Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Forensic Sciences E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Forensic Science in Focus
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 501

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN FORENSIC SCIENCES Foundational text for teaching and learning within the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as it applies to forensic science Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Forensic Sciences presents an overview of the state-of-the-art applications of Artificial Intelligence within Forensic Science, covering issues with validation and new crimes that use AI; issues with triage, preselection, identification, argumentation and explain ability; demonstrating uses of AI in forensic science; and providing discussions on bias when using AI. The text discusses the challenges for the legal presentation of AI data and interpretation and offers solutions to this problem while addressing broader practical and emerging issues in a growing area of interest in forensics. It builds on key developing areas of focus in academic and government research, providing an authoritative and well-researched perspective. Compiled by two highly qualified editors with significant experience in the field, and part of the Wiley -- AAFS series 'Forensic Science in Focus', Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Forensic Sciences includes information on: * Cyber IoT, fundamentals on AI in forensic science, speaker and facial comparison, and deepfake detection * Digital-based evidence creation, 3D and AI, interoperability of standards, and forensic audio and speech analysis * Text analysis, video and multimedia analytics, reliability, privacy, network forensics, intelligence operations, argumentation support in court, and case applications * Identification of genetic markers, current state and federal legislation with regards to AI, and forensics and fingerprint analysis Providing comprehensive coverage of the subject, Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Forensic Sciences is an essential advanced text for final year undergraduates and master's students in forensic science, as well as universities teaching forensics (police, IT security, digital science and engineering), forensic product vendors and governmental and cyber security agencies.

Leseprobe

Published and forthcoming titles in the Forensic Science in Focus series

Published

The Global Practice of Forensic ScienceDouglas H. Ubelaker (Editor)

Forensic Chemistry: Fundamentals and ApplicationsJay A. Siegel (Editor)

Forensic MicrobiologyDavid O. Carter, Jeffrey K. Tomberlin, M. Eric Benbow andJessica L. Metcalf (Editors)

Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific BasisClifford Boyd and Donna Boyd (Editors)

The Future of Forensic ScienceDaniel A. Martell (Editor)

Forensic Anthropology and the U.S. Judicial SystemLaura C. Fulginiti, Alison Galloway and Kristen Hartnett-McCann (Editors)

Forensic Science and Humanitarian Action: Interacting with the Deadand the LivingRoberto C. Parra, Sara C. Zapico and Douglas H. Ubelaker (Editors)

Disaster Victim Identificationin the 21st Century: A US PerspectiveJohn Williams and Victor Weedn (Editors)

The Forensic Evaluation of Burnt Human RemainsSarah Ellingham, Joe Adserias Garriga, Sara C. Zapico and Douglas H. Ubelaker (Editors)

Anthropology of Violent Death: Theoretical Foundations for Forensic Humanitarian ActionRoberto C. Parra and Douglas H. Ubelaker (Editors)

AI In Forensic ScienceZeno Geradts and Karin Franke (Editors)

Forthcoming

An Illustrated Guide to Forensic Skeletal Trauma AnalysisDonna Boyd

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Forensic Sciences

EDITED BY

Zeno Geradts

Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Justice and Security, The Hague, The Netherlands

Katrin Franke

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway

This edition first published 2024

© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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The right of editor name Zeno Geradts and Katrin Franke to be identified as the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Geradts, Zeno J, editor. | Franke, Katrin., editor. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher.

Title: Artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic sciences / edited by Zeno Geradts and Katrin Franke.

Other titles: Forensic science in focus.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : JW-Wiley, 2024. | Series: Forensic science in focus | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book is in the AAFS Reference Series Library and serves a guide on using AI in forensic science. In Zeno’s year of Presidency of the AAFS, one of the topics was Artificial Intelligence and the impact it can have on forensic science. In many forensic products Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning is already included without the user being aware of it. Examples are software for facial and speaker comparison, many digital forensic packages for searching on for instance firearms. Furthermore, it is upcoming in chemometrics and many other fields. Also, the use of AI can impact forensic science, for instance on easier to make deepfakes, so spoofing evidence becomes easier. Different jurisdictions will handle the use of AI differently, depending on the laws. Examples are provided of good use of artificial intelligence, where the expert should be in the loop. The expert as well as the courts also needs to know the limitations of the approach. The book is composed out of chapters which can be used in a course, and will finalize with the newest research in developing approaches with graph neural networks. The book first does an introduction in the field as such, then it will go deeper in the legal issues with AI and the need for developing standard. Many examples of using AI are discussed and presented, such as smart cities, IoT in Hansken and at the end Also, the use of AI for making deepfakes will be discussed as well as how to detect it. The field develops rapidly, and much awareness is also being made by the European Commission on regulation of AI in practical use. In the United States NIST is working on standards on using Artificial Intelligence. New legislation is expected in many states, for example Colorado has legislation on use of facial recognition services and Vermont has legislation enacted on ethical use of artificial intelligence. One of the most significant applications of AI in forensic science is in the analysis of DNA evidence. DNA sequencing technology has advanced significantly in recent years, allowing scientists to analyze large amounts of genetic data quickly and accurately. However, the sheer volume of data generated by these techniques can be overwhelming for human analysts. AI algorithms can be used to quickly and accurately identify genetic markers that are associated with specific individuals or groups, making it easier for forensic scientists to identify suspects or eliminate suspects from an investigation”-- Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2023021269 (print) | LCCN 2023021270 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119813323 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119813330 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119813347 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Digital forensic science. | Forensic sciences--Data processing. | Electronic evidence. | Artificial intelligence.

Classification: LCC HV8078.7 .A77 2024 (print) | LCC HV8078.7 (ebook) | DDC 363.250285/63--dc23/eng/20230601

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021269

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023021270

Cover image: © Olga Tsyvinska/Getty Images

Cover design by Wiley

Set in 10.5/13.5pt Meridien by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India

About the editors

Katrin Franke

Katrin Franke is a professor in computer science within the information security environment at NTNU in Gjøvik. In 2007 she joined the Norwegian Information Security Lab (NISlab) with the mission to establish research and education in digital and computational forensics. In this context she was instrumental in setting up the partnership with the Norwegian police organizations as part of the Center for Cyber and information Security (CCIS). Dr. Franke is now associate director SFI NORCICS and also leading the NTNU Digital Forensics group. Dr. Franke has 25+ years experiences in basic and applied research for financial services and law enforcement agencies (LEAs) working closely with banks and LEAs in Europe, North America and Asia.

Zeno Geradts

Dr Zeno Geradts is a senior forensic scientist in the digital and biometric traces section of the Netherlands Forensic Institute. Since 1991, over 800 forensic reports and testimony have been given in several high profile cases. He is Past President of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and is a full professor of Forensic Data Science at the University of Amsterdam. Furthermore, he is Chief Editor of the Journal of Forensic Science International Digital Investigation. He has received several awards, including the Distinguished Forensic Scientist award from the European Network of Forensic Science (ENFSI).

List of Contributors

Timothy Bollee

Ecole des Sciences Criminelles Police Scientifique

UNIL Lausanne, Switzerland

Eoghan Casey

Ecole des Sciences Criminelles Police Scientifique

UNIL Lausanne, Switzerland

Katrin Franke

NTNU Teknologivegen

Gjøvik, Norway

Zeno Geradts

Netherlands Forensic Institute Ministry of Justice and Security

The Hague, The Netherlands

Hans Henseler

Netherlands Forensic Institute

Den Haag, The Netherlands

Neminath Hubballi

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Simrol, Indore, India

Meike Kombrink

Netherlands Forensic Institute Ministry of Justice and Security

The Hague, The Netherlands

Pratibha Khandait

Indian Institute of Technology Indore

Simrol, Indore, India

Didier Meuwly

Netherlands Forensic Institute

Den Haag, The Netherlands

Jeanne Mifsud Bonnici

NTNU Teknologivegen

Gjøvik, Norway

Kyle Porter

NTNU Teknologivegen

Gjøvik, Norway

Daniel Ramos

AUDIAS Lab. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Bente Skattor

NTNU Teknologivegen

Gjøvik, Norway

Radina Stoykova

NTNU Teknologivegen

Gjøvik, Norway

Harm van Beek

Netherlands Forensic Institute

Den Haag, The Netherlands

Marcel Worring

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Jan William Johnsen

NTNU Teknologivegen

Gjøvik, Norway

Rolf Ypma

Netherlands Forensic Institute

Den Haag, The Netherlands

Series Preface

The forensic sciences represent diverse, dynamic fields that seek to utilize the very best techniques available to address legal issues. Fueled by advances in technology, research and methodology, as well as new case applications, the forensic sciences continue to evolve. Forensic scientists strive to improve their analyses and interpretations of evidence and to remain cognizant of the latest advancements. This series results from a collaborative effort between the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) and Wiley to publish a select number of books that relate closely to the activities and Objectives of the AAFS. The book series reflects the goals of the AAFS to encourage quality scholarship and publication in the forensic sciences. Proposals for publication in the series are reviewed by a committee established for that purpose by the AAFS and also reviewed by Wiley. The AAFS was founded in 1948 and represents a multidisciplinary professional organization that provides leadership to advance science and its application to the legal system. The 11 sections of the AAFS consist of Criminalistics, Digital and Multimedia Sciences, Engineering Sciences, General, Pathology/Biology, Questioned Documents, Jurisprudence, Anthropology, Toxicology, Odontology, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Science. There are over 7000 members of the AAFS, originating from all 50 States of the United States and many countries beyond. This series reflects global AAFS membership interest in new research, scholarship, and publication in the forensic sciences.

Zeno Geradts

Senior forensic scientist at the Netherlands Forensic Institute of the Ministry of Justice.

Netherlands

Series Editor

Preface Book

The idea for this book on AI in Forensic Science, was conceived in 2020, when Katrin Franke and Zeno Geradts regularly met to discuss this topic, and also since the many developments that have occurred in this area. The use of artificial intelligence in forensic science might seem somewhat contradictory, since often deep learning is not well explainable in court. This is one of the reasons that in 2020 Zeno Geradts, as president of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, presented this topic, as many products already use deep learning, such as software for faces, handwriting, fingerprints, DNA, bullets, and many more. This book provides greater insight into how to use artificial intelligence properly in forensic science. New developments in law, such as the AI Act, are discussed. Also, many examples are provided of real-world implementations. The adversarial use of AI in deepfakes and anti-forensics is also presented.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all of the contributors to this book; their hard work and dedication have made this project possible

We are also grateful to the AAFS and Wiley for their support. The AAFS provided us with a forum to share our research, and Wiley helped us to bring this book to publication.

Finally, we would like to thank our families and friends for their support. They have been there for us throughout this project, and their encouragement has meant the world.

This book would not have been possible without the help of all of these people. We are truly grateful.

Thank you.

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

Zeno Geradts1 and Katrin Franke2

1 Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, GB Den Haag, Netherlands2 Norwegian Univ of Science & Technology, Høgskoleringen 1, Trondheim, Norway

This book is in the AAFS Reference Series Library and serves a guide on using artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic science. In Zeno’s year of Presidency of the AAFS, one of the topics was AI and the impact it can have on forensic science. In many forensic products AI and deep learning is already included without the user being aware of it. Examples are software for facial and speaker comparison, and in many digital forensic software packages one can serch for images, for instance of firearms. Furthermore, its use is increasing in chemometrics and many other fields. Also, the use of AI can impact forensic science, for instance on easier to make deepfakes, so spoofing evidence becomes easier. Different jurisdictions will handle the use of AI differently, depending on their laws.

Examples are provided of good use of AI, where the expert should be in the loop. Experts as well as the courts also need to know the limitations of the approach.

The book is comprised of chapters which can be used as a reference for lectures, and ends with the newest research in developing approaches with graph neural networks. The book first provides an introduction to the field, it then goes deeper into the legal issues associated with AI and the need for developing a standard. Many examples of using AI are discussed and presented, such as smart cities, IoT in Hansken and finally, the use of AI for making deepfakes will be discussed as well as how to detect them.

The field is developing rapidly, and increasing awareness is also being created by the European Commission on the regulation of AI in practical use. In the United States NIST is working on standards for using AI. New legislation is expected in many states, for example Colorado has legislation on the use of facial recognition services and Vermont has legislation enacted on the ethical use of AI.

One of the most significant applications of AI in forensic science is in the analysis of DNA evidence. DNA sequencing technology has advanced significantly in recent years, allowing scientists to analyze large amounts of genetic data quickly and accurately. However, the sheer volume of data generated by these techniques can be overwhelming for human analysts. AI algorithms can be used to quickly and accurately identify genetic markers that are associated with specific individuals or groups, making it easier for forensic scientists to identify suspects or eliminate suspects from an investigation.

AI is also being used in the field of fingerprint analysis. Fingerprint analysis is a crucial aspect of forensic science, as fingerprints are unique to each individual and can be used to identify suspects. However, the process of manually analyzing fingerprints can be time-consuming and is prone to human error. AI algorithms can be used to quickly and accurately analyze fingerprints, reducing the time and resources required for this task.

Another area where AI is being used in forensic science is in the analysis of video and audio evidence. Video and audio recordings are often used as evidence in criminal investigations, but the process of analyzing these recordings can be labor-intensive and time-consuming. AI algorithms can be used to quickly identify and analyze key features in video and audio recordings, such as faces, voices, and other relevant details, making it easier for forensic scientists to identify suspects or gather important evidence.

In conclusion, AI is rapidly becoming an essential tool in the field of forensic science. It enables forensic scientists to analyze large amounts of data quickly and accurately, making it easier to identify suspects, establish facts, and gather evidence in criminal and civil legal matters. As technology continues to advance (such as we have seen with ChatGPT), it is likely that we will see even more applications in the near future.

Additionally, AI is also being used in the field of digital forensics. Digital forensics is the process of identifying, collecting, analyzing, and preserving electronic evidence in order to establish facts in criminal and civil legal matters. The increasing amount of digital data and the rapid pace of technological change make it difficult for human analysts to keep up with the volume and complexity of digital evidence. AI algorithms can be used to quickly and accurately identify and analyze digital evidence, such as email, text messages, and other forms of electronic communication.

This book aims to provide a foundation for using AI in forensic science, and describes issues, risks, and solutions.