.
Rebecca W. Y. Wong, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR. Dr. Wong completed her doctorate studies at the Department of Sociology, University of Oxford. Her primary research interests are in the fields of green criminology with a specific focus on illegal endangered wildlife trade in Hong Kong and Mainland China. She is also interested in criminal networks and issues of trust in the underworld. Her book The Illegal Wildlife Trade in China: Understanding Distribution Networks was awarded the Distinguished Book Award by the Asian Criminological Society in 2020.
About the Contributors
Seda Akdemir Ekizoğlu, Ph.D., is a psychological counsellor in the Ministry of National Education in Turkey. She recently received her Ph.D. from Istanbul University. Her research focuses on interactions between animals and humans, attitudes toward sexual minorities, professional attitudes toward various forms of child abuse in general, and female‐perpetrated sexual abuse in particular. She is interested in developing prevention and intervention programs designed to overcome violence.
Laurent Bègue, Ph.D., is full professor of social psychology at University Grenoble Alpes, France, member of the University Institute of France (IUF), and was visiting professor in Brock University (Ontario, Canada) and Stanford University (California, USA). He published more than 100 chapters and peer‐reviewed journal articles, in journals such as Psychological Bulletin, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Journal of Personality, and Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. He also authored The Psychology of Good and Evil (2016, Oxford University Press). He mainly works in individual, social, and contextual determinants of aggressive and coercive behavior toward humans or nonhuman animals.
Marsha Chun is an Investigation Officer at the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Hong Kong) and a Research Assistant at The University of Hong Kong. She gives advice and provides training to the Hong Kong Police on animal cruelty investigations, and conducts research on prosecution and sentencing trends for animal cruelty.
Nienke Endenburg, Ph.D., clinical psychologist, is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. She is the coordinator of the Veterinary Forensic Expert Centre. She is doing research and teaches on the topic of One Welfare. As such, she focuses on animal abuse and domestic violence, and tries to get different professions involved in this area to work together.
Alan R. Felthous, M.D., is Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at Saint Louis University and Southern Illinois University and past Marie B. Gale Centennial Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. He is Senior Editor of Behavioral Sciences and the Law and coeditor with Henning Saß, M.D., of The Wiley International Handbook on Psychopathic Disorders and the Law, now in its second edition. His scholarly and teaching interests include clinical aggression, the psychopathology of criminal behavior, legal requirements of clinicians in managing potentially violent patients, and jail and prison suicide. Dr. Felthous’s research and reviews of animal maltreatment span nearly half a century and include research on mental inpatients, military service members, county jail, state and federal prison inmates, and pretrial criminal defendants.
Nadine Harding, M.Sc., M.A., PGCert., FHEA, is the academic course lead for professional policing at The University of Gloucestershire, UK. For 17 years, Nadine served as a detective in the police in England, leading teams working in multiagency safeguarding and criminal investigation of abuse of children and adults. Her research focuses on systemic problems in criminal justice responses to victims of abuse and the policing of wildlife crime with a focus on improving partnerships with stakeholders, and using evidence to influence policy and practice. She is interested in promoting and improving sustainability in frontline services.
Marissa A. Hirsch, M.D., is a resident in psychiatry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, having graduated with a B.S. in neuroscience at the University of Michigan and obtained her M.D. at St. George University School of Medicine. She has authored scientific articles and presented at scientific meetings on a variety of topics in psychiatry. Dr. Hirsch authored the book The Key to Success in School and Life—The Word Pyramid, a guide to assist high school and college students expand their vocabulary and improve their writing skills. Dr. Hirsch has long been interested in human‐animal relationships.
Shuping Ho was the Research and Development Officer for the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Hong Kong) and a Senior Research Assistant at The University of Hong Kong. Her areas of research include animal management policy, animal cruelty, and wildlife trafficking. She is a past member of the Hong Kong Agriculture Fisheries and Conservation Department’s Animal Welfare Advisory Group.
Brian Holoyda, M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A., is Chief Psychiatrist for Contra Costa County Detention Health Services and a forensic psychiatrist. He oversees psychiatric services administered to pre‐trial detainees in Contra Costa County, California, and cares for patients at the Martinez Detention Facility. He has a private forensic practice and specializes in the evaluation of violence risk assessment and sexual offenders. His academic interests include paraphilic disorders, human‐animal interactions, group beliefs, and psychedelic pharmacotherapy.
Lacey Levitt, Ph.D., is a clinical forensic psychologist employed by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. She has authored scholarly articles on various forensic populations. She was the co‐editor of Animal Maltreatment: Forensic Mental Health Issues and Evaluations that was published by Oxford University Press in 2016 and co‐editor of the forthcoming Animals as Crime Victims that is scheduled for publication in 2024.
Jennifer A. Maher, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in Criminology at the University of South Wales, who specializes in environmental crime, human‐animal studies, and interpersonal youth violence and victimization. She has published widely on the illegal pet trades, wildlife crime, and animal abuse, by attracting funding for her research from the UNODC, European Commission, European Parliament, Scottish and U.K. governments, South Wales Police, and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). Her expertise is sought nationally and internationally, including recently consulting on the UN ICCWC Toolkit review of the U.K. response to wildlife and forest crime.
Michelle Newberry, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Criminology in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Southampton, UK. Prior to working in academia, she worked with offenders in prisons and psychiatric hospitals. Her research focuses on motivations for offending behavior and personality characteristics associated with criminality. She is particularly interested in violent offending, including murder, domestic violence, animal cruelty, and violent wildlife crime offences.
Angus Nurse, Ph.D., is Head of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Nottingham Trent University. He was previously Associate Professor, Environmental Justice at Middlesex University. Nurse has research interests in green criminology, criminality, critical criminal justice, animal rights, and human rights law. He is a member of the Wild Animal Welfare Committee (WAWC) and has previously worked in the environmental NGO field and as an Investigator for the Local Government Ombudsman. His books include Policing Wildlife (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), Animal Harm: Perspectives on Why People Harm and Kill Animals (Ashgate, 2013), The Citizen and the State (Emerald, 2020), and Wildlife Criminology (Bristol University Press, 2020, co‐authored with Professor Tanya Wyatt).
Elizabeth B. Perkins, Ph.D., is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminology at Morehead State University in Kentucky, USA. Her research interests include policing, compassion fatigue, animal‐human relations, terrorism, substance abuse, criminal justice organizations, and qualitative research methods.
Suzanne E. Tallichet, Ph.D., is Professor of Sociology and Graduate Program Coordinator in the Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminology at Morehead State University in Kentucky, USA. Her research interests include the human‐animal bond, animal cruelty and the link with interpersonal human violence, compassion fatigue among shelter workers and human‐wildlife encounters.
Anton van Wijk, Ph.D., is a criminologist/psychologist and director of Verinorm, a research institute in The Netherlands specialized in social safety, crime and integrity. He has published on animal abusers and is a co‐founder of the Dutch Expertise Center for Animal Abuse.
Kevin Vezirian is a Ph.D. candidate at University Grenoble Alpes, France. His research area is seated in the study of intergroup relations, and more especially, in the study of Human‐Animal relations. Through his research, Vezirian aims to understand what motivates individuals to grant moral considerations to animals and how they react facing animal‐exploitation situations.
Glenn D. Walters, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Kutztown University where he teaches classes in criminology, corrections, and substance abuse and crime. His principal research interests center around offender assessment, mediation and moderation analysis, and the development of an overarching psychological theory of crime that combines social influences and antisocial cognition and which views bullying, animal cruelty, and fire‐setting as vital antecedents to delinquency and crime.
Amanda Whitfort, L.L.M., M.Sc., is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law, The University of Hong Kong, and a practising barrister. Her research is focused on impacting animal protection laws and policies in greater China and combatting the illegal wildlife trade in Asia through formal recognition in the courts of the harms caused to species and ecosystems by wildlife crimes.
Fiona Woodhouse, M.A., Vet. M.B., is the Deputy Director of Welfare at the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Hong Kong) and a veterinary surgeon. Her areas of interest are animal welfare, veterinary forensics, shelter medicine, and veterinary public health.
Foreword
As I started to write this foreword, a vivid memory from many years ago came to my mind. I had walked into a restaurant on Father’s Day to join my family when I noticed my niece and nephew huddled around their father peering into a small carrying case. The children were about 8 and 6 years old. I wondered what was consuming their attention. As I walked toward them, I saw their father take a very tiny female kitten out of the case. The kitten was only a few days old; its eyes were barely open. The children watched with great interest as their father fed the kitten with an eye dropper.
The children eagerly shared that their father had found five kittens several days earlier in an old car. Apparently, the mother cat had climbed through a rusted hole in the floorboard and given birth. The car was subsequently started up and moved by the owner, possibly startling the mother cat and causing her to flee and abandon her babies. The children’s father related that two of the kittens were dead when he discovered them.
The father and the children took the three surviving kittens out of the car and placed them in an open area outside for about an hour, hoping that the mother cat would hear them whimpering and respond. When she did not return, they took the three kittens into their home to care for them. Despite their best efforts, two of the three remaining kittens died within a day or so.
The third kitten, in contrast, the one I met at Father’s Day, survived and lived for 14 years. She grew to be a big and—if the truth be told—a fearful, mean, and unfriendly cat. However, she was amazingly bonded to the father, who unquestionably became the cat’s mother in her eyes. This white‐and‐black cat named Oreo followed the 6‐foot‐tall father everywhere. Every night for years, Oreo slept on the man’s chest to the chagrin of the man’s wife.
What did this father model for his children by rescuing and nurturing an abandoned kitten who would have died without his intervention? Unquestionably, compassion, tenderness, and respect for life. As I relate this story, I feel warmth and I am smiling.
In sharp contrast, I think about the lessons imparted by another father who treated family pets—let alone strays—very differently. I shuddered when I heard the man’s son tell me that his father shot the family dog because the dog jumped out of the truck. This man also repeatedly shot their goats with a BB gun thinking it was funny. I recoiled with horror as the man’s girlfriend related that, as the two of them were getting ready to head out of town, this man shot her three dogs and cat while she was on the phone arranging for her animals’ care. After killing her animals, the man told her that he solved the problem and laughed.
What did this man model to his family? Callousness, cruelty, and violence. Not surprisingly to many who will read this book, this man was explosive and excessively violent toward his intimate partners and his son. His former wife, girlfriends, and son individually told me that they feared that this man would kill them because he delighted in terrorizing and hurting them. After years of torment, this man was killed by a family member who was afraid of being killed.
These stories illustrate a very important point—an individual’s relationships with animals often reveal a great deal about that person. As my co‐author Linda Merz‐Perez and I demonstrated in a study of 45 violent offenders and 45 nonviolent offenders incarcerated in a maximum‐security prison, published approximately 20 years ago, animal cruelty was significantly related to later violence against people (Merz‐Perez & Heide, 2004; Merz‐Perez, Heide, & Silverman, 2001). The current book, Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence: A Psycho‐Criminological Understanding, expands on earlier research in this area and is a major contribution to the literature.
Drs. Chan and Wong’s compilation of chapters written by experts on animal maltreatment is a timely work. As this book goes to press, parents in Uvalde, Texas, and across the United States, are again mourning the loss of innocent children killed in a school shooting. News stories about the killer indicate that there were many signs that this young man was troubled and dangerous. It has been reported that the 18‐year‐old suspect posted videos of himself abusing animals on social media platforms. This youth allegedly bragged about how he and his friends frequently engaged in hurting animals (Katersky, Rubbin, Steakin, & Hutchinson, 2022).
The beauty of scientific discourse is that it moves beyond anecdotal data, such as the case of alleged animal cruelty by the Uvalde mass shooter, to examine and test proposed links between two or more phenomena. A history of animal cruelty in the lives of mass shooters has been documented in empirical research (Arluke, Lankford, & Madfis, 2018), reinforcing the notion that animal cruelty may be a warning sign of future violence toward human beings. In the case of this book, the proposed link between animal cruelty and violence toward humans is systemically addressed with respect to several populations through the methods and principles of science.
This book brings together leading scholars and practitioners from the United States, Europe, and Asia. The contributors come from different disciplines, including medicine, criminology, sociology, psychology, forensic sciences, and law. As a group, they have the background to discuss and conduct research in the area and to propose and critique theories and typologies of animal cruelty. In addition, they have the expertise to evaluate policy issues and to recommend best practices for protecting animals and intervening with those who abuse or neglect them.
I found this edited book to be illuminating and disturbing. Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence: A Psycho‐Criminological Understanding is illuminating in the respect that it provides cross‐cultural research on many facets of animal cruelty, discusses different theoretical explanations of animal cruelty, and proposes a typology of animal abuse behavior. It is also illuminating in that it explores the relationship of substance abuse to animal maltreatment and addresses ways for veterinarians to identify cases of animal abuse. At the same time, Chan and Wong’s book is disturbing because contributors discuss research that indicates that the commission of acts of animal cruelty is more common than readers might otherwise have believed, and it is not restricted to individuals who are seriously mentally ill, pathologically disturbed, or violently criminal.
Most importantly, however, Chan and Wong’s book provides hope by identifying characteristics of individuals more likely to engage in animal maltreatment and discussing ways to improve forensic applications in the prosecution of animal maltreatment. Moreover, this book addresses legislative reforms needed to protect animals and to increase the likelihood that the criminal justice system effectively responds to those who intentionally cause “unnecessary pain, suffering, or distress to and/or death of an animal” (Ascione, 1993, p. 228).
—Kathleen M. Heide, Ph.D., Distinguished University Professor,University of South Florida, Department of Criminology,Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)Distinguished Alumna, University of Albany (SUNY)
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Merz‐Perez, L., & Heide, K. M. (2004).
Animal cruelty: Pathway to violence against people
. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
Merz‐Perez, L., Heide, K. M., & Silverman, I. (2001). Childhood cruelty to animals and subsequent violence against humans.
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Endorsements
Many professions now recognize that violence against animals also affects the prevention of and response to interpersonal violence. This book, Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence: A Psycho‐Criminological Understanding, adds 16 new resources to the underlying precept of the National Link Coalition: when animals are abused, people are at risk, and when people are abused, animals are at risk.
A cadre of international experts offer extensive new theory, research, policy, and practice exploring, verifying, and documenting the etiology of, and Links between, interpersonal and interspecies violence. They represent such multidisciplinary perspectives as behavioral sciences, veterinary forensics, criminal justice, law enforcement, social work, criminology, sociology, social sciences, law, education, and animal welfare. They help refute the oversimplified trope that “all serial killers and mass murderers started out torturing animals.” They define and describe various types of animal maltreatment that may or may not indicate mental disorders. The authors present the origins of and motivations for animal cruelty, its societal implications, and protective factors for prevention and treatment of offenders. Particular attention is paid to bestiality and correlations between animal abuse and substance abuse. The authors expand the more common model of animal abuse as an exercise of patriarchal power and control in the home to include wildlife and institutional contexts. They suggest future research to elucidate the phenomenon of animals as victims in cycles of violence.
This book makes a significant contribution to the literature evolving around The Link between animal cruelty and human violence. Its holistic psychosocial approach to interpersonal and interspecies violence broadens our understanding. It will further motivate legislators, academicians, clinicians, and the public to recognize that animal abuse can no longer be marginalized, but rather is part of the continuum of, and a risk factor for, family and community violence.
—Phil Arkow, Coordinator, The National Link Coalition(The National Resource Center on the Link betweenAnimal Abuse and Human Violence)NationalLinkCoalition.orgEtowah, NC, USA
Despite increasing acknowledgment of myriad relationships between animal abuse and interpersonal violence, the need for thoughtful empirical and conceptual criminological work remains. This book, Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence: A Psycho‐Criminological Understanding, contributes to addressing this need in notable ways. It brings together theoretical and empirical chapters, which are focused on different national contexts and written by authors from diverse academic and practitioner backgrounds. Importantly, the chapters contained herein address many of the pressing questions in the field, including: How should animal maltreatment be defined? How are these definitions shaped by social values? Are there important distinctions between forms of animal maltreatment? What is the explanatory value of violence graduation and deviance generalization hypotheses? How can the infliction of harm against human and nonhuman animals be mitigated or even prevented? What types of social policy and legal interventions are warranted? Is the relationship between animal abuse and interpersonal violence specific to companion animals? Or does a relationship exist between interpersonal violence and the perpetration of harm against animals kept for other human purposes and/or wild animals? This volume will be a welcome resource for those who have been contemplating these questions.
—Amy J. Fitzgerald, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Sociology and Criminology, and the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Canada.
1Introduction: A Psycho‐Criminological Understanding of Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence
Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan1 and Rebecca W. Y. Wong2
1Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
2Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
Introduction
Animal abuse is defined as “all socially unacceptable behavior that intentionally causes unnecessary pain, suffering, or distress to and/or death of an animal” (Ascione, 1993, p. 228). Levitt et al. (2016) later distinguished animal cruelty from active acts (e.g., beating, kicking, and stabbing) and passive acts (e.g., failing to provide water and food). Deliberate animal abuse, either perpetrated or witnessed, is relatively common. For instance, Vaughn et al. (2009) found that 2% of approximately 43,000 adult participants surveyed for a U.S.‐based national epidemiological study admitted that they had engaged in animal maltreatment at some point in their lives. Baldry (2003, 2004) reported that up to 50% of Italian adolescents had engaged in acts of animal abuse, and Gullone and Robertson (2008) found that 21% of their sample of Australian adolescents had abused animals.
Distinct from incidental venting of frustration and related emotions on animals, animal cruelty is generally recognized as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is determined by a multitude of factors (Ascione, 2001) with severe life consequences. Mead (1964) was arguably the first researcher to postulate that animal abuse in childhood can foster the development of a spontaneous, assaultive character disorder, as it “could prove a diagnostic sign, and that such children, diagnosed early, could be helped instead of being allowed to embark on a long career of episodic violence and murder” (p. 22). Many recent studies have found an alarming relationship between animal abuse by children or adolescents and subsequent violence in adolescence or adulthood (e.g., Mer‐z‐Perez & Heide, 2004; Mer‐z‐Perez et al., 2001; Parfitt & Alleyne, 2020; Slavkin, 2001; Tallichet & Hensley, 2004). Children and adolescents who engage in violent animal abuse for an extended period that causes an intense and painful response by the animal may have an increased propensity to later commit human intraspecies violence as adults (Hensley et al., 2012). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) identifies animal abuse as one of the earliest and most serious symptoms of conduct disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), and Gleyzer et al. (2002) indicated that childhood animal maltreatment was significantly associated with later clinical diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.
Felthous and Kellert (1987) conducted one of the earliest meta‐analyses of 15 studies on animal cruelty in the 1960s and 1970s. Although some studies have failed to find either no significant correlation or no apparent time order between acts of childhood animal abuse and violence against human victims in adulthood, others have found empirical support for such a correlation, including a moderate to strong time order relationship between the two behaviors. A more recent review of more than 87 empirical studies by Chan and Wong (2019) similarly supported the notion that early onset of animal cruelty acts in children and adolescents can be predictive of subsequent violent or antisocial behavior against human victims in later life. In terms of gender, male children and adolescents are more likely to commit animal abusive acts than females. Acts of animal cruelty can include both nonsexual (e.g., beating, shooting, and stabbing) and sexual (e.g., bestiality and animal sexual abuse) acts.
Over decades, research has advanced our knowledge of animal abuse, but there is still much more to be learned about it, particularly in regard to its potential links with subsequent interpersonal violence against human victims. Therefore, the primary purpose of this edited collection is to advance our knowledge and best practice by reporting on research conducted in different contexts, including rarely studied populations (e.g., France, Turkey, the Netherlands, and Hong Kong).
The Approach Adopted in this Book
Numerous approaches were used to describe and explain deviant and criminal behavior long before criminology emerged as a distinct academic discipline. In the past, criminology was largely subsumed under the discipline of sociology. Therefore, most traditional and mainstream criminological theories are sociological in orientation. Similarly, the discipline of psychology also grew out of other disciplines, such as philosophy, physiology, and medicine (Hollin, 2013). The disciplines of criminology and psychology emerged as distinct disciplines in the latter half of the nineteenth century (Hayward, 2005).
Broadly speaking, psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, whereas criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminals. Psycho‐criminology, which combines the two, is the application of psychological knowledge and skills to describe, explain, and potentially prevent or deal with deviant and criminal behavior (Chan & Adjorlolo, 2021; Chan & Ho, 2017; Chan & Sheridan, 2020; Hollin, 2012). Bartol (2002) stated that psycho‐criminology is the study of individual offending behavior, and particularly how the behavior is learned, evoked, continued, and has evolved as a result of personality and social influences. Psychological criminology essentially applies psychological concepts and theories to increase our understanding of crime, criminals, and their behavior. In the words of Wortley (2011), psychological criminology addresses the question, “What is it about the individuals and their experiences that cause them to commit crime and/or to become criminal?” (p. 1).
Taking a global perspective, this book examines different aspects and dynamics of animal abuse, interpersonal violence, and its perpetrators through the lens of psycho‐criminology. With contributors from six countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, France, the Netherlands, and Turkey), the volume makes important contributions to our understanding of animal abuse, its relationship with interpersonal violence, and the psycho‐criminological mechanisms (personal, social, and environmental influences) that are involved that relationship.
The Structure of the Book
The chapters of this book are authored by researchers and experienced field practitioners. With a combined theoretical‐ and practical‐oriented approach, the chapters are intended to introduce readers to up‐to‐date research and best practices in the study of animal abuse and (subsequent) interpersonal violence. They are divided into two sections (theory and research, and policy and practice).
The book comprises 16 chapters, including this introduction and a concluding chapter. This introduction takes stock of the literature and discusses the latest research on the relationship between animal cruelty and (subsequent) acts of interpersonal violence. In Chapter 2, Wong argues that animal abuse does not necessarily occur in a domestic household setting. The chapter discusses two forms of animal exploitation, the unregulated mercy release of aquatic species and the illegal poaching of protected species. In Chapter 3, Walters first explores the cross‐sectional and prospective relationships between animal cruelty and delinquency. Next, the chapter examines the animal cruelty–delinquency relationship from the perspective of three conceptual models, namely, the violence graduation, deviance generalization, and antecedent lifestyle hypotheses.
In Chapter 4, Tallichet and Perkins examine research on the link between animal cruelty and interpersonal violence, with a particular focus on the effects of animal cruelty motives and methods on later interpersonal violence against human victims. In addition, several theoretical models—social learning theory (including the frustration hypothesis and differential association theory), sexually polymorphous theory, the violence graduation hypothesis, and the deviance generalization hypothesis—are discussed in light of existing empirical studies. In Chapter 5, Newberry reports an empirical study of the association between attitudes toward animal abuse and negative interpersonal relating styles in the United Kingdom. The author surveyed 170 undergraduate students and found that those who demonstrated a lower degree of concern about animal abuse had a more dominant interpersonal style, whereas those who demonstrated more concern tended to be more subservient and acquiescent. In addition, the participants who displayed a lower degree of concern about deliberate acts of animal cruelty had a more intrusive, restrictive, and possessive interpersonal style than those who showed more concern.
In Chapter 6, Felthous and Hirsch propose a classification framework based on the literature to better understand the distinct types of animal maltreatment behavior. They outline a preliminary classification approach based on the offender’s characteristic motive(s); the relationships between the offender and the animal, the animal and other humans, and the offender and humans with which the animal(s) had a relationship; and the offenders’ psychological anomaly or psychopathology beyond the maltreatment behavior itself. They identify five distinct categories of animal abuse behavior: (1) psychotic animal killing, (2) antisocial animal cruelty (including animal sadism), (3) sexual maltreatment of animals, (4) domestic animal abuse, and (5) extreme animal neglect (including animal hoarding). The authors argue that this initial classification could facilitate the identification, recognition, investigation, and comparison of animal maltreatment patterns that could have potential implications for prevention and treatment. Chapter 7 by Akdemir discusses the literature on animal cruelty and its relationship with interpersonal violence, with an emphasis on research in Turkey. The prevalence, nature, and major risk and protective factors for animal abuse are discussed. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research directions in the Turkish context.
In Chapter 8, Maher discusses the findings of three empirical studies conducted between 2009 and 2020 in the United Kingdom on the use and abuse of “status dogs” (perceived aggressive bull‐type breeds) by young people. The author suggests that, in these cases, the relationship between dog ownership and abuse is rather complex. The motivations for dog abuse by young people are posited to be a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic motivations, with the latter driven by empathy rather than a lack of compassion for their dog. Maher hypothesizes that these motivations are influenced by environmental and violentization processes. In Chapter 9, Bègue and Vezirian examine the role of inter‐individual variables in animal harm in a Milgram‐like experiment in which participants are required to incrementally administer a noxious chemical substance to a large fish as part of a learning experiment, leading to the death of the animal. Surveying 748 individuals aged 18 to 71 years in France, the authors found that most of the participants continued until the end of the experiment and killed the fish, and that inter‐individual differences predicted the maximum dose administered. Males and participants with low empathy, high speciesism, and a high social dominance orientation went significantly further. The chapter concludes that nonpathological personality factors are relevant predictors of animal harm in an institutional context.
The second section of the book, comprising six chapters, focuses on policy and best practice in dealing with animal abuse and (subsequent) interpersonal violence. In Chapter 10, Holoyda first reviews the literature on the relationship between childhood animal cruelty and adult interpersonal violence (“the Link”) and subsequently examines the legal relevance of “the Link.” Holoyda then examines bestiality, a form of animal abuse, in more detail in Chapter 11. A synthesis of current knowledge about bestiality, including basic epidemiologic and mental health considerations, and the limited body of forensically relevant research is first discussed. The author then reviews the current legal status of bestiality in the United States and elsewhere. Chapters 10 and 11 conclude with suggestions for future research to better understand “the Link” and bestiality, and how we might advance forensic applications in the prosecution of animal maltreatment and mandated psychological assessments of individuals convicted of bestiality offenses.
In Chapter 12, van Wijk and Endenburg take a forensic veterinary perspective and discuss the role of veterinarians in the identification of animal abuse cases in the Netherlands. Studying 46 cases reported to the Forensic Veterinary Expert Centre (Landelijk Expertisecentrum Dierenmishandeling), this chapter describes the working method of this center in identifying cases of animal cruelty, and outlines findings from a pilot study. Of the cases, 19 are suspected to involve incidents of animal cruelty, with dogs and cats the most commonly abused animals. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of multi‐agency collaborations (e.g., veterinarians, animal protection organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and the police) in identifying potential animal abuse cases and intervening more promptly and effectively. Chapter 13 discusses the relationship between animal abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). Nurse and Harding explore the notion that animal abuse is often used as a control tool by perpetrators in domestic abuse and IPV situations. The authors examine this symbiotic relationship with a particular focus on British legislative and policy developments. The chapter concludes with a call for legislative reform to consider acts of animal abuse as an aspect of coercive and controlling behavior.
In Chapter 14, Levitt first explores theoretical explanations for the relationship between animal maltreatment and substance abuse, such as the deviance generalization hypothesis, self‐control theory, and the Dark Triad framework. The author subsequently discusses the relationship between child maltreatment and substance abuse with a particular emphasis on aspects of the relationship that may apply to animal maltreatment (as another form of family violence). The chapter concludes by suggesting the need to screen for substance abuse issues when evaluating animal maltreatment offenders and to mandate substance abuse treatment when appropriate. In Chapter 15, Whitfort and colleagues discuss legal aspects of animal abuse. The authors analyzed a 7‐year database of animal cruelty prosecutions (January 2013 to December 2019) generated by the Hong Kong police to explore how the use of prosecutorial and sentencing discretion has influenced animal abuse cases. Out of 335 cases of active animal maltreatment, neglect, commercial exploitation, poisoning, trapping, and hoarding, they found that the most common reasons for cases not to proceed to charge(s) were the inability of the police to identify the offender within procedural time limits, subjective evaluations of whether an animal had suffered sufficiently for prosecution, and a long‐standing tolerance for certain kinds of offending. The chapter concludes with a call for legislative reforms to change practices and policies in the criminal justice system to properly reflect the severity of animal abuse and ensure the effective administration of justice. The concluding chapter summarizes key findings from the book and highlights important messages that advance our understanding of the relationship between animal abuse and interpersonal violence.
Advancing our Understanding of Animal Abuse and Interpersonal Violence from a Psycho‐Criminological Approach
The primary objective of this edited collection of work is to advance our understanding of psycho‐criminological mechanisms (personal, social, and environmental influences) involved in the relationship between animal abuse and interpersonal violence through a combined theoretical‐ and practical‐oriented approach. It combines the contributions of active researchers and experienced field practitioners, particularly from under‐researched populations (e.g., Hong Kong, Turkey, France, and the Netherlands). In the words of Westen and Weinberger (2004),
Collaboration between clinicians [or field practitioners] and researchers could substantially improve the quality of scientific research…. This scientific mind and the clinician [or field practitioner] mind can coexist, in a single field—indeed, in a single person—and that the dialectic between the two may be essential for a scientific [psycho‐criminology]. (p. 610)
This volume significantly advances scholarship on the relationship between animal abuse and interpersonal violence through a multidisciplinary, multidirectional, and cross‐national approach. Such knowledge is essential for the efficient and effective functioning of an impartial criminal justice system (police, legal, and correctional), particularly in criminal investigation, crime prevention, and offender rehabilitation (Chan et al., 2015, 2016). The public health importance of this research is clear, given the strong potential for escalation from animal maltreatment or abuse to serious interpersonal violence.
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Part 1Theory and Research
2Animal Abuse: Beyond Companion Animals and Domestic Households
Rebecca W. Y. Wong1
1Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Environment and Conservation Fund (33/2021) from the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
