Biofluids Modeling E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 616

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

BIOFLUIDS MODELING The first book offering analytical and modern computational solutions to important biofluids problems, such as non-Newtonian flows in blood vessels, clogged arteries and veins, bifurcated arteries and veins, arbitrary stent geometries, tissue properties prediction, and porous media Darcy flow simulation in large-scale organ analysis, this is a must-have for any library. This book introduces new methods for biofluids modeling and biological engineering. The foregoing subjects are treated rigorously, with all modeling assumptions stated and solutions clearly derived. But that's not all. Key supporting physics-based ideas, algorithmic details, and software design interfaces are equally emphasized, in order to support our overriding objective of getting the anatomical and clinical information that physicians need. Importantly, this volume provides a self-contained exposition that includes all required biological concepts, plus the background preparation needed in fluid mechanics, basic differential equations, and modern numerical analysis. The presentation style will appeal to medical practitioners, researchers, biomedical engineers, and students interested in quantitative fluid flow modeling, as well as engineering students eager to learn about advances in a rapidly growing and changing biological science. As such, the book represents "must-reading" suitable at the advanced undergraduate level, and motivated readers should be able to embark on related research following guided study.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Dedication

1 Fluid Physics in Circulatory Systems – Problems, Analogies and Methods

1.1 Basic Biological Notions and Fluid-Dynamical Ideas

Conduit flow

examples

1.2 Quantitative Modeling Perspectives

1.3 Preview of Complicated but Simple Boundary Value Problem Solutions

1.4 References

2 Math Models, Differential Equations and Numerical Methods

2.1 Presentation Approach

2.2 Diffusion Processes, Partial Differential Equations and Formulation Development

2.3 Boundary-Conforming Curvilinear Grid Generation

2.4 Finite Difference Solutions Made Easy – Iterative Methods, Programming and Source Code Details

2.5 References

3 Hagen-Poiseuille Extensions – Real Flow Effects and General Bifurcations

3.1 Blood Rheology and Overview

3.2 Newtonian Flow in Simple Bifurcations

3.3 Theory – Complicated Arteries with Chained Bifurcations

3.4 Network with Arbitrary Number of Bifurcations

3.5 Bifurcated Newtonian Flow in Noncircular Clogged Blood Vessels

3.6 References

4 Non-Newtonian Flow in Circular Conduits and Networks

4.1 Power Law Fluids with Inlet Flow Rate Prescribed

4.2 Herschel-Bulkley Fluids and Yield Stress

4.3 Newtonian and Herschel-Bulkley Examples

4.4 References

5 Flows in Clogged Arteries and Veins

5.1 Hagen-Poiseuille Revisited – Rectangular Coordinates

5.2 Non-Newtonian Power Law Circular Pipe Flow in Rectangular Coordinates

5.3 Clinical Implications for Pressure Gradient and Viscous Shear Stress

5.4 Evolutionary Approaches for Complicated Geometries

5.5 A Detailed Clog Flow Computation

5.6 References

6 Square Stents, Centrifugal Effects, Pulsatile Flow, Clogged Bifurcations and Axial Variations

6.1 Stent Geometry Effects on Volume Flow Rate

6.2 General Formulations and Solutions for Complicated Geometries and Arbitrary Fluids

6.3 Centrifugal Force Influence on Volume Flow Rate 204 Straight, closed ducts

6.4 Unsteady Pulsatile Flow Model for Complicated Duct Cross-Sections

6.5 Bifurcated Conduits with Newtonian Flow in Clogged Geometric Cross-sections

6.6 Modeling Axial Variations with Pseudo-Three-Dimensional Method

6.7 Modeling Transient Wall Effects

6.8 Steady Bifurcated Newtonian Flows With Arbitrary Clogs, A Numerical Example

6.9 References

7 Tissue Properties from Steady and Transient Syringe Pressure Analysis

7.1 Importance of Compressibility, Permeability, Anisotropy, Pressure and Porosity in Medical Applications

7.2 Geoscience Perspectives and Background

7.3 Formation Testing in Petroleum Well Logging

7.4 Operational Guidelines to Biofluids Pressure Testing

7.5 Intelligent Syringe Fundamentals

7.6 Mathematical Models for Porous Media Flow

7.7 References

8 Artery, Capillary and Vein Interactions in Anisotropic Heterogeneous Porous Tissue Flows

8.1 Qualitative Review of the Circulatory System

8.2 Porous Media Flows in the Geosciences and in Biofluids Applications

8.3 Electrical and Biological Analogies

8.4 References

9 Geoscience Ideas in Biofluids Modeling

9.1 Multisim Background and Biofluids Applications 414 Interesting possibilities

9.2 Running Multisim

9.3 Closing Remarks

9.4 References

Cumulative References

About the Authors

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Sereis Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Dedication

Begin Reading

Cumulative References

About the Authors

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Biofluids Modeling

Methods, Perspectives and Solutions

by

Wilson C. Chin and Jamie A. Chin

This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN: 9781119910428

Front cover images supplied by Pixabay.comCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

2020 was our defining year – Our year of living dangerously. Very dangerously. No sooner had we packed our belongings, anticipating a return to the United States after visiting Grandma, 85, who underwent knee surgery, and Grandpa, 89, who had just finished his fourth hospital stay for heart abnormalities and stroke, would the Covid-19 pandemic unexpectedly strike. Flights were cancelled. Borders were shut. Lives were turned upside-down. Unpredictability became the only predictable norm. And just when all returned to normal in 2021, the Delta-variant, and then Omicron, would rear their pointed and unrelenting heads. We would spend more than three unexpected but fruitful years in Beijing.

Photos of patients connected to breathing machines proliferated. Others less fortunate gasped their final breaths. For the lucky few, intubation allowed air to pass freely, ventilating lungs and supporting artificial respiration. We never knew that fluid mechanics could be so relevant. And we would find ourselves in and out of hospitals. The first author, after long, long flights, would find himself immobile from “DVT” or “Deep Vein Thrombosis.” Not just in one leg, but blood clots in both. As if that were not enough, add a poorly timed case of gout that left physicians in three well-known hospitals confused and bewildered.

But through this cloud would appear a silver lining. The authors, a petroleum scientist and a biologist, were witness to close-up diagnoses by dedicated and cooperative doctors and nurses administering shots, shots and more shots. We were curious over “shots,” which are normally rather mundane. Many are daunting and simply hurt. But why were syringes of contrasting sizes and shapes used? At different angles? We observed how some medicines were “thick” while others were “thin.” What factors determined optimal injection points? And their flow rates? Where did injected fluids really travel? How did blood – not the “simple red fluid” many think – actually flow through complicated systems of arteries and veins? Was there a means to predict porous tissue properties and flows using geoscience methods that probe rock properties deep in the earth? And so, human tissues would represent complex and challenging targets for investigation. Can we perform “whole body simulations” that support diagnostic efforts?

In conduit, as opposed to porous media flows, we learned that blood was a heterogeneous rather than the homogeneous liquid most take for granted. That it was mostly a non-Newtonian fluid rather than a simple ideal liquid. Was the “viscosity” measured in lab tests really meaningful? Is it possible to describe flows accurately in bifurcated systems? What of flows in blood vessels with clogged and deformed cross-sections as opposed to perfect circles? Or those involving square stents? And what of flows marked by significant curvature, for instance, those near the heart or through varicose veins? These problems are addressed mathematically in Chapters 1-6. Our quest to answer these questions began in humble surroundings. And our answers, developed over much conjecture and debate, would hopefully produce models of value to clinicians and medical researchers.

We began by exploiting similarities between complicated systems of oil wells and arterial flows in the body. Studying pressure drop and flow rate relations driven by positive displacement pumps, like the mud pumps used in drilling and those powering the human heart. We explored Darcy flow analogies behind fluid motions in heterogeneous and anisotropic oil reservoirs, and connected these to porous flow events that proliferate within body tissue. And when needed, we exploited electrical analogies to model blood flow and organ interactions. But how would these analogies and their extensions benefit medical research and ultimately clinical practice? This question led to interesting answers.

From what we understood about anatomic pathology, detailed diagnostic information is available from samples based on characteristics like visual appearance, location, texture, smell, patient history, and so on. Often, conventional imaging methods like ultrasound, MRI, Catscan and X-ray supplement basic examinations. However, these are also qualitative and based on subjective interpretation depending on physician expertise and experience, and patient sex, age, health and ethnicity; moreover, the methods are expensive, inconvenient and impractical for routine use. We asked, “Can we provide quantitative local information on tissue compressibility, permeability, anisotropy, porosity and background pressure in real-time conveniently and inexpensively?” This led to the development of minimally invasive sensors whose transient measurements could be unambiguously interpreted using validated analysis methods – these new models are based on rigorous Darcy flow math formulations and their analytical solutions. This new approach, applied to recent animal and patient data, is addressed in Chapter 7.

What new problems and researches can we address with newly available tissue properties? Research efforts are presently segregated according to simple “conduit versus porous media” classifications. Their rationales and justifications are easily summarized: flows along arteries and veins are mainly longitudinal. Because vessel walls are largely impermeable to flow, the recipient tissues receiving oxygen and nutrients “see” only isolated entry and exit points. This approach delineates the analysis boundary separating what initially appears to be two different disciplines. But this need not be. It is important to understand how blood flows actually interact with tissues and organs. Damaged vessels, for example, do interact with tissue and are no longer invisible to it. This subject is relevant in light of recent work showing how certain proteins can cause blood vessel damage in Covid-19 patients and lead to strokes and heart attacks. Covid, now primarily viewed as a respiratory disease, may be linked to other afflictions by way of transverse blood flow communication – a circuitous mechanism that is numerically modeled in Chapters 8 and 9 focusing on blood vessel and tissue interactions.

In the prior three years, our biofluids methods were motivated and driven by similarities between porous media flows in the human body and those in the geosciences and petroleum exploration. This overall approach has proven beneficial. Over the past centuries, science has advanced rapidly through developments of physical analogies. Experience teaches us that where analogies exist, understanding will follow, and that analysis methods can be intelligently mirrored and generalized to develop new perspectives. This approach to learning, we have followed and plan to communicate in this book.

But even more challenging was the daunting task requiring us to present our biofluids ideas to a broad audience, from undergraduates, to clinicians, to medical researchers, and to engineers and scientists, interested in understanding an expanding and evolving discipline. That is, to deliver our ideas and results assuming only a basic academic preparation, between the covers of a five-hundred page volume, and within the constraints of a year’s worth of study time, at most. To achieve this objective, the authors have adopted a rapidly paced tutorial style that is rigorous yet understandable, focused yet encompassing, and academically oriented yet interesting.

Wilson Chin, HoustonJamie Chin, Beijing

Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to Beijing’s No. 55 International School for its supportive environment, its resources for making much of our writing and literature searches possible, and its faculty for reviewing portions of this manuscript. In particular, we thank Yan Ning, Ibrahim Kai-Samba, Sun Ping, Mathieu Jones, Li Yin, Jing Chen, and Chen Hong for their tireless efforts.

In addition, we express our appreciation to Lu Ang, Wang Hairong, Zheng Meiying, Guo Jingfei, Peter Harris, Daniel Gaymer, James Clune-Clarkson, Zahoor (Zee) Ali, Craig Hamilton, M.C. Joseph Besong, Zhang Zhemin, Zhao Lili, Zang Yuling, Shuai Mei, Ma Xiaoguang, Zhao Chenxue, Cui Xinting, Hu Qiuhong, Ding Xia, Shi Ying, Huo Yan, Chen Jingxi, Liu Chang, and Li Guang.

We are also grateful to Daniel Goldstein, Cornell University, for his insights and comments into diagnostic methods. And we especially thank Michael McKinley for giving geosciences oriented “clogged flowline” talks at the 2022 and 2023 AADE National Technical Conferences in Houston on our behalf, and Xiaoying “Jenny” Zhuang for patiently perusing our writings and constantly seeking clarity.

We appreciate our conversations with doctors, nurses and staff at Beijing’s Wukong Clinic, Peking University People’s Hospital and Military No. 7 Medical Science Center and Hospital, and Tianjin’s Medical University General Hospital, where we had spent hours in fruitful discussions and memorable chats. And we are especially indebted to Dr. Li Guofu, Dr. Li Wanli and their staff for broadening our understanding of Traditional Chinese Medicine and our knowledge of the human body and its complexities.

Finally, we express our appreciation to Phil Carmical, Publisher and Acquisitions Editor, who has supported much of the first author’s research over the years – and who now unexpectedly finds himself central to our efforts in understanding biofluids modeling and medical diagnosis from unique and novel perspectives.

Wilson Chin, HoustonJamie Chin, Beijing

Dedication

The authors wish to dedicate this volume to Grandma Zhuo Xiuxin and Grandpa Zhuang Zhichao, or affectionately, “Po-Po” and “Ye-Ye,” who motivated us to learn, understand and contribute to our very best. Without their continuing inspiration, this volume would never have been.

Wilson Chin, HoustonJamie Chin, Beijing