Biocatalysis and Biomolecular Engineering E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

An expert overview of new technologies guiding the construction of a sustainable society

This compendium of important insights from sixty distinguished international scholars looks at the significant advances in progressive environmental technology—especially the molecular engineering used on plants, animals, and microorganisms—as the game changer in the high-stakes race to reverse earth-damaging practices.

Biocatalysis and Biomolecular Engineering covers subject matter on the latest developments in eco-friendly and energy-saving manufacturing processes with the emphasis on agricultural technology and bio-based products. Focusing its study on remedies that show promise in curing food and energy ills, this book examines groundbreaking work in various fields, such as nutraceuticals, genetic engineering of agricultural products, and bioenergy. Biocatalysis and Biomolecular Engineering:

• Can be used as a reference by teachers, graduate students, and industrial scientists who conduct research in bioscience and biotechnology

• Serves as the first book to bring together fundamentals and leading-edge technologies for the development of bio-based industrial products through biocatalysis; for example, it discusses the preparation of biofunctional micro- and nanoparticles

• Contains chapters by international experts from academia, industry, and government research institutes

Biocatalysis and Biomolecular Engineering builds a cohesive, well thought out case for nurturing new discoveries in eco-technology by inviting critical discussion on devising viable solutions to sustaining the future wellness of humankind.

Leseprobe

Copyright

Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN: 9780470487594

To our wives, Mandy Hou and Yea-Shiow Shaw, for their understanding and kind support during preparation of this book

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Contributors

Section I Improvement of Agronomic and Microbial Traits

1 I Insights into the Structure and Function of Acyl-CoA: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Discovery of DGAT

1.3 Membrane Topological Organization of DGATs

1.4 Alignment of DGAT1 Polypeptides

1.5 Alignment of DGAT2 Polypeptides

1.6 Structure of DGAT Genes

1.7 Functional Motifs in DGAT1

1.8 Functional Motifs in DGAT2

1.9 Subcellular Localization of DGATs

1.10 Conclusions and Future Research

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

2 Improving Enzyme Character by Molecular Breeding: Preparation of Chimeric Genes

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Preparation of Chimeric β-Glucosidase to Improve the Enzyme Character

2.3 Preparation of Chimeric Xylanase to Determine the Enzyme Activity at Basic pH

2.4 Future Studies

References

3 Production and Accumulation of Unusual Fatty Acids in Plant Tissues

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Results and Discussion

3.3 Conclusions

References

4 Preparation of Oleaginous Yeast by Genetic Modification and Its Potential Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Identification of Genes Involved in Lipid Accumulation in S. cerevisiae

4.3 Preparation of Oleaginous Yeast S. cerevisiae by Genetic Modification

4.4 Future Perspectives

References

5 Improving Value of Oil Palm Using Genetic Engineering

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Materials and Methods

5.3 Results and Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

6 Potential in Using Arabidopsis Acyl-Coenzyme-A-Binding Proteins in Engineering Stress-Tolerant Plants

6.1 Plant Lipid-Binding Proteins

6.2 Proposed Biological Roles of Plant LTPs

6.3 Arabidopsis ACBPs

6.4 Potential of Arabidopsis ACBP1 in Phytoremediation

6.5 Potential of Arabidopsis ACBP6 in Enhancing FREEZING Tolerance

6.6 Potential of Arabidopsis ACBP2 in Combating Oxidative Stress

6.7 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

7 Modification of Lipid Composition by Genetic Engineering in Oleaginous Marine Microorganism, Thraustochytrid

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Materials and Methods

7.3 Results and Discussion

References

8 Integrated Approaches to Manage Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Viruses

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Host-Plant Resistance to TYLCV

8.3 Resistance to the Whitefly Vector

8.4 Pathogen-Derived Resistance

8.5 Integrated Approach Towards Stable Resistance to TYLCV

8.6 Conclusions

References

9 Carbohydrate Acquisition During Legume Seed Development

9.1 Introduction: Legume Seed Crops

9.2 Nutrient Pathway from Seed Coat to Embryo in Legumes

9.3 Role of Invertases in Sucrose Metabolism During Legume Seed Development

9.4 Pea Seed Coat Morphology And Site of Sucrose Unloading

9.5 Embryo Acquisition of Sugars

9.6 Modification of Nutrient Pathway During Pea Seed Development

References

10 Biotechnology Enhancement of Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Seed Oils

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Occurrence and Levels of Phytosterol in Seed Oils

10.3 Phytosterol Enhancement Through Gene Engineering

10.4 Remarks and Perspectives

References

Section II Functional Foods and Biofuels

11 Dietary Phosphatidylinositol in Metabolic Syndrome

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Effect of Dietary PI on the Development of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Metabolic Syndrome Model Rats

11.3 Effect of Dietary PI on Serum Adiponectin Levels and Hepatic Inflammatory Molecule mRNA Levels in Metabolic Syndrome Model Rats

11.4 Effect of Dietary PI on Cholesterol Levels in Metabolic Syndrome Model Rats

11.5 Effect of Dietary PI on Hepatic mRNA Levels and Fecal Bile Acid Levels in Metabolic Syndrome Model Rats

11.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

12 Biotechnological Enrichment of Cereals with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Importance and Sources of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

12.3 Biotechnological Strategy for Cereals Enriched with PUFAs

12.4 Solid-State Fermentations

12.5 Genetic Transformation of Plants

12.6 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

13 Lipophilic Ginsenoside Derivatives Production

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Chemical Composition and Traditional Usage of Panax ginseng

13.3 Metabolism of Ginsenosides in Human Body

13.4 Production of Lipophilic Ginsenoside Derivatives Using Enzyme

References

14 Brown Seaweed Lipids as Possible Source for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Seaweeds Lipids as a Rich Source of Functional HUFA

14.3 Brown Seaweeds are a Rich Source of Polyphenols

14.4 Carotenoids in Brown Seaweeds

14.5 Future Direction

References

15 Processes for Production of Biodiesel Fuel

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Biofuels

15.3 Various Processes for BDF Production

15.4 Processes with Chemical Catalysts

15.5 Processes without Catalysts

15.6 Biochemical Processes for BDF Production

15.7 Conclusions

References

16 Noncatalytic Alcoholysis Process for Production of Biodiesel Fuel: Its Potential in Japan and Southeast Asia

16.1 Promising Materials for the Production of Biodiesel Fuel

16.2 Problems with the Conventional Alkaline Catalyzed Alcoholysis Reaction Process for the Production of Biodiesel Fuel

16.3 Advantages of a Noncatalytic Alcoholysis Reaction Process Over the Conventional Alkaline-Catalyzed Process

16.4 Research on the Noncatalytic Alcoholysis Reaction for Biodiesel Fuel Production in Japan

16.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

17 Use of Coniochaeta ligniaria to Detoxify Fermentation Inhibitors Present in Cellulosic Sugar Streams

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Discovery of Microorganisms for Abatement of Fermentation Inhibitors

17.3 C. ligniaria Metabolism of Inhibitors

17.4 Bioabatement of Pretreated Hydrolysates

17.5 Conclusions

References

18 Omics Applications to Biofuel Research

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Next Generation: Renewable Energy Biomass Program

18.3 Main Feedstocks for Next-Generation Biofuels

18.4 Identification of Cellulase Genes by Genomic Approaches

18.5 How Can Transcriptomic Study Help Identify Cellulase Genes in a Microbe?

18.6 How Can Proteomic Study Help Identify Cellulase Genes in a Microbe?

18.7 Conversion of Cellulose to Ethanol

18.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Section III Renewable Bioproducts

19 Biotechnological Uses of Phospholipids

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Phospholipids for Food and Nutraceuticals

19.3 Phospholipids for Cosmetics

19.4 Phospholipids for Agricultural Application

19.5 Phospholipids for Pharmaceuticals

19.6 Conclusions

References

20 Application of Partition Chromatographic Theory on the Routine Analysis of Lipid Molecular Species

20.1 Relationship between the Structure of a Lipid Molecule and the Sequence of Elution: The Traditional Way of Predicting the Retention Time on Reverse-Phase HPLC

20.2 Relationship between the Structure of a Lipid Molecule and the Sequence of Elution: Predicting the Retention Time of Individual Lipid Molecular Species on Reverse-Phase HPLC

20.3 Application of the Simple Additional Theorem of Chemical Potential in the Chromatographic System

20.4 Calculation of Relative Retention Potential Index (RPI) on HPLC

Appendixes

Acknowledgments

References

21 Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Intermediates for Drugs

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Reductions

21.3 Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Reductive Aminations

21.4 Conclusions

References

22 Engineering of Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase as Biocatalysts for Chemical Synthesis and Environmental Bioremediation

22.1 Introduction

22.2 H2O2-Dependent Substrate Hydroxylation Activity and H2O2 Inactivation of Mutant Cytochrome P450 BM-3

22.3 Engineering Cytochrome P450 BM-3 for Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

22.4 Metabolism of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins by Cytochrome P450 BM-3 and its Mutant

22.5 Stereoselectivity in Propylbenzene and 3-Chlorostyrene Oxidation by Cytochrome P450 BM-3 and its Mutant

22.6 Application of Cytochrome P450 BM-3 Mutant to the Synthesis of Hydroquinone Derivatives from Phenolic Compounds

22.7 Conclusions

References

23 Glycosynthases from Inverting Hydrolases

23.1 Retaining and Inverting Glycoside Hydrolases

23.2 Reactions of GH with the Glycosyl Fluoride of the Opposite Anomer

23.3 The Model Inverting GH: Reducing-End-Xylose Releasing Exo-Oligoxylanase (Rex)

23.4 Hehre Resynthesis-Hydrolysis of Rex

23.5 Conversion of Rex into Glycosnythase by Mutating Base Residue

23.6 Conversion of Rex into Glycosnythase by Mutating the Residue Supporting the Nucleophilic Water Molecule

23.7 Comparison of Glycosynthase Conversion from Retaining and Inverting GHs

23.8 Glycosynthase from an Inverting GH with A typical Reaction Mechanism

References

24 Molecular Species of Diacylglycerols and Triacylglycerols Containing Dihydroxy Fatty Acids in Castor Oil

24.1 Introduction

24.2 HPLC Fractionation of the Molecular Species of Acylglycerols in Castor Oil

24.3 Proposed Structures of Dihydroxy Fatty Acids

24.4 Structures of Acylglycerols Containing Dihydroxy Fatty Acids

24.5 Regiospecific Quantification of Triacylglycerols

24.6 Ratios of Fatty Acids at the SN-2 Position of Triacylglycerols

24.7 Conclusions

References

25 Biocatalytic Production of Lactobionic Acid

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Practical and Feasible Applications

25.3 Biocatalytic Production Methods

25.4 Production by Paraconiothyrium Oxidase

25.5 Conclusions

References

26 Recent Advances in Aldolase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Unnatural Sugars and Iminocyclitols

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Directed Evolution of L-Rhamnulose 1-Phosphate Aldolase Using In Vivo Selection

26.3 Use of Borate as a Phosphate Ester Mimic in Aldolase-Catalyzed Reactions: Practical Synthesis of L-Fructose and L-Iminocyclitols

26.4 One-Pot Synthesis of D-Iminocyclitols Using D-Fructose 6-Phosphate Aldolase

26.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

27 Production of Value-Added Products by Lactic Acid Bacteria

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Lactate Fermentation

27.3 Production of Antibacterial Peptides and Proteins

27.4 Other Applications

27.5 Perspectives

References

28 Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycosides Using Alpha-Amylase Family Enzymes

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Enzymatic Synthesis of Alpha-Arbutin and its Melanogenesis Inhibition

28.3 Enzymatic Syntheses of Hydroquinone Glycosides and their Inhibitory Effects on Human Tyrosinase

28.4 Transglycosylation to Carboxylic Acid by Sucrose Phosphorylase

28.5 Conclusions

References

29 Biological Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extracts and Antimicrobial Application

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extracts

29.3 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extracts

29.4 Synthesis of Gold/Silver Bimetal Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extracts

29.5 Antimicrobial Application of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Plant Leaf Extracts

29.6 Conclusions

References

30 Potential Approach of Microbial Conversion to Develop New Antifungal Products of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Development of New Antifungal Products of Omega-3 Fatty Acid by the Microbial Conversion

30.3 Biological Activities of Microbially Converted New Antifungal Products of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

30.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Index

Preface

This book was assembled with the intent of bringing together current advances and in-depth reviews of biocatalysis and biomolecular engineering with emphasis on agricultural biotechnology. The book consists of selected papers presented at the fourth International Symposium on Biocatalysis and Biotechnology held at the Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan November 19–21, 2008. At this symposium, 60 distinguished international scientists from the United States, Japan, Korea, Canada, Brazil, Belgium, Slovak Republic, France, and Taiwan, shared their valuable research results. Additionally, there were 20 selected posters, one session for American Oil Chemists Society Asian Section, and two workshops for Biotech Developments and over 600 attendees. A few chapters contained in this book were contributed by distinguished scientists who could not attend this meeting. This meeting was a great success and we greatly appreciate President Dr. Chi-Huey Wong of Academia Sinica for providing the venue for the meeting. The contributions of local organization committee members are highly appreciated: Andrew H.-J. Wang, and Ming-Che Shih of Academia Sinica, and Yung-Sheng Huang, Chang-Hsien Yang of the National Chung Hsing University.

Recent energy and food crises point out the important of bio-based products from renewable resources and agricultural biotechnology. It is inevitable to use modern tools of molecular engineering on plants, animals and microorganisms to solve these crises and improve the wellness of humankind. There is no comprehensive book on molecular engineering of agricultural biotechnology and bio-based products from renewable resources. The authors are internationally recognized experts from all sectors of academia, industry, and government research institutes. This is the most current book on molecular engineering of agricultural biotechnology and bio-based industrial products.

This book composes of 30 chapters divided into three sections. The first 10 chapters describe the world's newest research on improvement of agronomic and microbial traits. Included are: Insights into the Structure and Function of Acyl-CoA: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase, Improving Enzyme Character by Molecular Breeding-Preparation of Chimeric Genes, Production and Accumulation of Unusual Fatty Acids in Plant Tissues, Preparation of Oleaginous Yeast by Genetic Modification and Its Potential Applications, Improving Value of Oil Palm Using Genetic Engineering, Potential in Using Arabidopsis Acyl-Coenzyme-A-Binding Proteins in Engineering Stress-Tolerant Plants, Modification of Lipid Composition by Genetic Engineering in Oleaginous Marine Microorganisms: Thraustochytrid, Integrated Approaches to Manage Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Viruses, Carbohydrate Acquisition During Legume Seed Development, and Biotechnology Enhancement of Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Seed Oils. The second section includes 8 chapters devoted to Functional Foods and Biofuels: Dietary Phosphatydyl Inositol in Metabolic Syndrome, Biotechnological Enrichment of Cereals with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Brown Seaweeds Lipids as Possible Source for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Lipophillic Ginsenosides Derivative Production, Processes for Production of Biodiesel Fuel, Noncatalytic Alcoholysis Process for Production of Biodiesel Fuel—Its Potential in Japan and Southeast Asia, Use of Coniochaeta Ligniaria to Detoxify Fermentation Inhibitors Present in Cellulosic Sugar Streams, and Omics Applications to Biofuel Research. The third section with 12 chapters describes Renewable Bioproducts: Biotechnological Uses of Phospholipids, Application of Partition Chromatographic Theory on the Routine Analysis of Lipid Molecular Species, Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Intermediates for Drugs, Engineering of Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase as Biocatalysts for Chemical Synthesis and Environmental Bioremediation, Glycosynthase from Inverting Hydrolases, Molecular Species of Diacylglycerols and Triacylglycerols Containing Dihydroxy Fatty Acids in Castor Oil, Biocatalytic Production of Lactobionic Acid, Recent Advances in Aldolase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Unnatural Sugars and Iminocyclitols, Production of Value-Added Products by Lactic Acid Bacteria, Enzyme Synthesis of Glycosides Using Alpha-Amylase Family Enzymes, Biological Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extracts and Antimicrobial Application, and Potential Approach of Microbial Conversion to Develop New Antifungal Products of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

This book serves as reference for teachers, graduate students, and industrial scientists who conduct research in biosciences and biotechnology.

Ching T. Hou

Peoria, IL USA

Jei-Fu Shaw

Taichung, Taiwan

Contributors

Hirofumi Adachi, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Zuzana Adamechova, Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Tsunehiro Aki, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Nur Hanin Ayub, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Hassan Azaizeh, Institute of Applied Research Center (Affiliated with University of Haifa), The Galilee Society, Shefa-Amr, Israel

Vivek K. Bajpai, Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyoungsan, Kyoungbook, Republic of Korea

Pankaj K. Bhowmik, National Research Council—Plant Biology Institute Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Kenneth M. Bischoff, Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, USA

Bahariah Bohari, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Milan Certik, Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Hsin-Liang Chen, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Qin-Fang Chen, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

Qilin Chen, National Research Council Canada—Plant Biotechnology Institute, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Mee-Len Chye, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong and State (China) Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

Fengjie Cui, Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, USA

Robert de la Pena, AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan

Bruce S. Dien, Bioenergy Research Unit, NCAUR, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA

Ahmad Kushairi Din, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Wei Gao, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

William A. Greenberg, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA

Shoji Hagiwara, National Food Research Institute, NARO, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

J. J. Han, Doosan Glonet, B5F, Advanced Convergence Institute of Technology, 864-1 IUI-dong, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea

Ahmad Tarmizi Hashim, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

T. Hatanaka, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

Kiyoshi Hayashi, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Xiaohua He, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA

David Hildebrand, Agronomy Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Tsugihiko Hirano, Renesas Northern Japan Semiconductor, Inc., 145-1 Nakajima Nanae-cho Kameda-gun, Hokkaido, Japan

Zhangyong Hong, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA

Masashi Hosokawa, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Japan

Ching T. Hou, Microbial Genomic and Bioprocessing Research Unit, National Centre for Agricultural Utilization Research, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL, USA

Jiang-Ning Hu, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 220 Yusung Gu, Gung-Dong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

J. Hughes, AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan

Zamzuri Ishak, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Hiroaki Iwasaka, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Ghulam Kadir Ahmad Parveez, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

P. Kadirvel, AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan 71499, Taiwan

Toshihide Kakizono, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Yasushi Kamisaka, Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan

Sun Chul Kang, Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyungsan City, Gyungbook, Korea

Seiji Kawamoto, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Hiroko Kawasaki, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

L. Kenyon, AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, Shanhua, Tainan 71499, Taiwan

Beom Soo Kim, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshindong, Heungdeokgu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea

Hak-Ryul Kim, Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyoungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea

Takaaki Kiryu, Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan

Taro Kiso, Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan

Motomitsu Kitaoka, Enzyme Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Takashi Kuriki, Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan

K.T. Lee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong Yusung-Gu, Daejon, South Korea

R. Li, Plant Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Qing-Shan Li, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakwa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

Wen-Hsiung Li, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan and Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Yebo Li, Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA

Jiann-Tsyh Lin, Western Regional Research Center, ARS, USDA, Albany, CA, USA

Qin Liu, Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Siqing Liu, Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL61604, USA

Maria J. López, Departamento de Biología Aplicada, University of Almería, Almería, Spain

Thomas McKeon, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA

Kazuo Miyashita, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Mirato, Hakodate, Japan

Joaquín Moreno, Departamento de Biología Aplicada, University of Almería, Almería, Spain

Hiromi Murakami, Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan

Hiroshi Nabetani, Head of the Laboratory. Reaction and Separation Engineering Laboratory Food Engineering Division National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Koji Nagao, Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan

Mitsutoshi Nakajima, National Food Research Institute, NARO, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Hirofumi Nakano, Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, 6-50, Morinomiya 1-chome, Joto-ku, Osaka, Japan

Maya Nanko, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Nancy N. Nichols, Bioenergy Research Unit, NCAUR, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, USA

Mamoru Nishimoto, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan

Takahisa Nishimura, Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan

Hiromi Nishiura, Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan

Koji Nomura, Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan

Jun Ogawa, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

Kazuhisa Ono, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Abrizah Othman, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Jocelyn A. Ozga, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Ramesh Patel, SLRPAssociates, Biotechnology Consulting Firm, Bridgewater, NJ, USA

Umi Salamah Ramli, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

S. Rao, Plant Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Dennis M. Reinecke, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta

J.S. Rhee, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1, Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea

Ravigadevi Sambanthamurthi, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Rolf D. Schmid, Institut für Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart, Germany

Ming-Che Shih, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Yuji Shimada, Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, Osaka, Japan. 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, Japan

Sakayu Shimizu, Divison of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakwa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

Bungo Shirouchi, Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Saga University, Saga, Japan and Food Function and Labeling Program, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Rodrigo M. P. Siloto, Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

J.K. Song, Chemical Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea

Jae Yong Song, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea

Lucia Slavikova, Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic

Kazuhisha Sugimoto, Biochemical Research Laboratory, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan

Masakazu Sugiyama, AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1 Suzukicho, Kawasakiku, Kawasakishi, Japan, 210-8681

Huang-Mo Sung, Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

Ahmed Tafesh, Institute of Applied Research Center (Affiliated with University of Haifa), The Galilee Society, Shefa-Amr, Israel

Koretaro Takahashi, Graduate School of Fisheries Science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Japan

J.R. Thoguru, Plant Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Takayuki Tsukui, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Japan

Vlada Urlacher, Institut für Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart, Germany

S. Venkatesan, AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 71499, Taiwan

Mohd Basri Wahid, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Tzi-Yuan Wang, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Yomi Watanabe, Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka, Japan

Randall J. Weselake, Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

M. Airanthi K. Widjaja-Adhi, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Japan

Chi-Huey Wong, Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA

Shi Xiao, School of Biological Sciences, The University of HongKong, Hong Kong, China

Teruyoshi Yanagita, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, Saga, Japan

Suk Hoo Yoon, Korea Food Research Institute, San 46-1, Baekhyun-Dong, Bundang-Ku, Songnam-Si, Kyunggi-Do, Korea

Abdul Masani Mat Yunus, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Jitao Zou, Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Canada

Section I

Improvement of Agronomic and Microbial Traits

1

Insights Into the Structure and Function of Acyl-CoA: Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase

Rodrigo M.P. Siloto, Qin Liu, and Randall J. Weselake

Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5

Xiaohua He and Thomas McKeon

Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA

1.1 Introduction

Production of vegetable oils has been recognized as a rapidly developing field in plant biotechnology that goes beyond food-based applications. Many kinds of vegetable oils are used in soaps and cosmetics or converted to oleochemicals that are extensively used to replace petrochemicals in paints, plastics, fuels, and lubricants. The demand for biodegradable chemicals applied to industrial products has been increasing, and therefore a boost in the production of vegetable oils and fats is needed. Biotechnological approaches including traditional plant breeding and direct genome modification through genetic engineering are crucial tools to increase seed oil production without extending the area of crop cultivation, which has a direct impact on deforestation and competition with food production. Moreover, even a diminutive increase in seed oil content reflects in considerable profitability. Despite the unprecedented advances derived from molecular genetics and genomics research on the biochemical pathways of plant lipid metabolism in the last decade, the mechanisms regulating seed oil content are not fully understood. Many aspects of key enzymes are not yet determined even in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Hildebrand et al., 2008). For example, recent studies focusing on intracellular trafficking indicated that compartmentalization of enzyme activities within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane represents an additional mechanism adopted by plant cells to control oil production and may be essential for channeling of particular fatty acids into storage lipids (Dyer and Mullen, 2008).

Nevertheless, manipulation of genes involved in storage lipid biosynthesis has been used to increase accumulation of seed triacylglycerol (TAG), the main component of vegetable oils (Weselake, 2002). It was recently demonstrated that overexpression of plant and fungi genes encoding acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20), which catalyzes the final assembly of TAG, resulted in small but significant increases in seed oil content in canola and soybean tested under field conditions (Lardizabal et al., 2008; Weselake et al., 2008). Indeed, the level of DGAT activity in developing seeds seems to have a direct effect on the accumulation of TAG (Perry and Harwood, 1993; Cahoon et al., 2007). Surprisingly, little is known about the molecular mechanisms governing DGAT activity. The most basic information about structure and function of this enzyme is essential for rational designs to increase its performance in oilseeds and have a direct reflection in seed oil content. In view of the biotechnological importance of DGATs from plants and fungi, we summarize some of the structural and functional aspects of these enzymes with particular attention to membrane topology, functional polypeptide motifs, and subcellular localization. We use approaches to compare the findings obtained with related enzymes in animals and prokaryotes.