Autonomous Vehicles, Volume 2 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 482

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES The companion to Autonomous Vehicles Volume 1: Using Machine Intelligence, this second volume in the two-volume set covers intelligent techniques utilized for designing, controlling, and managing vehicular systems based on advanced algorithms of computing like machine learning, artificial intelligence, data analytics, and Internet of Things (IoT) with prediction approaches to avoid accidental damages, security threats, and theft. Besides communicating with other vehicles, self-driving cars connected to a 5G network will also be able to communicate with different infrastructure elements that make up our roads and other transportation and communication systems. Similarly, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board, can operate under remote control by a human operator, as a remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA), or with various degrees of autonomy. These include autopilot assistance and fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention. Transportation is a necessary, but often painful process. With fully autonomous driving, passengers will be freed to accomplish their own goals, turning the dead hours of driving into fruitful hours of learning, working, engaging, and relaxing. Similarly, UAVs can perform functions that human-operated aircraft cannot, whether because of the environment or high-risk situations. The purpose of the book is to present the needs, designs, and applications of autonomous vehicles. The topics covered range from mechanical engineering to computer science engineering, both areas playing vital roles in programming, managing, generating alerts, and GPS position, artificial intelligence-based prediction of path and events, as well as other high-tech tools, are covered in this book, as well. Whether for the student, veteran engineer, or another industry professional, this book, and its companion volume, are must-haves for any library.

Leseprobe

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Autonomous Vehicles Volume 2

Smart Vehicles

Edited by

Romil RawatPurvee BhardwajUpinder KaurShrikant TelangMukesh ChouhanandK. Sakthidasan Sankaran

This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781394152254

Cover image: Wikimedia CommonsCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

This second volume in a two-volume set discusses advanced computing algorithms, smart vehicular communication, data analytics, and the internet of things (IoT), as well as intelligent techniques for designing, controlling, and managing vehicular systems. These techniques include prevention methods to prevent theft, security threats, and unintentional damage. The editors and contributors to this volume offer a technical perspective based on interdisciplinary fields such as electronics, mechanics, computer science, automation, health informatics, military applications, etc., along with future research prospects. The term “autonomous vehicle” refers to a broad category of automation that includes industrial vehicles like forklifts and crash testing cars as well as agricultural vehicles like tractors, irrigators, and buggies. When a driver crosses a continuous line, the car’s trajectory is automatically corrected, and an alarm sounds to warn of approaching vehicles.

Self-driving automobiles connected to a 5G network will be able to interact not only with other vehicles but also with various infrastructure components that make up our roadways and other transportation and communication networks. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), also known as an aircraft without a human pilot, crew, or passengers, includes a ground-based controller and a communications system with the UAV operating under remote control by a human operator, also known as a remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA), or with varying degrees of autonomy, such as autopilot assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.

Objectives, Impact, and Value

The book’s goal is to demonstrate the necessity for, and the design and use of, autonomous vehicle engineering for the exchange of real-time data and actions.

The management strategies employed by autonomous vehicle systems were discussed by the author. Although the topic is related to mechanical engineering, this book also briefly discusses computer science engineering, which is essential for programming, managing, producing alerts, GPS location, and AI-based path and event prediction.

The audience for the book includes academic researchers, research scholars, practitioners, students, traffic engineers, city planners, consultants, traffic planners, vehicle designers, and all other important parties involved in developing intelligent engineering solutions. Included contributions must be well-reasoned conceptual and theoretical answers based on autonomous vehicles, quantitative or empirical findings, model/ simulation-based experimental research, etc.

2A Dual-Polarized Antenna With Circular Parasitic Element for Autonomous Vehicle

Manish Varun Yadav1* and Sudeep Baudha2

1Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

2Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Goa Campus, BITS, Pilani, Goa, India

Abstract

A dual-polarized antenna with a circular parasitic element is presented for autonomous vehicles capable of radiating 2.4 GHz signals. A square dual-port structure with circularly cut is used to match the impedance in the broadband range, and parasitic elements are also used for better resonance at 2.4 GHz frequency. The proposed antenna is simulated with an FR4 substrate. The optimum dimensions of the designed antenna are 60*60*2.5 cubic millimeters. The proposed structure has dual linear polarization, and it has a high gain of up to 6.8 dBi. The presented antenna is capable to receive or transmit a 2.4 GHz signal, which is very useful for WLAN applications. In any condition, the signal remains constant because of its dual-port. All the parameters imply that this kind of antenna is useful for an autonomous vehicle.

Keywords: Autonomous vehicle antenna, dual-polarization, circular parasitic element

2.1 Introduction

Smart vehicles are in great demand in the present scenario, and they are connected with GPS and Wi-Fi; for such connectivity, a robust antenna is required, which will provide good signal connectivity while driving the vehicles. For this purpose, we design a highly efficient, reliable, and high gain antenna. Some antennas have been introduced in the past and designed with some unique methods that increase the signal’s path, like a planer slot radiator with parasitic element is used to enhance the bandwidth [1]. Slot-type radiators are mostly used in multiple communication, and reported antennas worked in two resonance modes to improve a relative bandwidth [2]. A microstrip radiator on “flame retardant” material to achieve 2.4 GHz was designed [3]. For WLAN application, an inset-fed rectangular antenna was designed, as reported in [4]. The Rectangular patch antenna is reported for 2.4 GHz [5]. A rotated slot-type radiator is proposed for large bandwidth [6]. Patch elements are shorting in the ground plane, causing dual-band reported [7]. Adding an L-shaped slot in the radiator achieved dual-band [8]. WLAN band is obtained by the conventional probe’s feeding method [9]. A multi-layer U-slot has been used for WiMAX and WLAN applications [10]. The rectangular parasitic element is used for resonating the WLAN band [11]. A dual-polarized antenna with a circular parasitic element for autonomous vehicle is proposed. A square dual-port structure with a circular slot is cut to match the impedance in the operating range, and parasitic elements are also used for better resonance at 2.4 GHz frequency. The gain of the autonomous vehicle is very high, 6.8 (dBi) with the optimum size of 60x60x2.5 mm3. The designed radiator shows a stable radiation pattern, and the Proposed structure is compared with previously published work as shown in Table 2.1. Details of the “autonomous-vehicle” antenna configuration and various simulated results are discussed in other sections.

Table 2.1 Proposed structure comparison with previous published work.

References

Size (mm

3

)

(B/W in GHz)

Substrate

Varshney et al. [

4

]

80×100×1.5

2.4

FR4

Jen-Yea Jan et al. [

6

]

70×70×1.5

2.23 to 5.3

FR4

Hector A. Ochoa et al. [

7

]

70×70×1.6

2.2 to 4.5

FR4

B. Kelothu et al. [

8

]

60×70×1.6