Biobased Adhesives E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Adhesion and Adhesives - Fundamental and Applied Aspects
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1610

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Biobased Adhesives Unique and comprehensive book edited by acknowledged leaders on biobased adhesives that will replace petroleum-based adhesives. This book contains 23 chapters covering the various ramifications of biobased adhesives. The chapters are written by world-class scientists and technologists actively involved in the arena of biobased adhesives. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1: Fundamental Aspects; Part 2: Classes of Biobased Adhesives; and Part 3: Applications of Biobased Adhesives. Topics covered include: an introduction to biobased adhesives; adhesion theories and adhesion and surface issues with biobased adhesives; chemistry of adhesives; biorefinery products as biobased raw materials for adhesives; naturally aldehyde-based thermosetting resins; natural crosslinkers; curing and adhesive bond strength development in biobased adhesives; mimicking nature; bio-inspired adhesives; protein adhesives; carbohydrates as adhesives; natural polymer-based adhesives; epoxy adhesives from natural materials; biobased polyurethane adhesives; nanocellulose-modified adhesives; debondable, recyclable, and biodegradable biobased adhesives; 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural-based adhesives; adhesive precursors from tree-derived naval stores; and applications in various diverse arenas such as wood bonding, controlled drug delivery, and wearable bioelectronics. Audience This book will interest materials scientists, adhesionists, polymer chemists, marine biologists, food and agriculture scientists, and environmentalists. R&D personnel in a slew of wide-ranging industries such as aviation, shipbuilding, railway, automotive, packaging, construction, wood bonding, and composites should find this book a repository of current and much-needed information.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Part 1: Fundamental Aspects

1 Introduction to Naturally-Based (Bio-) Adhesives

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview and Challenges For Adhesives Based on Natural Resources

1.3 Biorefinery and Platform Chemicals

1.4 Lignin as Raw Material for Platform Chemicals

1.5 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) as Platform Chemical

1.6 Mimicking Nature

1.7 Special Topics and Latest Developments

1.8 Prospects

1.9 Summary

General Literature on Biobased Adhesives

List of Abbreviations

References

2 Adhesion Theories in Naturally-Based Bonding: Adhesion and Surface Issues with Naturally-Based Adhesives

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Adhesion Theories

2.3 Protein Adhesives

2.4 Carbohydrate-Based Adhesives

2.5 Plant or Wood-Based Extractives

2.6 Fats or Oils

2.7 Summary

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

References

3 The Chemistry of Bioadhesives

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Carbohydrate Bioadhesives

3.3 Protein Bioadhesives

3.4 Lignin-Based Bioadhesives

3.5 Tannin-Based Bioadhesives

3.6 Other Bio-Adhesives for Wood Composites

3.7 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

4 Biorefinery Products as Naturally-Based Key Raw Materials for Adhesives

4.1 Biorefinery Systems

4.2 Biobased Materials

4.3 Biobased Materials Suitable for Adhesives

4.4 Synthesis Methods for Biobased Adhesives

4.5 Modification of Lignin for Better Performance

4.6 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

4.7 Summary

References

5 Natural Aldehyde-Based Thermosetting Resins

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Aliphatic Aldehydes

5.3 Aldehydes Based on Cyclic Structures

5.4 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

6 Natural Crosslinkers for Naturally-Based Adhesives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Crosslinking Reactions

6.3 Aliphatic Aldehydes as Crosslinkers

6.4 Cyclic and Aromatic Aldehydes as Crosslinkers

6.5 Crosslinkers Prepared from Biomass

6.6 Synthetic Crosslinkers

List of Abbreviations

References

7 Curing and Adhesive Bond Strength Development in Naturally-Based Adhesives

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Curing Monitoring Techniques

7.3 Bond Strength Development Monitoring Techniques

7.4 Curing Mechanisms in Naturally-Based Adhesives

7.5 Summary

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

References

8 Mimicking Nature: Bio-Inspired Adhesives

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Improvement of Adhesive Performance

8.3 Underwater Adhesives (Wet Application Adhesives)

8.4 Detechable Bonding and Self-Healing Polymers

8.5 Medical Applications

8.6 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

Part 2: Classes of Biobased Adhesives

9 Protein Adhesives – Composition, Structure and Performance

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Composition of Proteins

9.3 Types, Sources, Processing, and Properties of Proteins

9.4 Conclusion (Future of Protein Adhesives) and Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

10 Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) as Adhesives

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Cellulose Derivatives

10.3 Starch-Based Adhesives

10.4 Dextrin

10.5 Natural Gums

10.6 Chitosan

10.7 Summary and Prospects

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

References

11 Natural Polymer-Based Adhesives

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Natural Rubber (NR)-Based Adhesives

11.3 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-Based Wood Adhesives

11.4 Chitosan-Based Adhesives

11.5 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

12 Epoxy Adhesives from Natural Materials

12.1 Introduction and Morphology

12.2 Basic Properties of Epoxies

12.3 Epoxy Synthesis

12.4 Epoxy Curing

12.5 Aromatic Epoxies

12.6 Aliphatic Epoxies

12.7 Hardeners

12.8 Other Curing Mechanisms

12.9 Other Additives

12.10 Status of Biobased Epoxy Adhesives

12.11 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

13 Naturally-Based Polyurethane Bioadhesives

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Biopolyols-Isocyanate Polyurethanes

13.3 Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPUs)

13.4 NIPUs as Adhesives

13.5 Summary

References

14 Nanocellulose-Modified Wood Adhesives

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Nanocellulose as Additive for Conventional and Biobased Wood Adhesives

14.3 Nanocellulose-Derived Wood Adhesives

14.4 Prospects

14.5 Summary

Note

List of Abbreviations

References

15 Debondable, Recyclable and/or Biodegradable Naturally-Based Adhesives

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Debondable Adhesives

15.3 Biobased Debondable and Recyclable Adhesives

15.4 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

16 Fungal Mycelia as Bioadhesives

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Basics of Fungal Mycelia

16.3 Production Procedure

16.4 Adhesive Performance

16.5 Improvement Strategies

16.6 Prospects

16.7 Summary

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

References

17 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural-Based Adhesives: Challenges and Opportunities

17.1 Introduction

17.2 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural as Biobased Platform Chemical

17.3 5-HMF-Based Adhesive Systems

17.4 Prospects

17.5 Summary

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

References

18 Adhesive Precursors from Tree-Derived Naval Stores

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Sources and Structures

18.3 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

18.4 Chemistry and Products

18.5 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

Part 3: Applications of Biobased Adhesives

19 Naturally-Based Adhesives for Wood and Wood-Based Panels

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Protein-Based Wood Adhesives

19.3 Wood Adhesives Based on Carbohydrates

19.4 Tannin-Based Wood Adhesives

19.5 Wood Adhesives Based on Lignin

19.6 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

20 Activation of Wood Surfaces and “Binderless” Wood Composites

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Self-Adhesion and “Binderless” Boards

20.3 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

21 Bonding of Solid Wood-Based Materials for Timber Construction

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Brief Overview of Solid Wood-Based Materials

21.3 Adhesives Used for Materials in Structural Timber Engineering

21.4 Factors Influencing the Quality of Adhesively-Bonded Wood

21.5 Trends in the Use of Biobased Adhesives

21.6 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

22 Applications and Industrial Implementations of Naturally-Based Adhesives

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Wood-Based Panels

22.3 Shoe Fabrication (Footwear Industry)

22.4 Bonding of Metals

22.5 Composites in Automotive, Aircraft, and Aeronautical Industries

22.6 Natural Composites with Matrices Based on Natural Resources

22.7 Mineral Wool

22.8 Packaging and Other Applications

22.9 Biomedical Applications

22.10 Biodegradability and Recycling

22.11 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

22.12 Summary

List of Abbreviations

References

23 Bioadhesives for the Advancement of Controlled Drug Delivery and Wearable Bioelectronics

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Bioadhesives in Controlled Drug Delivery

23.3 Bioadhesives in Bioelectronics

23.4 Limitations of Bioadhesives for Biomedical Applications

23.5 Summary and Future Prospects

List of Abbreviations

References

Index

Wiley End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects

The topics to be covered include, but not limited to, basic and theoretical aspects of adhesion; modeling of adhesion phenomena; mechanisms of adhesion; surface and interfacial analysis and characterization; unraveling of events at interfaces; characterization of interphases; adhesion of thin films and coatings; adhesion aspects in reinforced composites; formation, characterization and durability of adhesive joints; surface preparation methods; polymer surface modification; biological adhesion; particle adhesion; adhesion of metallized plastics; adhesion of diamond-like films; adhesion promoters; contact angle, wettability and adhesion; superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity. With regards to adhesives, the Series will include, but not limited to, green adhesives; novel and high- performance adhesives; and medical adhesive applications.

Series Editor: Dr. K.L. MittalP.O. Box 1280, Hopewell Junction, NY 12533, USAEmail: [email protected]

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Biobased Adhesives

Sources, Characteristics and Applications

Edited by

Manfred Dunky

and

K.L. Mittal

This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-394-17463-8

Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

A biobased adhesive is defined as an adhesive material obtained/derived from biological or natural sources, e.g., plants, trees, seeds, grains, milk, microorganisms (e.g., fungi), and sea animals (e.g., barnacles). Apropos, it is also sometimes called a “nature-based” or “naturally-based” adhesive. Both terms are used in this book.

With the acute desire to preserve the environment and the urgent need to reduce the carbon footprint, there is tremendous interest and a high tempo of R&D activity in developing Biobased materials, including Biobased adhesives. Biobased adhesives offer many advantages over their synthetic counterparts, such as biodegradability, sustainability, and recyclability.

So currently scientists and technologists are eagerly involved in developing 100% bio-adhesives or in completely replacing the synthetic (petroleum-based) constituents or chemicals, or in reducing their use to a large extent, used in current synthetic adhesives.

Even a cursory glance at the literature will evince that there is a flurry of research activity in devising new or ameliorating the existing adhesives, but the information is scattered in many diverse publication media (research articles, patents, reports). We undertook this book project with the express intention to provide up-to-date and comprehensive information on this topic in an easily-accessible source. We are very sanguine that readers will find that this book veritably fulfills the stated objective.

This book contains 23 chapters covering the various ramifications of Biobased adhesives. The chapters are written by well known scientists and technologists actively involved in the arena of Biobased adhesives. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1: Fundamental Aspects; Part 2: Classes of Biobased Adhesives; and Part 3: Applications of Biobased Adhesives. Topics covered include: introduction to Biobased adhesives; adhesion theories and adhesion and surface issues with Biobased adhesives; chemistry of adhesives; bio-refinery products as Biobased raw materials for adhesives; naturally aldehyde-based thermosetting resins; natural crosslinkers; curing and adhesive bond strength development in Biobased adhesives; mimicking nature; bio-inspired adhesives; protein adhesives; carbohydrates as adhesives; natural polymer-based adhesives; epoxy adhesives from natural materials; Biobased polyurethane adhesives; nanocellulose-modified adhesives; debondable, recyclable, and biodegradable Biobased adhesives; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-based adhesives; adhesive precursors from tree-derived naval stores; and applications in diverse arenas such as wood bonding, controlled drug delivery, and wearable bioelectronics.

This book is profusely illustrated and copiously referenced. It should be of great value to anyone interested/involved in adhesive bonding. Adhesives are used for bonding in a legion of applications ranging from mundane (gluing toys together) to highly-sophisticated (fabrication of large structures by bonding various components).

This book should be of interest to materials scientists, adhesionists, polymer chemists, marine biologists, food and agriculture scientists, and environmentalists. R&D personnel in a slew of wide-ranging industries such as aviation, shipbuilding, railway, automotive, packaging, construction, wood bonding, and composites should find this book a repository of current and much-needed information. Also, we feel this book will provide a fountainhead for new ideas, and new vistas will emerge in the not-too-distant future.

Now it is our pleasant task to thank all those who were instrumental in making this book possible. Obviously, first and foremost, our sincere and profound thanks go to the authors for their keen interest, sustained enthusiasm, unwavering cooperation, and sharing their valuable research experience in the form of written accounts, without which this book would not have seen the light of day. We will be remiss if we fail to extend our thanks to Martin Scrivener (publisher) for his steadfast interest in and whole-hearted support for this book project.

Manfred DunkySt. Poelten, AustriaEmail: [email protected]

Kash MittalHopewell Junction, NY, USAemail: [email protected]

March 2023

Part 1FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS

1Introduction to Naturally-Based (Bio-) Adhesives

Manfred Dunky

University Lecturer, retired from Chemical and Wood Based Panels Industry, St. Poelten, Austria

Abstract

Naturally-based adhesives (Biobased adhesives) have attracted tremendous attention in the last years, especially based on the general “green” ideas as well as to replace oil- or gas-derived adhesives. So far, despite the huge effort in research and development and an inestimable number of papers and reports published, a commercial breakthrough is still missing. Only in a few special niche markets some significance of the use of such natural adhesives is shown. But mainly in the huge applications, such as wood bonding and production of wood-based panels, the use of naturally-based adhesives is still insignificant.

This chapter highlights opportunities and challenges for naturally-based adhesives, including requirements and limitations. Instead of using natural substances as adhesives, small and well-defined platform chemicals, as they are produced in biorefineries, can be used for the synthesis of various types of materials, among them also adhesives. Additionally, two special topics are highlighted, i.e., lignin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Mimicking nature tries to copy nature’s materials or at least the idea for suitable materials usable as adhesives, as nature shows incredible examples of adhesion, such as underwater or with quick and frequent de- and rebonding.

Keywords: Plant proteins, soy, animal proteins, lignin, 5-HMF, mimicking nature, hyphae, mussel-inspired adhesives

1.1 Introduction

Talking about “Biobased adhesives”, as this title was selected for the whole book, needs discussion and an attempt at a clear definition. Several terms, meaning the same or similar, are given in literature, such as “Biobased adhesives”, “bioadhesives”, “adhesives based on natural resources”, “naturally-based adhesives”, “bio-inspired adhesives”, “bio-derived adhesives”, or “adhesives based on renewable materials”, just to mention some of the terms existing in literature; often they are without strict definition and explanation, and it is difficult to differentiate between them. Also in this book, since many authors contributed their chapters, various terms for Biobased adhesives and naturally-based adhesives have been used in the various chapters.

Requirement to call an adhesive “Biobased” can be that its composition is fully by natural raw materials, with “including only those materials of natural, non-mineral origin, which can be used after small modifications to replace synthetic adhesives”, but also often still small proportions of synthetic chemicals are accepted, such as crosslinkers; in literature this borderline is not clear [1].

Natural adhesives have been developed and are partly in use for several materials to be bonded, such as organic and inorganic fibres in the production of composites, paper and cardboard for packaging materials, or, with already high degree of implementation, bonding of tissue, e.g., in wound closure. The range of application of such natural adhesives is already broad, and this will increase in future.

Wood bonding is one of the most important actual applications of natural adhesives. Therefore wood bonding will be especially highlighted in this chapter. Nevertheless, same or similar aspects are valid for all other possible applications of Biobased adhesives. There is strong motivation to bond wood as a natural product also by use of natural adhesives or to even generate the adhesive directly from the wood material during the bonding process. This latter approach can be implemented (i) by activation of lignin, as this material is also the natural adhesive per se, holding the wood cells in a tree together via the middle lamella; (ii) by in situ decomposition of various wood components such as hemicelluloses by citric acid; or (iii) by wood welding, where the adhesive is generated due to the strong impact of heat and mechanical forces, causing strong densification of the wood material and softening of lignin and hemicelluloses.

Wood adhesives from renewable raw materials have been a topic of considerable interest for many decades. This interest, already present in the 1940s, became more intense with the world’s first oil crisis in the early 1970s, but then declined as the cost of oil decreased again. Since the beginning of the 21st century this interest has intensified again for a number of reasons. The main stimulus for today’s renewed interest in Biobased adhesives is the acute sensitivity of the general public towards anything that deals with the environment and its protection. Additionally, new government regulations have been put into force to allay the environmental concerns of the public [1, 2].

As partly already outlined in the Preface to this book, five basic cases of naturally-based adhesives shall be mentioned:

Fully naturally-based adhesives: here the macromolecular feature of many natural substances is utilized. Modification and crosslinking often are necessary, but not the use of synthetic chemicals; only basic chemicals, such as for pH adjustment or as catalyst are accepted, but these substances are not chemically incorporated into the adhesive molecules. Purification of tannin extracts [

3

] or breaking up the supramolecular structures of proteins by denaturation [

4

,

5