Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities and Villages: Advanced Technologies, Development, and Challenges E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Smart cities and villages have enhanced the quality of lives of residents. Various computer-assisted technologies have been harnessed for the development of smart cities and villages in order to provide solutions for common and niche urban problems. The development of smart environments has been possible due on advances in computing power and artificial intelligence (AI) that have allowed the deployment of scalable technologies. Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities and Smart Villages: Advanced Technologies, Development, and Challenges summarizes the role of AI in planning and designing smart solutions for urban and rural environments. This book is divided into three sections to impart a better understanding of the topics to readers. These sections are: 1) Demystifying smart cities and villages: A traditional perspective, 2) Smart innovations for rural lifestyle management solutions, and 3) Case studies. Through this book, readers will be able to understand various advanced technologies that are vital to the development of smart cities and villages. The book presents 15 chapters that present effective solutions to urban and rural challenges. Concepts highlighted in chapters include smart farms, indoor object classification systems, smart transportation, blockchains for medical information, humanoid robots for rural education, IoT devices for farming, and much more. This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate engineering students across all disciplines, security providers in the IT and related fields, and trainees working for infrastructure management companies. Researchers and consultants at all levels working in the areas of artificial intelligence, machine learning, IoT, blockchain, network security, and cloud computing will also find the contents beneficial in planning projects involving smart environments.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2002
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FOREWORD
With the enormous and rapid increase in the usage of Information Communication Technologies (ICT), and the growing awareness and creation of Smart Cities and Smart Villages, the usage of varied technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, IoT, blockchain, network security, cloud computing, and fuzzy logic are finding more attention from multiple researchers across the world. Information dissemination about the latest technology developments and advancements, possible applications and usages, and integration with allied technologies are playing a significant role in promoting and propagating the usage of these technologies for the overall development of society both at Rural and Urban at large, thereby “capitalizing the connected world”.
The book, “Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities and Villages: Advanced Technologies, Development, and Challenges”, is devoted to understanding the key roles of artificial intelligence in terms of smart transportation, IoMT based healthcare, smart farming solutions, and robotics based implementation in real-time scenarios. Additionally, the book also covers comprehensive case studies for understanding the implementation of diverse technologies leading to a smart innovative world.
Editors of the book have many years of research and practical experience in Artificial Intelligence, Smart Cities, Smart Villages and allied technologies. They have exerted their utmost efforts in the book. I believe that this academic monograph is indeed beneficial to the graduates, researchers and people related to the field of Smart Cities, Smart Rural World for their research and work.
PREFACE
The concept of smart cities and villages has improved the quality of human life by keeping the people informed, connected and engaged. Technology is transforming human lives by playing an important role in the planning, designing, and development of smart cities and villages. This book presents a cross-disciplinary perspective on the concept of smart cities and villages by congregating cutting-edge research and insights from worldwide researchers, academicians and practitioners. It identifies and discusses various advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, IoT, blockchain, network security, cloud computing, fuzzy logic, and sensors to provide effective solutions to the lifestyle challenges faced by humankind.
The innovations may include real-time monitoring of the patients with flexible wearable sensors, disease diagnosis and treatment with the best diagnostic tools. The advent of Cloud Computing and IoTr has made it convenient to streamline health records that can be accessed remotely by patients and professionals. The primary concern of this book is to equip beginners as well as advanced readers with knowledge related to the field of smart cities and villages. For instance, the use of advanced technologies such as drones with sensors can assist a farmer in remotely monitoring the crop and soil for detecting diseases, and nutrition in plants, respectively. Similarly, technologies can be harnessed for smart transportation, healthcare, smart farming solutions, and robotics based implementation in real-time scenarios
This book is a significant addition to the body of knowledge emerging to profile the novel reality of artificial intelligence and smart city. The chapters deal with specific areas where automation aids creativity and efficiency in making smart cities and villages. This deliberate choice of a diversity of fields of coverage is to emphasize the applications of artificial intelligence in almost every contemporary aspect of the society and assist those working in these sectors in understanding the working and strategic opportunities offered by artificial intelligence in their domain of activity.
We hope that readers will draw several benefits from the theoretical and practical aspects covered in this book to enhance their own practice or research. The book’s coverage is as follows:
Chapter 1 discusses the Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Emergence of Smart Cities. Chapter 2 discusses Smart City and Village: Future Trends. The work includes studying a few smart township projects and the type of hardware and software available across the world and the insight gained through cost benefit analysis and more will be presented in the chapter. Chapter 3 delineates Smart Transportation Systems: Recent Developments, Current Challenges and Opportunities. This chapter covers a case study of Indian cities to reduce traffic congestion, avoid accidents and manage the transportation systems in a much better way by using STS technologies. Chapter 4 focuses on the Adaptation of Blockchain in Internet of Medical Things for Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM). This chapter deals with the collaboration of blockchain innovation in the IoT security in terms of the RPM framework. Chapter 5 explores Analyzing Plant Leaf for Detecting Disease by using a Convolutional Neural Network. Here, the main approach is to detect the disease in plant leaves for increasing the productivity of crops in agriculture. Chapter 6 includes practical and theoretical perspectives on Humanoid robots for Aadhaar Service in Rural Development. The present study is about the humanoid robot which collects the information and processes mechanisms with similarity to the human mind. It is designed with various integrated devices such as an iris scanning system, user interface display board, fingerprint authenticator, automated printer, etc. An AI decision marking system supports user interaction with the robot. It accepts the authentication and allows the user for further interaction. Chapter 7 explains Indoor Object Classification System using Neural Networks for Smart Environments. This chapter proposes to develop a new indoor assistance navigation system using deep convolutional neural networks. Chapter 8 explains IoT Enabled Smart Village for Sustainable Development. The approach in this chapter is to bring IoT technology to Villages by showing a network of linked sensors and knowledge dissemination devices, controlling energy use and ensuring infrastructure protection. It gives a wide-ranging vision of enhancing the standard of living in villages and encourages to meet the essential needs of domestic villagers. Chapter 9 presents Smart Villages - Scope for Internet of Things and Cloud applications. Initially, this chapter describes technologies of IoT such as IoT Architecture, Sensors/Devices details, the configuration of Data, coding possibilities with their own Examples. This chapter also discusses how the cloud is integrated with IoT, web Services and IoT Services on cloud, cloud Interfaces, tools for IoT and storage of IoT data on the cloud. This chapter also discusses different case studies that can be applied for different applications in rural areas. The IoT technology used in various spheres of village life will enhance the development of rural areas making them financially strong, improving the quality of village life and helping them to become smart villages. Chapter 10 focuses on the emergence of Artificial Intelligence Enabled Smart Cities for Premises Security. In this chapter, the security aspect is majorly focused on building smart city applications. Chapter 11 deals with Intelligent IoT Enabled Lighting System. This chapter presents the numerous options for creating and implementing IoT-based smart lighting solutions. Chapter 12 provides an understanding of how Humanoid Robots are useful for Rural Education Systems. This chapter will explore relevant case studies, robotic learning technology and propose a viable model to implement this successfully in rural areas, thus, improving the engagement level of the students. Chapter 13 explores the Traffic Signs Detection for Smart Public Transport Vehicles: Cascading Convolutional Autoencoder with Convolutional Neural Network. In this chapter, the authors introduced a traffic sign detection method based on auto-encoders and Convolutional Neural Networks. Chapter 14 thoroughly explains the impact of automation and AI in the field of agriculture today. It also highlights the usage of prominent AI techniques nowadays and possible research directions to make use of AI to assist the farmers. Chapter 15 discusses digital farming and its best practices to lead sustainable agricultural practices which enable farmers to have better productivity and at the same time provide consumers with safe, highly nutritious and better cultivated food. Chapter 16 emphasizes how to apply the Smart Farming Solution for Crop Diseases Prediction and Protection. Smart farming systems help farmers to increase crop production by automated systems. Crop diseases can be predicted by a comprehensive analysis system. Smart farming system with Artificial Intelligence (AI) observes and manages Internet of Things (IoT) devices to detect crop diseases by visual symptoms. Smartphone-based AI apps guide farmers for disease diagnosis, thus preventing the yield loss.
Editor(s)
The book is edited by a team of academicians and experts. The team comprises of:
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
The Editors of this book Dr. Megha Bhushan, Dr. Sailesh Iyer, Dr. Ashok Kumar, Dr. Tanupriya Chaudhary and Mr. Arun Negi would like to thank their working places DIT University (Dehradun), Rai University (Ahmedabad), Chitkara University (Punjab), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, (Dehradun) and Deloitte USI (Hyderabad), respectively, for providing a positive research environment to start this work. A special thanks to all the contributors who have submitted 50+ chapters out of which 17 quality chapters were selected post review for the publication in the book. We also extend our special gratitude to all the esteemed reviewers throughout the globe for reviewing the chapters and valuable suggestions to maintain the quality of the book.
Dr. Megha Bhushan would like to thank her family for the continuous inspiration and motivation to complete this book successfully. She expresses her gratitude especially to her father, Dr. Kartar Chand and Mr. Arun Negi for their faith, support and constant encouragement throughout the entire process. Finally, she would like to acknowledge all those who have contributed directly or indirectly to complete this book.
Dr. Sailesh Iyer would like to thank the supreme power, his family for their complete support, Dr. Anil Tomar (Provost Rai University) for the motivation and support from Rai University. A special thanks to the backbone of his family especially his daughter Nethra and wife Rohini for helping him by providing time to accomplish this project.
Dr. Ashok Kumar would like to thank his wife, Yogita, for her patience and tolerance. He is grateful to his son, Pratham, and daughter, Aarzoo, for sacrificing their fun-time, excursions and jaunts due to his busy schedule. He would like to thank his colleagues and friends for their support throughout the journey of compiling this book. Last but not the least, he would like to thank Dr. Rajesh Kumar and Dr. Anju Sharma for their help and motivation throughout the entire process.
Dr. Tanupriya Choudhury would like to thank his working place, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India for giving a positive research environment to start this proposal. He would like to thank all contributors from different Countries and specially reviewers throughout the globe who helped to review the chapters to maintain the quality of the book and their valuable suggestions always whenever required. He is also thankful to the senior leadership of University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) and administration for giving the opportunity to hold AISCV_2021 and providing all possible support. He is thankful to Shri Sharad Mehra, CEO, GUS-Asia for his “all-time-go-ahead” blessings and freedom of work. Shri Dr. S J Chopra, Chancellor UPES for his blessings and guidance as always. He acknowledges the honorable Vice-Chancellor Dr. Sunil Rai who had been a continuous support as torch-bearer and mentor for him throughout this journey. He would like to thank his colleagues and friends for all the support. He would like to thank everyone enough for their involvement and their willingness to take on the completion of tasks beyond their comfort zones. See you all in the next edition of the book.
Mr. Arun Negi would like to thank his parents and friends for the immense support they provided to complete this book successfully. He would also like to express his gratitude to his mother watching from heaven for her blessings and unflinching faith in her son. Finally, he would like to acknowledge the sincere and dedicated efforts of the team to complete this book.
A special thanks to Bentham Science Publication Team for the continuous support throughout the project starting from the commencement stage to the final publication stage. Wishing to work on more projects with Bentham Science.
List of Contributors
Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Emergence of Smart Cities
Ipseeta Nanda1,Dileep K. Mohanachandran2,*Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides a significant provision for the sustainable development of smart cities. The key features of AI are related to power computing, storage, and communication speed between people and the real world. AI highlights a variety of applications that use the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, big data analytics, and cloud infrastructures to provide efficient smart city functions. This work explores smart city concepts, applications and how AI traverses the growth of urban areas. The proposed chapter follows a qualitative research method with content analysis. Focused on secondary data analysis, the result of the work fills the gaps in the knowledge with the latest information related to three aspects, which include: first a thematic model detailing the smart cities and IoT applications, second, details of the existing platforms for a smart city with the use of AI and IoT; and third, the usage of AI in areas like waste management, water treatment, medical service, energy management, smart houses, smart gardening, and flood monitoring. This chapter addresses the theoretical and technological implications by facilitating the advancement of the body of knowledge.
INTRODUCTION
The ever-increasing rate of urbanization has led to the unpredictable growth of information and communication technologies (ICTs). Changes in the city's growth augmented by expanded urbanization have necessitated similar changes with innovative technology solutions to improve operational effectiveness and efficiencies, which has extended its impact on decreasing management expenses. Cities and homes are equipped with several smart devices like televisions, thermostats, smart alarms, smart door locks, and other systems and appliances that are well augmented by the Internet of Things (IoT).
The purpose of this work is to explore the artificial intelligence (AI) applications in smart cities and describe their augmented services for improving smart city functions.
Following the systematic literature reviews related to AI and IoT applications, the chapter aims to produce a thematic model integrated with AI and IoT applications in smart cities. This chapter has come up with a thematic model, concepts, and practices that are related to AI, IoT, and smart cities and are novel in their form. It also explains how AI advancement intersects with city advancement and enables effective and efficient support systems for city functionaries, organizations, employees, and people, confirming proper quality of life.
LITERATURE REVIEW
An integrated application of hardware and software designs has enhanced the effectiveness of city operations. Though several terms have been used to describe the incorporation of IoT for city effectiveness, “smart city” is the most recent concept among the tags applied to cities. As it is deliberated across the literature, the concept of “smart city” is not well-defined by academics and research scholars with appropriate constructs. Similar ideas derived from such past scholars include the application of digital, telecommunication, and IoT technologies to enhance city functions for the benefit of its citizens [1].
Urbanisation is on the upswing with smart applications. The predicted rate of urbanization at global level is 68.4% in 2050, as shown in Fig. (1). This has upsurged the existence of modern cities with differing levels of facilities and environments. Modern cities or “smart cities” are thus integrated with the physical, social, environmental, emotional, and business infrastructure of their locations and facilitate the efficiency of urban operations and services as well as the competitiveness. The ICT wave has thus given a broader outlook to the city and national policymakers, to build up smart cities [3] with IoT applications.
Standards of communications and telecom operations based on wireless data are enabling smart city applications to transform into IoT mode since they can optimize their service with state-of-the-art AI innovations. Such steps are also supported by 4G and 5G wireless data technologies, which the intern has supported in gathering and managing information from various sources to promote the migration of smart cities. The last five years of data clearly show that there is continuous revenue growth in AI and ICT applications (Fig. 2).
Fig. (1)) Urbanization rate in % global 1950-2050 [2]. Fig. (2)) Global smart city AI software revenue [4].CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION-SMART CITIES
Objectively, a universal definition of the concept of “Smart City” is indistinct. Previous literature has identified its position in several areas such as IoT, ICT, social and environmental capital, sustainability, and so on. However, a pure technology-cantered line pushes the novel areas of ICT to encourage the purposes of cities from a multifaceted perspective. The term “smart city” was first used in 2007 [5], with the ideas linked to the establishment and association of human resources, social assets, and ICT infrastructure, with the objective of better and more sustainable economic development for a better quality of life. A particular topographical area that makes use of ICTs in several aspects, such as transportation, energy production, and so on, that ensure advantages for residents in terms of well-being, inclusion and involvement, ecological value, and intelligent progress, that are administered by a finely described pool of subjects, which enables the state to develop policies and regulations for the city's governance and growth, is termed a “Smart City” [6]. A Smart City is one that makes use of technology driven solutions to augment social and human capital when networking with natural and economic resources and alleviates issues of community in cities to attain an improved quality of life and sustainable development, through collaborations [7]. Overall, a smart city is well-defined as a city that observes and assimilates vital infrastructure and facilities with the support of sensors and IoT equipment [8].
ROLE OF IoT
The IoT has turned out to be the life and blood of several organisations that support them with analytical tools, applications, and services in certain domains. The IoT enables smart technologies to be developed, tested, and applied in several functional processes. Major functions of IoT and AI integrated applications performance include sensing and activating data across the platforms through a unified structure and enabling innovative applications. IoT makes use of data analytics and information interpretation with technologies for sensing and cloud computing [9]. Basically, IoT involves three components like a) Hardware, that consist of sensors, actuators, and entrenched communication hardware b) Middleware, consisting of request-based storage and computation techniques for data analytics and c) Presentation, which comprised of picturing and explanation techniques which are extensively accessed on varied platforms and may be planned for diverse application [10].
Smart Cities and IoT Applications
The Internet of Things (IoT) archetype is one of the important features used for directing scientific development and contributions in a variety of situations and settings via several interconnected pieces of equipment that operate to sense the physical world and adapt their performance in response to changing scenarios. Subsequently, with the initiation of the IoT revolution, smart cities can enhance various facets of their city administration, which include city mobilization, public logistics, e-governance, safety, security, public lighting, and environmental monitoring. Embracing IoT technologies is likely to permit, observe, regulate, and manage all the accessible resources such as electricity, soil, water, people, and so on. To adjust to the ever-increasing demographic changes and resultant hyper-urbanization, cities are nowadays focusing on smart city applications, tools, and designs [11].
Smart city operations acknowledge the role of technologies, especially IoTs, which are related to data sensors for improvement and turnout to be dominant in terms of infrastructure. The Internet of Things applications not only aid in the management of city operations, but also ensure economic and environmental stability, waste management, improved air quality, intelligence governance, green urban activities, and so on. Several IoT based operations in cities are contributing to effective public asset management systems, managing logistics systems, water supplies, information systems, civil bodies, power plants, and other allied social facilities (Fig. 3). A study report, which is coming from Navigant Research, indicates that smart city facilities are anticipated to touch $225.5 billion within the next ten years. A few of the advantages associated with IoT solutions in smart cities include quality, performance, interconnectivity of city facilities, enhanced assets, and decreased costs.
A study report obtained from McKinsey reports that there are three strata interwoven to enable a Smart City function. Primarily, the technological strata consist of smartphones and sensor-integrated equipment, resulting in information and linking to high-speed communication networks. Secondly, the data received from various sources will be processed by computers to produce effective solutions for specific challenges. Finally, the common community, which is interrelated with such sensor-integrated equipment are shown in Fig. (4). An understanding of the above-mentioned strata will enable the users to make use of high-speed communication networks in vast city operations. Smart city applications integrate real-time information from diverse sources with the application of digital technology that facilitates making enhanced decisions and a better quality of life. All the applications of Smart City equipment are subjected to individuals who concurrently use them and extend information to make predictions.
Fig. (3)) Key areas of smart city [12, 13]. Fig. (4)) Strata enabling smart cities [14].Components of the Smart City
A smart city comprises several components, which encompass energy, water distribution, logistics, safety services, integration, and regulations as shown in Table 1. The details of smart city components are detailed as follows:
AI AND CITIES
IoT applications, robotics, and automation have turned into the buzzwords of smart cities, especially in handling city facilities and public places. Experimenting with robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), which is part of the engineering discipline, has considerably contributed to smart city concepts and applications. Computational logic is widely used by “smart” machinery, and computers are programmed to operate according to a set assignment or task [16]. On the other hand, AI is used by robotics and autonomous systems, which support city functionaries by enabling decision-making from real-time data generated from varied sources. With the support of machine learning and deep learning algorithms, AI acts almost like a human brain and generates simulations for real-time decision-making with efficiency [16]. The speed with which the decision-making can be done is much higher with AI in comparison with human analytical and critical thinking possibilities, and due to this better accuracy, they are scheduled for provision as service robots. Eventually, the services of robots will support humans, signifying the future value of AI and the IoT-aided robotic appliances. There are several supportive applications of AI found in smart city concepts like security, logistics, construction, sustainability, energy administration, education, government, as well as manufacturing. For example, self-driving vehicles are not a fantasy nowadays, and AI-enabled machines are taking over driving. Some of the latest innovations, like hyper-loop, are anticipated to contribute to this logistics revolution with big data analytics. Health, education, energy, and the environment, etc., like smart city associated areas, are open for AI applications with the support of machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing [17].
CASES FROM EUROPE: PLATFORMS OF AI IN SMART CITIES
Several smart city-oriented and AI-enabled services are available to support the city's management functionalities. While some of the existing platforms are highly tailored to functional managers, others are intended for general use and can be used for any city function. Among those platforms, a few are private in nature and need to be procured by city managers to convert the city into a smart city.
Smart Santander
A city-based experimental research project facility is termed Smart Santander, not only to support the city of Santander but also to support cities in and near Belgrade, Guildford, or Lubeck [17]. Even though the Smart Santander project is private in nature, it delivers an unrestricted data access system for developers to apply those applications developed. This application can be adapted to any new city.
CitySDK
Almost eight cities in Europe have tested a smart city project termed “CitySDK,” which has the very purpose of providing a programming structure for implementing smart city systems (examples in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Helsinki, Istanbul, Lamia, Lisbon, Manchester, and Rome). This project is in partnership with five or more private firms and another five universities. The very purpose of the CitySDKproject application is the integration of new cities. It is a common system, though owned privately [17].
Open Cities
Open Cities is a sequestered scheme supposed to have free use and be common in nature (not focused on specific cities) [17]. This platform permits clients to make use of the information stored, which is to be utilized by developers to extend facilities in urban areas. It is a secluded arrangement for unrestricted usage and is general in nature (not concerned with particular cities).
I-People
I-People is an online space that delivers customer services, usually open-source, for people to utilize and share the platform that they developed for smart cities [17]. Some of the project examples of I-People we can see in urban areas such as Bilbao, Bremen, or Termi. Despite the fact that I-People is a platform for public endeavor, it can be used in environments.
IoTopen Platforms
IoT: Open spaced is a programme that offers a set of libraries, technical documentation, web services, and protocols openly for usage by the whole developer community [17]. The main tool they have used in this context is the VITAL-OS Smart City Platform, which offers a set of graphic tools to build bids with lower cost and effort. IoT Open platforms make use of city specific and real time information, which facilitate integration of real time data for decision making.
Sentilo
Sentilo is a design driven application, integrated with a layer of sensors to take advantage of real time information coming from various sources of the city to broadcast this information [18]. It is an open-source software which offers the source code all the way through its own depository. Sentilo is considered as a common public system. The plan on Sentilo initiated in 2012 with the Barcelona City Council and was utilized to place Barcelona at the forerunner of Smart city.
IBM Intelligent Operation Center
A personal platform retained by IBM Company, in cities across the globe is IBM Intelligent Operation Center, for example Rio de Janeiro [19]. It extends an ecosystem that offers various default devices although can be tailored on request. It is henceforth a private and precise system, as it involves adjustment and upkeep by the IBM Company.
i-SCOPE
i-SCOPE is a platform that offers 3 kinds of services to Smart Cities which include a. facilitating the presence and movement of inhabitants with routing structures and indicating barriers, b. boosting energy use, and c. ecological control. Nevertheless, i-SCOPE is a private venture, by now accomplished and the cities in which it is executed are unidentified [20].
SCOPE OF AI IN SMART CITIES
AI is applied in several fields. The scope of AI applications is broad in smart cities [21, 22]. Some of the platforms where AI is applied include:
Smart Flood Monitoring
Monitoring systems should be installed in cities to have better control over these drainage and gully blockages. Though data obtained from satellite imageries will enhance prediction precision, real-time observation on continuous decision making is still challenging [23].
One of the main challenges confronted by cities in general is flash floods and proper monitoring of floods during rainy seasons. A few of the reasons that are associated with urban flooding challenges include drainage and gully blockages. Obstruction of drainage and gullies in the streets create challenging situations when outside substances block the normal flow of water. Setting up automated sensors to monitor the situation is difficult and not always practicable. Consequently, a substitute system is essential to screen drain and gully blockages for the adequate observation of flooding occurrences as shown in Fig. (5). Demonstration of natural perils and disasters is usually done with methods of liquid level checking [24], and the water level of gully pot checking [25, 26].
Fig. (5)) Storm drain partially blocked by fallen leaves [23].Fig. (6) clearly shows how real time information related to drainage and gully images can be captured by cameras and henceforth can be properly analyzed and classified to detect possible flooding hazards. However, the efficacy of the scrutinizing is subject to the competence of the image categorization task. Consequently, an effective image categorization technique is necessary for categorizing drainage and gully images to detect blockage level, and therefore, the flooding alert. Drainage and gullies frequently get jammed because of gathering of items at the street and roads. Even though there are systems to access the information related to rainfall data, water-level analysis, satellite images and enhanced prediction exactness, identifying, supervising, and making effective decisions is still a task.
Fig. (6)) Basic flow of flood monitoring, with an example image of a drain blocked by leaves [27].Smart Home
A home which is well-connected with automated systems that ensure an ambiance of easy living is termed as smart home or e-Home. The role of IoT applications is highly acknowledged in constructing smart homes. Irrespective of time and location, applications of IoT monitor and regulate the connectedness as well as controlling several functions at home like, lighting and temperature, home utilities, multi-media tools, and security systems. IoT enabled advanced automated systems, which are also termed as intelligent systems, are used for networking at home. Such automated systems ensure better quality of living and make our home smarter [28].
SMART HOME FUNCTIONS
Some of the smart home function with the support of AI consists of [28]:
Alert
Sensing a home environment and extending alert to the residents, on selected or registered devices is one of the functions of smart homes. Several information related to the home will be supplied by the sensors like, surroundings, temperature, moistness, light intensity etc. Continuous information sharing will be done by the IoT enabled automated system either through email, as a text message, over tweets or through media platforms.
Monitor
Another function of smart homes is monitoring of home surroundings with the support of sensors and cameras. Several ongoing activities in the home will be effectively monitored by the sensors and camera feed like room temperature and directing alerts to the residents to switch on the air-conditioner if there is high room temperature.
Control
Numerous home-based activities can be regulated through the support of sensors and automated devices switching on/off lights, air-conditioner, and equipment, lock/unlock doors, open/close windows, and doors. With the variants in the room temperature the system will automatically switch on and off, taking those responsibilities from residents.
Intelligence
The term intelligence is referred to intelligent behaviour of the smart-home environment. Application of AI enabled mechanisms are the major intervention here in generating intelligence decisions automatically in connection with several home activities.
Smart Infrastructure
City infrastructure is equipped and integrated with several facilities, which include innovative linked streets, smart car parks, smart illumination, and other logistical inventions. One of the greatest advantages of smart infrastructure, which consists of smart lighting, is that effective time tracing of lighting can be done to ensure augmented brightness. Different zones in a city require a different light consumption rate. Fig. (7) clearly displays the smart home layout. As a result, zone tracking can be done effectively, and demand-based lighting can be ensured for optimized lighting [29].
Fig. (7)) Smart home layout [29].Smart city lighting in metropolitan street roadways provides better illumination for pedestrians as well as vehicles. A Smart City Lighting system also makes use of the system's lighting photo-controls and several sensors to gather the information and then uses insights obtained from this data to achieve property, resource, and service efficiency. AES Lighting Group, in conjunction with Ubicquia Controls and Cimcon Controls, is providing the best of service with Smart City Lighting technology solutions. For example, CIMCON’s Intelligent Streetlight Controlling system provides customers with remote control of outside lighting resources, serving them to decrease energy consumption and repair expenses. By linking the photo control with a mobile service or through a wireless data management system, all the information can be collected with various IoT sensing devices [30]. The major benefits that corporations and municipalities have obtained from these smart lighting IoT applications include [31]:
The data pertains to city air quality.Information associated with the speed of the wind.Identifying areas where there is a probability of flood detection.An opportunity to build up enhanced public or private Wi-Fi.Temperature reading that is accurate.Identifying where it is more crowded and counting the number of individuals.Detecting noise coming from crowded public places.Detecting gunshots.Sensing population density.Another benefit from smart lighting includes daytime harvesting and saving energy by lowering lights in areas where there are seldom any residences. Especially, during the working hours when the parking lots can be dimmed. When a car is ingoing, it will be sensed and suitable areas can be brightened, while others can be kept at dim settings [31].
AI and Water Supply
IoT applications have entered not only into home systems, but they have also proved their utilization in water management in smart cities. The application of AI has transformed the commercial water purification avenue. Several segments of entities in the form of food services, restaurants, educational institutions, and health care institutions are the clusters that have gotten the most advantages from AI applications by pooling real-time information from various sources related to water distribution for effective water management. One of the major advantages of AI applications in water management systems is that they provide full proof of ensuring the safety and wellbeing of their customers and complete transparency over the purity of water. AI-based water consumers are relieved from the ongoing expense of changing spare parts and durables [32].
Treatment of Wastewater
Applications of AI and IoT Devices can effectively build up water systems and networks with the integration of cutting-edge technologies, data analytics, regression models, and algorithms. Gathering real time information from various parts of the city through AI will support in identifying the status of water sources, and water agencies can build a smart water system that can ensure infrastructure for effective water management in accordance with the real-time situation as shown in Fig. (8). The advantage of an AI-based digital water management system is, the possibility for cost-effective and sustainable water management solutions with predictive analytics that ensure prevention of impending water damage in smart cities.Illustrating a case from India, it is reported in India Today [33] that about 40% of piped water is lost to leakage. Leakages and burst pipes are the major reasons why common cities and towns waste a lot of water. Such leakages can be controlled with AI and IoT application systems. AI gathers real-time information related to water loss in cities and towns and enables the automated pipes to shut off the water supply to avoid leakage. With the support of machine learning algorithms, AI can predict leaks in storage tanks and help in their repair without any delay [33]. Immediate communication and effective interventions are the major advantages of AI and IoT devices connected through IoT applications for effective water leakage and waste management in smart cities [34].
Fig. (8)) Smart water utility [35].Smart Gardening
Gardens are part of city beautification. Proper irrigation in parks and gardens is necessitated daily. Smart gardening with the support of AI and IoT applications will ensure the optimized use of water resources without wastage. A revolution in the garden irrigation process is happening with the support of AI and IoT applications where the traditional manual and static processes are being converted into smart and dynamic ones. This provides greater comfort, water-using efficiency, and less people-oriented regulation. A cloud-centred IoT smart garden monitoring and irrigation system is using the Arduino Uno [37].
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board founded on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and built by Arduino.cc. With the support of this application, the watering necessity of a plant can be altered by observing the soil moisture. Assessing the soil moisture of the plant provides suitable information if the plant is perfectly watered, excessively watered, or poorly watered. Smart gardening architecture reflects the use of sensors and cameras in effective smart gardening in cities.
AI systems are to minimize the use of water as well as adjust the water circulation in the gardens and parks in accordance with the requirements. In addition to that, AI systems can identify the groundwater quantities and also assess the gardening needs to stabilize the water usage by guiding sprinkler systems as shown in Fig. (9). The layers, which physically consist of the AeotecMultiSensor 6, make use of the Z-Wave wireless protocol to transmit temperature, relative moisture, and brightness values to the Raspberry Pi controller. By monitoring the soil humidity, the watering of plants will be properly regulated. A capacitive soil humidity sensor is applied that comprises both a correspondent and a digital output pin.
