Bioactive Phytochemicals: Drug Discovery to Product Development E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Natural bioactive compounds from medicinal plants are inexplicably diverse in chemical structure and biological properties. The unmet therapeutic requirements for various diseases serve as a guide for researchers to study natural compounds. These studies are intended to isolate, identify the structural characterization and eventually discover the pharmacological activity of natural compounds from their plant sources with the goal of treating specific diseases.Bioactive Phytochemicals: Drug Discovery to Product Development explores the scope and approaches of drug discovery from natural products. Chapters in the book cover information about the cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal plants, the methods and high throughput techniques for isolation and characterization of bioactive phytochemicals and pharmacological screening for activity, formulation and quality control. Information about the regulations specified for natural medicinal products in different region of the world is also presented, followed by a concluding chapter devoted to the role of natural herbal products for treatment of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammation and neurological disorders. Each chapter concludes with a general reference section, which is a bibliographic guide to more advanced texts. The contributing authors for this volume are drawn from a rich blend of experts in various areas of herbal medicine which encompass herbal drug discovery to product development.The concise and organized layout along with a broad coverage of phytochemistry and drug discovery makes this book a suitable reference for students of medicinal chemistry, researchers and industry professionals interested in herbal product development.
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Seitenzahl: 364
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
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FOREWORD
Plants have always considered been as ‘Nature’s Library’ for new chemical entities and one of the major resources in drug discovery and new drug development. Medicinal plants that have been used in traditional systems of medicine are being studied more than a fine decade for scientific evaluation and validation of the application, which provides rational and evidence-based alternative medicines and eventually a backbone of modern day’s herbal drug, herbal bioactives, semisynthetic and to some extent in synthetic drug and pharmaceutical industries.
In the light of the foregoing, this Book, "Bioactive Phytochemicals: Drug Discovery to Product Development" is a tremendously important and in-depth contribution to the subject of Phyto-pharmaceuticals from drug discovery to product development. The book has brought together diverse works in the scientific literature under an umbrella on the use of therapeutically active phytochemicals in the treatment of various chronic disorders. An excellent effort has been made in this frankly speaking 'a much-needed book' to address the challenges in plant and plant bioactive based drug development to its transition to the phytopharmaceutical product comprehensively and sequentially. I am confident that the book is capable of centering the attention of the reader on the limitless potentials of bioactive phytochemicals. It does particularly well too in highlighting several current areas of interest in extraction, isolation, structural characterization, pharmacological screening, product development and regulatory perspectives of herbal drugs and bioactive phytochemicals.
I have, no doubt, that this book will be well-received (equally) by the researchers in the phytopharmaceutical industry and academia. Moreover, this book is really good at offering a vast knowledge on this subject to the chemist and pharmacy students.
PREFACE
Early man explored natural surroundings such as plants, animals, and minerals to find the remedies of different ailments. An alternative system of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani, Kampo, and traditional Chinese medicinal products are used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals reported to become a major part in the treatment of chronic disorders such as diabetes, cancer, malaria, arthritis, inflammation, liver disorders, and cardiac disorders. WHO Traditional Medicine Programme is also designed on the potential of ethnomedicine as a lead for drug discovery. Compounds from plants have been extracted to investigate novel therapeutics since the origin of medicine. Natural bioactive compounds from medicinal plants are inexplicably diverse in chemical structure, biological properties and the unmet therapeutic requirements attribute to develop an interest in the reemergence of bioactive natural compounds that will lead to isolation, structural characterization and finding pharmaceutical activity.
The book discusses the scope and approaches of drug discovery from natural products; cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal plants; Methods and high throughput techniques for extraction, isolation, and characterization of bioactive phytochemicals; pharmacological screening for its activity and formulation development as well as quality control of natural medicinal products. It also discusses the regulations specified for natural medicinal products in a different region of the world. The last chapter of the book is devoted to discuss the role of natural herbal products for the treatment of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, and neurological disorders. Each chapter concludes with a general reference section, which is a bibliographic guide to more advanced texts.
This book will provide in-depth information and comprehensive discussion on extraction, isolation, structural characterization, pharmacological screening of bioactive phytochemicals as well as product development and regulatory perspective of herbal medicine. Researchers, industries, and students would be interested in this concise body of information. The contributing authors are drawn from a rich blend of experts in various areas of herbal medicine encompass drug discovery to product development.
List of Contributors
Drug Discovery from Plant Sources: Scope, Approach and Challenges
Javed Ahmad1,Javed Ahamad2,*Abstract
Medicinal plants are recognized to fulfill human necessities like food, clothes, shelter and health. The search for eternal health and longevity to seek remedy to relieve discomfort prompted mankind to develop many ways and means of health care systems. Traditional medicines were practiced in ancient civilizations for the cure of ailments. In recent years, natural products play a very important role in drug discovery for life-threatening ailments like cancer, malaria, diabetes and cardiovascular problems. Recently, drug discovery from plants for the treatment of cancer gets more focused and leads to the discovery of novel anticancer drugs such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, topotecan, irinotecan, vincristine and vinblastine. Drug discovery from plants is a long and tedious process, and it requires selecting suitable plants, pre-clinical screening, clinical evaluation and drug approval for marketing. Herbal medicines obtained from plants are generally considered safe compared to synthetic drugs, and secondary metabolites obtained from plants have more chemical diversity and considered superior to synthetic combinatorial chemicals. In this book chapter, we comprehensively discussed the advantages and role of higher plants in drug discovery, steps and approaches of drug discovery from higher plants.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that this chapter content has no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
REFERENCES
[1]Fabricant DS, Farnsworth NR. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109 (Suppl. 1): 69-75.[PMID: 11250806][2]Patwardhan B, Vaidya ADB, Chorghade M. Ayurveda and natural products drug discovery. Curr Sci 2004; 86(6): 789-99.[3]Bannerman RHO, Burton J, Ch’en WC. Traditional Medicine and Health Care Coverage: A Reader for Health Administrators and Practitioners 1983.[4]Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy (16th ed.), 16th ed.Evans WC. Saunders Publication2009.[5]Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ 1985; 63(6): 965-81.[PMID: 3879679][6]Lahlou M. Screening of natural products for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2(5): 697-705.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2.5.697] [PMID: 23488959][7]Dubey NK, Kumar R, Tripathi P. Global promotion of herbal medicine: India’s opportunity. Current Med 2004; 86: 37-41.[8]Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81(1): 81-100.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00059-4] [PMID: 12020931][9]Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J Nat Prod 2016; 79(3): 629-61.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01055] [PMID: 26852623][10]Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Natural products in therapeutic. J Nat Prod 2003; 66: 1022.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np030096l] [PMID: 12880330][11]Verpoorte R. Pharmacognosy in the new millennium: leadfinding and biotechnology. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52(3): 253-62.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/0022357001773931] [PMID: 10757412][12]Shrager J. High throughput discovery: search and interpretation on the path to new drugs. Design for Science Crowley K. 2001; Vol. 11: 325-48.[13]Farnsworth NR. The role of ethnopharmacology in drug development. Ciba Found Symp 1990; 154: 2-11.[PMID: 2086037][14]Farnsworth NR. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J Pharm Sci 1966; 55(3): 225-76.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600550302] [PMID: 5335471][15]Wall ME, Wani MC. Camptothecin and taxol: from discovery to clinic. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 51(1-3): 239-53.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01367-9] [PMID: 9213622][16]Rastogi RP, Dhawan BN. Research on medicinal plants at the central drug research institute, Lucknow (India). Indian J Med Res 1982; 76 (Suppl.): 27-45.[PMID: 6764455][17]Cragg GM, Newman DJ. International collaboration in drug discovery and development from natural sources. Pure Appl Chem 2005; 77(11): 1923-42.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577111923][18]Harvey A. Strategies for discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural products. Drug Discov Today 2000; 5(7): 294-300.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(00)01511-7] [PMID: 10856912][19]Baker JT, Borris RP, Carté B, et al. Natural product drug discovery and development: new perspectives on international collaboration. J Nat Prod 1995; 58(9): 1325-57.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50123a003] [PMID: 7494142][20]Mullard A. New drugs cost US$2.6 billion to develop. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13: 877.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd4507]Cultivation, Collection and Processing of Medicinal Plants
Omji Porwal1,*,Sachin Kumar Singh2,Dinesh Kumar Patel3,Saurabh Gupta4,Rahul Tripathi5,Shankar Katekhaye6Abstract
Nature has provided us better surroundings for the expansion and development of medicinal plants for thousands of years. Medicinal values of plants date back to ancient times on belief of its safety and economic value. Even in today’s scenario, about 80% of the globe population primarily depends on the alternative system of medicines for their foremost healthcare requisite. Plants contain different types of secondary metabolites also called bioactive components of the plants responsible for their medicinal value in nature. Scientific cultivation permits the applying of contemporary technological aspects like mutation, polyploidy and hybridization for the development of a better amount of secondary metabolites from the plants and their byproducts. Cultivation, collection and preservations of medicinal plants need simple techniques that preserve the medicinal values of natural products. Pharmacological activities of medicinal and aromatic plants are mainly depending upon the presence of various bioactive phytochemicals like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, resins, volatile oil, etc. Growth and development of medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites are mainly influenced by the physical surroundings, sunlight, temperature, rainfall, and nature of the soil. Seasonal variation and geographical region can also affect the quality of medicinal and aromatic plants as the concentration of bioactive constituent could be changed through natural factors. In the present book
chapter, we have discussed all the important information needed for the cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal and aromatic plants that affect the quality of medicinal plants.
1. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
The crude drug that reaches the market and pharmaceutical industry must have some basic characteristics and quantity of active constituents for their claim therapeutic potential. Cultivation produces a quality of plants, increases secondary metabolite concentration, generates hybrids that produce specific phytoconstituents, ensures regular supply of crude drugs and also leads industrialization, etc. The gathering of crude medicine from cultivated plants provides a higher yield and therapeutic quality. Medicinal plants require sunny, aerated places sheltered from gale and late winter frosts. The soil must be fertile and consist of the required amounts of Na, P, Cu, alloy, organic and other essential elements for the better growth of medicinal and aromatic plants. Continuation of the farming structure has become a vital affair throughout the globe. A large number of the viable matter is related to the quality and time-dependent changes in the soil [1]. It is well known that in-depth cultivation has led to a swift rebuff in organic matter and nutrient levels besides affecting the physical things of clay [1]. However, the management practices with organic materials influence agricultural properties by the physical, chemical and biological properties of clay [2]. The implementation of organic amendments has long been recognized as an efficient suggestion for the improvement in the structure and fertility of the soil [3]. Increasing the microorganism diversity, activity, population and moisture-holding capability of soils also improve crop yield [4].
