Table of Contents
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)
Usage Rules:
Disclaimer:
Limitation of Liability:
General:
FOREWORD
List of Contributors
Hydroxyapatite Derived from Biogenic Sources for Biomedical and Environmental Applications
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
BIOGENIC SOURCES
HAp Extracted from Biogenic Sources
HAp Synthesis from Shells
Eggshell as Calcium Source for the Preparation of HAp
Eggshell Derived HAp by Microwave Synthesis
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Three-Dimensionally (3D) Printed Bioceramic Scaffolds for Tissue Reconstruction
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
BIOCERAMICS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING
Calcium Phosphates
Silica-based Bioactive Glasses
Melt-quenched Derived Bioactive Glasses
Sol-gel Derived Bioactive Glasses
Other Materials (Alumina, Zirconia and their Composites)
Alumina
Zirconia
Doped Zirconia
Composites
THREE-DIMENSIONAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING
Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
Stereolithography (SLA)
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING OF BIOCERAMICS SCAFFOLDS
Calcium Phosphates
Silica-based Bioactive Glasses
Other Materials (Alumina, Zirconia and their Composites)
REFERENCES
Additive Manufacturing of Bioactive Glasses: Focus on Bone Tissue Engineering
Abstract
Introduction
Additive manufacturing of BGs and glass/Polymer composites
General 3D Printing of BG Powder
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Stereolithography (SLA)
Extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing
Concluding remarks
References
Mesoporous Bioactive Glasses: Effective Biocompatible Materials for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Ordered Mesoporous Materials: A Brief History
MBGs: Structure and Characteristics
MBGs for Drug Delivery Applications
MBGs in Tissue Engineering Strategies
CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramics for Managing Microbial Infections
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
GLASSES AND GLASS-CERAMICS WITH PROVEN ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
BACTERIA ELIMINATION: MECHANISMS OF ACTION
TREATMENT OF OSTEOMYELITIS
BIOACTIVE GLASS COATINGS
TREATMENT OF SKIN WOUNDS
APPLICATIONS IN DENTISTRY
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Bioactive Glasses and Ceramics for Improved Angiogenesis
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Angiogenesis: A Cellular and Molecular Perspective
Mechanism of Angiogenesis
Angiogenic Signaling Pathways
Importance of Angiogenesis in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Bioactive Glasses (BGs) and Glass-Ceramics for Improved Angiogenesis
Bioactive Glasses (BGs)
Calcium Silicate Bioceramics
Calcium Phosphates Ceramics (CPCs)
Calcium Sulphate Bioceramics
CONCLUDING REMARKS
REFERENCES
Bioactive Glasses and their Composites with Potent Hemostatic Activity
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Bioactive Glasses for Hemostatic Applications
Hemostatic Bioactive Glasses Powders
Hemostatic Bioactive Glass Fibers
Hemostatic Bioactive Glasses-containing Composite Sponges
Hemostatic Bioactive Glasses-containing Composite Hydrogels
Other Bioactive Glass-containing Biomaterials for Hemostatic Applications
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Combination of Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles and Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Regeneration
Abstract
Introduction
Sol-gel processing of bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNs)
Base-catalyzed Sol-gel Processing
Acid/base Co-catalyzed Sol-gel Processing
Acid-catalyzed Sol-gel Processing
Strategies Toward Incorporating Biologically Active Metal Ions into BGNs
Combination of BGNs and Natural Polymers Toward Nanocomposite Hydrogels
Interactions Between BGNs and Natural Polymers
The Incorporation of BGNs Enhances the Properties of Natural Polymer-based Hydrogels
Acellular Bioactivity
Osteogenic Property
Angiogenic Activity
Immundulatoy Activity
Antibacterial Activity
Conclusion and outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
Bioceramics and Bioactive Glasses for Tooth Repair and Regeneration
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL TISSUE AND THE NEED FOR CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS
Bioceramics used in Dental Applications
The Properties of Bioactive and Bioresorbable Materials
Calcium Phosphate
Bioactive Glasses
Bioactive Glass-Ceramics
Titania
The properties of bioinert ceramics
Glass-Ionomer Cement
Zirconia
Alumina
Restorative Glass-Ceramics
Application and Advances of Bioceramics in Dentistry
Restoration
Rehabilitation
Regeneration
CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEGMENTS
REFERENCES
Bioceramics and Bioactive Glasses for Skin Wound Healing
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MARKET AVAILABLE WOUND DRESSINGS AND THEIR DISADVANTAGES
WHY GLASS AND CERAMICS?
ADVANCED FORMULATIONS
Ointments
Foams
Bioactive Glass-Based Bandages
Bioactive Glasses for Burn Wounds
BIOACTIVE GLASS-BASED MICRO NANOFIBRES IN WOUND HEALING – A RECENT CUTTING-EDGE APPROACH
BACTERIAL INFECTION IN SKIN WOUNDS AND THE ROLE OF ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS OF GLASS
SYNTHESIS OF GLASS-BASED FORMULATIONS
ROLE OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES IN WOUND HEALING GLASS
SUMMARY AND CHALLENGES
REFERENCES
Bioceramics: Status in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
(Part 2)
Edited by
Saeid Kargozar
Department of Radiation Oncology
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center
UT Southwestern Medical Center
Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas
TX75390, USA
&
Francesco Baino
Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT)
Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering
Politecnico di Torino
Torino, Italy
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)
This is an agreement between you and Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Please read this License Agreement carefully before using the ebook/echapter/ejournal (“Work”). Your use of the Work constitutes your agreement to the terms and conditions set forth in this License Agreement. If you do not agree to these terms and conditions then you should not use the Work.
Bentham Science Publishers agrees to grant you a non-exclusive, non-transferable limited license to use the Work subject to and in accordance with the following terms and conditions. This License Agreement is for non-library, personal use only. For a library / institutional / multi user license in respect of the Work, please contact: [email protected].
Usage Rules:
All rights reserved: The Work is the subject of copyright and Bentham Science Publishers either owns the Work (and the copyright in it) or is licensed to distribute the Work. You shall not copy, reproduce, modify, remove, delete, augment, add to, publish, transmit, sell, resell, create derivative works from, or in any way exploit the Work or make the Work available for others to do any of the same, in any form or by any means, in whole or in part, in each case without the prior written permission of Bentham Science Publishers, unless stated otherwise in this License Agreement.You may download a copy of the Work on one occasion to one personal computer (including tablet, laptop, desktop, or other such devices). You may make one back-up copy of the Work to avoid losing it.The unauthorised use or distribution of copyrighted or other proprietary content is illegal and could subject you to liability for substantial money damages. You will be liable for any damage resulting from your misuse of the Work or any violation of this License Agreement, including any infringement by you of copyrights or proprietary rights.
Disclaimer:
Bentham Science Publishers does not guarantee that the information in the Work is error-free, or warrant that it will meet your requirements or that access to the Work will be uninterrupted or error-free. The Work is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied or statutory, including, without limitation, implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as to the results and performance of the Work is assumed by you. No responsibility is assumed by Bentham Science Publishers, its staff, editors and/or authors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products instruction, advertisements or ideas contained in the Work.
Limitation of Liability:
In no event will Bentham Science Publishers, its staff, editors and/or authors, be liable for any damages, including, without limitation, special, incidental and/or consequential damages and/or damages for lost data and/or profits arising out of (whether directly or indirectly) the use or inability to use the Work. The entire liability of Bentham Science Publishers shall be limited to the amount actually paid by you for the Work.
General:
Any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this License Agreement or the Work (including non-contractual disputes or claims) will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Singapore. Each party agrees that the courts of the state of Singapore shall have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this License Agreement or the Work (including non-contractual disputes or claims).Your rights under this License Agreement will automatically terminate without notice and without the need for a court order if at any point you breach any terms of this License Agreement. In no event will any delay or failure by Bentham Science Publishers in enforcing your compliance with this License Agreement constitute a waiver of any of its rights.You acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, and agree to be bound by its terms and conditions. To the extent that any other terms and conditions presented on any website of Bentham Science Publishers conflict with, or are inconsistent with, the terms and conditions set out in this License Agreement, you acknowledge that the terms and conditions set out in this License Agreement shall prevail.
Bentham Science Publishers Pte. Ltd.
80 Robinson Road #02-00
Singapore 068898
Singapore
Email: [email protected]
FOREWORD
The use of bioceramics for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine extends over two centuries. Dorozhkin provided a detailed review of the history of bioceramics [1]. He noted that Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele first described the presence of calcium and phosphorus in bone in the second half of the eighteenth century [1, 2]. The first use of bioceramics in medicine occurred in the late nineteenth century when Junius E. Cravens distributed a calcium orthophosphate powder called “Lacto-Phosphate of Lime” for capping the dental pulp during dental restorations [1, 3, 4]. Larry Hench's discovery in 1969 that a sodium-calcium-phosphorous-–silicate glass possesses bone bonding functionality gave rise to the clinical use of “bioactive glass” materials for bone repair [5, 6]. The term “bioceramics” was first used shortly thereafter in 1971 [7]. The bioceramics field is now truly global in nature and includes research, pre-clinical, and clinical activities involving various types of bioactive and bioinert inorganic materials.
This is the second part of a couple of books edited by Saeid Kargozar, a senior assistant professor in the Tissue Engineering Research Group of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, and Francesco Baino, an associate professor in the Department of Applied Science and Technology at the Politecnico di Torino. This second volume provides a comprehensive overview of the use of bioceramics for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, with focus on applications. In Chapter 1, Girija et al. consider the use of hydroxyapatite derived from biogenic sources for biomedical and environmental applications. Rodríguez-González et al. describe the use of three-dimensionally printed bioceramics scaffolds for tissue reconstruction in Chapter 2. Chapter 3, by Kargozar et al., reviews the additive manufacturing of bioactive glasses. In Chapter 4, Kargozar et al. consider the use of additive manufacturing to process bioactive glasses for bone tissue engineering. Crovace and Souza describe the use of bioactive glass and glass ceramics for treating microbial infections in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6, Kargozar et al. review the use of bioactive ceramics and glasses with improved angiogenesis functionality. Pourshahrestani et al. consider the potent hemostatic activity of bioactive glass and its composites in Chapter 7. Zheng and Xu describe the use of a combination of bioactive glass nanoparticles and natural polymer-based hydrogels for bone tissue regeneration in Chapter 8. In Chapter 9, Borges et al. consider the use of bioceramics and bioactive glasses for dental regeneration and repair. Chapter 10, by Bhattacharya et al., reviews the use of bioceramics and bioactive glasses for skin wound healing applications.
In this volume, Professors Kargozar and Baino as well as the chapter contributors have provided the bioceramics community with a comprehensive consideration of the bioceramics field. I anticipate that their volume will be beneficial to students as well as researchers in academia, government, and industry as they continue efforts to improve our understanding of the use of bioceramic materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Prof. Roger Narayan
Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering
North Carolina and North Carolina State University
Raleigh, USA
References[1]Dorozhkin SV. A detailed history of calcium orthophosphates from 1770s till 1950. Mater Sci Eng C 2013; 33(6): 3085-110.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.002] [PMID: 23706189][2]Dorozhkin SV. A history of calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ) and their biomedical applications. Morphologie 2017; 101(334): 143-53.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2017.05.001] [PMID: 28595833][3]Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphates as a dental regenerative material 2019.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102476-8.00016-5][4]Cravens JE. Lacto-phosphate of lime; Pathology and treatment of exposed dental pulps and sensitive dentine. Dent Cosmos 1876; 18: 463-9.[5]Hench LL. The story of Bioglass®. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2006; 17(11): 967-78.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0432-z] [PMID: 17122907][6]Hench LL, Splinter RJ, Allen WC, Greenlee TK. Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials. J Biomed Mater Res 1971; 5(6): 117-41.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050611][7]Blakeslee KC, Condrate RA, Sr. Vibrational spectra of hydrothermally prepared hydroxyapatites. J Am Ceram Soc 1971; 54(11): 559-63.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1971.tb12207.x]
List of Contributors
Ahmed El-FiqiGlass Research Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, EgyptAgatha M. PelosiniCenter for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, BrazilD. MuthuDepartment of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, IndiaE.K. GirijaDepartment of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, IndiaEmilio CastroBioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, 08017, SpainEhsan ZeimaranDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur-50603, MalaysiaEmanuela P. FerrazDepartment of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilFrazad KermaniTissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, IranFrancesco BainoDepartment of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, ItalyJuliana MarchiCenter for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, BrazilJui ChakrabortyBioceramics and Coating Division, CSIR–Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, IndiaKai ZhengJiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, ChinaKarina F. SantosDepartment of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilLuis M. DelgadoBioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, 08017, SpainMiguel Ángel Mateos-TimonedaBioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, 08017, SpainMasoud MozafariResearch Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandMurilo C. CrovaceBioactive Materials Laboratory (LMBio), Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (DEMa/UFSCar), São Carlos-SP, BrazilMarina T. SouzaVETRA – High-Tech Biomaterials, Ribeirão Preto-SP, BrazilMh Busra FauziCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur-56000, MalaysiaNahrizul Adib KadriDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur-50603, MalaysiaPeiman Brouki MilanDepartment of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranPaulo F. CesarDepartment of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilPayal RoyBioceramics and Coating Division, CSIR–Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, IndiaR. GovindanDepartment of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, IndiaRaquel Rodríguez-GonzálezBioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, 08017, SpainRaquel Rojas-MárquezBioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, 08017, SpainRomán A. PérezBioengineering Institute of Technology (BIT), Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, 08017, SpainRongyao XuJiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, ChinaRoger BorgesCenter for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, BrazilRupam SahaBioceramics and Coating Division, CSIR–Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, IndiaSaeid KargozarDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United StatesSara GorganiTissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, IranSimin NazarnezhadTissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 917794-8564, IranSara PourshahrestaniCentre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur-56000, MalaysiaSoumalya BhattacharyaBioceramics and Coating Division, CSIR–Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, IndiaThomas J. WebsterUFPI - Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
CBCMT, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
Hebei University of Technology, Hebei, ChinaV.S. KattimaniDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, 522 509, India
Hydroxyapatite Derived from Biogenic Sources for Biomedical and Environmental Applications
E.K. Girija1,*,V.S. Kattimani2,D. Muthu1,R. Govindan1
1 Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, India
2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur,
522 509, India
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp), one of the calcium phosphate minerals, has been widely used for biomedical applications because of its similarity to bone mineral content. Synthetic nano HAp, despite being made from chemical precursors, differs in composition from that of natural hard tissues such as bone and teeth. The properties of synthetic HAp solely depend on the precursors and production processes employed. Biogenic calcium resources such as fish scales, bones of animals and fish, and shells from land, freshwater, and marine origin can be used to synthesise HAp, which has trace elements that mimic the constituents of bone. Also, we have emphasised that HAp can be synthesised economically from one of the abundantly available low-cost biowastes, namely eggshells. There are numerous biomedical uses like bone substitute material, scaffold for bone tissue engineering, drug delivery agent, etc., and environmental uses, notably as an adsorbent for heavy metal removal, dye degradation, etc. This chapter will help readers understand the significance of natural resources and methods for producing HAp from biogenic sources.
Keywords: Biomedical applications, Calcination, Calcium phosphates, Hydroxyapatite.
*Corresponding author E.K. Girija: Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, India; E-mail:
[email protected]ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their sincere thanks to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, India (Project Ref. Nos. DST/TSG/WM/2015/576/G and DST/ TDT/WMT/ AgWaste/2021/01(G)) for financial support.
REFERENCES
[1]Zhao R, Yang R, Cooper PR, Khurshid Z, Shavandi A, Ratnayake J. Bone grafts and substitutes in dentistry: A review of current trends and developments. Molecules 2021; 26(10): 3007.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26103007] [PMID: 34070157][2]Ratnayake JTB, Mucalo M, Dias GJ. Substituted hydroxyapatites for bone regeneration: A review of current trends. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 105(5): 1285-99.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33651] [PMID: 26991026][3]Oryan A, Alidadi S, Moshiri A, Maffulli N. Bone regenerative medicine: Classic options, novel strategies, and future directions. J Orthop Surg Res 2014; 9(1): 18.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1749-799X-9-18] [PMID: 24628910][4]Wang W, Yeung KWK. Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review. Bioact Mater 2017; 2(4): 224-47.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007] [PMID: 29744432][5]Fitzpatrick V, Martín-Moldes Z, Deck A, et al. Functionalized 3D-printed silk-hydroxyapatite scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration with innervation and vascularization. Biomaterials 2021; 276: 120995.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120995] [PMID: 34256231][6]Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bone-grafts-substitutes-market n.d.[7]Baldwin J, Henkel J, Hutmacher DW. 6.3 Engineering the organ bone.Comprehensive Biomaterials II 201754-74.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.09342-5][8]Kattimani V, Chakravarthi S, Neelima Devi KN, Sridhar M, Prasad LK. Comparative evaluation of bovine derived hydroxyapatite and synthetic hydroxyapatite graft in bone regeneration of human maxillary cystic defects: A clinico-radiological study. Indian J Dent Res 2014; 25(5): 594-601.[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.147100] [PMID: 25511058][9]Fernandez de Grado G, Keller L, Idoux-Gillet Y, et al. Bone substitutes: A review of their characteristics, clinical use, and perspectives for large bone defects management. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731418776819] [PMID: 29899969][10]Evaniew N, Tan V, Parasu N, et al. Use of a calcium sulfate-calcium phosphate synthetic bone graft composite in the surgical management of primary bone tumors. Orthopedics 2013; 36(2): e216-22.[http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20130122-25] [PMID: 23380017][11]Kirkpatrick JS, Cornell CN, Hoang BH, et al. Bone void fillers. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2010; 18(9): 576-9.[http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/00124635-201009000-00009] [PMID: 20810939][12]Kattimani VS, Chakravarthi PS, Kanumuru NR, et al. Eggshell derived hydroxyapatite as bone graft substitute in the healing of maxillary cystic bone defects: A preliminary report. J Int Oral Health 2014; 6(3): 15-9.[PMID: 25083027][13]Yukna RA. Synthetic bone grafts in periodontics. Periodontol 2000 1993; 1(1): 92-9.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1993.tb00210.x][14]Kattimani VS, Kondaka S, Lingamaneni KP. Hydroxyapatite–-past, present, and future in bone regeneration. Bone and Tissue Regeneration Insights 20167.[http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/BTRI.S36138][15]Bowes JH, Murray MM. The chemical composition of teeth. Biochem J 1935; 29(12): 2721-7.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj0292721] [PMID: 16745959][16]Pham Minh D, Tran ND, Nzihou A, Sharrock P. One-step synthesis of calcium hydroxyapatite from calcium carbonate and orthophosphoric acid under moderate conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013; 52(4): 1439-47.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie302422d][17]Siva Rama Krishna D, Siddharthan A, Seshadri SK, Sampath Kumar TS. A novel route for synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from eggshell waste. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18(9): 1735-43.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3069-7] [PMID: 17483877][18]Akram M, Ahmed R, Shakir I, Ibrahim WAW, Hussain R. Extracting hydroxyapatite and its precursors from natural resources. J Mater Sci 2014; 49(4): 1461-75.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7864-x][19]Milovac D, Gamboa-Martínez TC, Ivankovic M, Gallego Ferrer G, Ivankovic H. PCL-coated hydroxyapatite scaffold derived from cuttlefish bone: In vitro cell culture studies. Mater Sci Eng C 2014; 42: 264-72.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2014.05.034] [PMID: 25063118][20]Sarkar C, Das M. Evaluation of effluent from fish (Labeo rohita) scale processing as a fertilizer for paddy (Oryza sativa) production. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 2022; 11: 33-46.[http://dx.doi.org/10.30486/ijrowa.2021.1906849.1118][21]Harikrishna N, Mahalakshmi S, Kiran Kumar K, Reddy G. Fish scales as potential substrate for production of alkaline protease and amino acid rich aqua hydrolyzate by Bacillus altitudinis GVC11. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57(3): 339-43.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12088-017-0664-2] [PMID: 28904419][22]Malde MK, Bügel S, Kristensen M, Malde K, Graff IE, Pedersen JI. Calcium from salmon and cod bone is well absorbed in young healthy men: a double-blinded randomised crossover design. Nutr Metab 2010; 7(1): 61.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-61] [PMID: 20646299][23]Malla KP, Regmi S, Nepal A, Bhattarai S, Yadav RJ, Sakurai S, Adhikari R. Extraction and characterization of novel natural hydroxyapatite bioceramic by thermal decomposition of waste Ostrich bone. Int J Biomater. 2020 Aug 28; 2020: 1690178.[
