Biomimetic Approaches for Biomaterials Development E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Biomimetics, in general terms, aims at understanding biological principles and applying them for the development of man-made tools and technologies. This approach is particularly important for the purposeful design of passive as well as functional biomaterials that mimic physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of natural materials, making them suitable, for example, for biomedical devices or as scaffolds for tissue regeneration. The book comprehensively covers biomimetic approaches to the development of biomaterials, including: an overview of naturally occurring or nature inspired biomaterials; an in-depth treatment of the surface aspects pivotal for the functionality; synthesis and self-assembly methods to prepare devices to be used in mineralized tissues such as bone and teeth; and preparation of biomaterials for the controlled/ sustained release of bioactive agents. The last part reviews the applications of bioinspired materials and principles of design in regenerative medicine such as in-situ grown bone or cartilage as well as the biomimetic techniques for soft tissue engineering. The comprehensive scope of this book makes it a must-have addition to the bookshelf of everyone in the fields of Materials Science/Engineering, Nanotechnologies / Nanosciences, Medical Sciences, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering.
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Seitenzahl: 1135
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013
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Table of Contents
Related Titles
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
List of Contributors
Part I: Examples of Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials
Chapter 1: Biomaterials from Marine-Origin Biopolymers
1.1 Taking Inspiration from the Sea
1.2 Marine-Origin Biopolymers
1.3 Marine-Based Tissue Engineering Approaches
1.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Hydrogels from Protein Engineering
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles of Protein Engineering
2.3 Structural Diversity and Applications of Protein-Engineered Hydrogels
2.4 Development of Biomimetic Protein-Engineered Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications
2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 3: Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Collagens In Vivo
3.3 Collagen In Vitro
3.4 Collagen Hydrogels
3.5 Collagen Sponges
3.6 Multichannel Collagen Scaffolds
3.7 What Tissues Do Collagen Biomaterials Mimic? (see Table 3.1)
3.8 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Silk-Based Biomaterials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Silk Proteins
4.3 Mechanical Properties
4.4 Biomedical Applications of Silk
4.5 Final Remarks
References
Chapter 5: Elastin-Like Macromolecules
5.1 General Introduction
5.2 Materials Engineering – an Overview on Synthetic and Natural Biomaterials
5.3 Elastin as a Source of Inspiration for Nature-Inspired Polymers
5.4 Nature-Inspired Biosynthetic Elastins
5.5 ELRs as Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications
5.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6: Biomimetic Molecular Recognition Elements for Chemical Sensing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Theory of Molecular Recognition
6.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
6.4 Supramolecular Chemistry
6.5 Biomolecular Materials
6.6 Summary and Future of Biomimetic-Sensor-Coating Materials
References
Part II: Surface Aspects
Chapter 7: Biology Lessons for Engineering Surfaces for Controlling Cell–Material Adhesion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Extracellular Matrix
7.3 Protein Structure
7.4 Basics of Protein Adsorption
7.5 Kinetics of Protein Adsorption
7.6 Cell Communication
7.7 Cell Adhesion Background
7.8 Integrins and Adhesive Force Generation Overview
7.9 Adhesive Interactions in Cell, and Host Responses to Biomaterials
7.10 Model Systems for Controlling Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion
7.11 Self-Assembling Monolayers (SAMs)
7.12 Real-World Materials for Medical Applications
7.13 Bio-Inspired, Adhesive Materials: New Routes to Promote Tissue Repair and Regeneration
7.14 Dynamic Biomaterials
References
Chapter 8: Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis at the Cell–Material Interface
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cell-Driven Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis
8.3 Cell-Free Assembly of Fibronectin Fibrils
8.4 Material-Driven Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis
References
Chapter 9: Nanoscale Control of Cell Behavior on Biointerfaces
9.1 Nanoscale Cues in Cell Environment
9.2 Biomimetics of Cell Environment Using Interfaces
9.3 Cell Responses to Nanostructured Materials
9.4 The Road Ahead
References
Chapter 10: Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges for Biomedical Applications
10.1 Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature
10.2 Theory of Surface Wettability
10.3 Fabrication of Extreme Water-Repellent Surfaces Inspired by Nature
10.4 Applications of Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges in the Biomedical Field
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Bio-Inspired Reversible Adhesives for Dry and Wet Conditions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Gecko-Like Dry Adhesives
11.3 Bioinspired Adhesives for Wet Conditions
11.4 The Future of Bio-Inspired Reversible Adhesives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Lessons from Sea Organisms to Produce New Biomedical Adhesives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Composition of Natural Adhesives
12.3 Recombinant Adhesive Proteins
12.4 Production of Bio-Inspired Synthetic Adhesive Polymers
12.5 Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Part III: Hard and Mineralized Systems
Chapter 13: Interfacial Forces and Interfaces in Hard Biomaterial Mechanics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hard Biological Materials
13.3 Bioengineering and Biomimetics
13.4 Summary
References
Chapter 14: Nacre-Inspired Biomaterials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Structure of Nacre
14.3 Why Is Nacre So Strong?
14.4 Strategies to Produce Nacre-Inspired Biomaterials
14.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15: Surfaces Inducing Biomineralization
15.1 Mineralized Structures in Nature: the Example of Bone
15.2 Learning from Nature to the Research Laboratory
15.3 Smart Mineralizing Surfaces
15.4 In Situ Self-Assembly on Implant Surfaces to Direct Mineralization
15.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16: Bioactive Nanocomposites Containing Silicate Phases for Bone Replacement and Regeneration
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanostructure and Nanofeatures of the Bone
16.3 Nanocomposites-Containing Silicate Nanophases
16.4 Final Considerations
References
Part IV: Systems for the Delivery of Bioactive Agents
Chapter 17: Biomimetic Nanostructured Apatitic Matrices for Drug Delivery
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Biomimetic Apatite Nanocrystals
17.3 Biomedical Applications of Biomimetic Nanostructured Apatites
17.4 Biomimetic Nanostructured Apatite as Drug Delivery System
17.5 Adsorption and Release of Proteins
17.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18: Nanostructures and Nanostructured Networks for Smart Drug Delivery
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Materials
18.3 Stimuli-Responsive Nanostructures and Nanostructured Networks
18.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19: Progress in Dendrimer-Based Nanocarriers
19.1 Fundamentals
19.2 Applications of Dendrimer-Based Polymers
19.3 Final Remarks
References
Part V: Lessons from Nature in Regenerative Medicine
Chapter 20: Tissue Analogs by the Assembly of Engineered Hydrogel Blocks
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Tissue/Organ Heterogeneity In Vivo
20.3 Hydrogel Engineering for Obtaining Biologically Inspired Structures
20.4 Assembly of Engineered Hydrogel Blocks
20.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21: Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds Formed by Electrostatic Interactions
21.3 Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds Formed by Hydrophobic Interactions
21.4 Immune Response of Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds
21.5 Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds for Preclinical Regenerative Medicine
21.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 22: Biomimetic Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Natural and Synthetic Hydrogels
22.3 Hydrogel Properties
22.4 Engineering Strategies for Hydrogel Development
22.5 Applications in Biomedicine
References
Chapter 23: Bio-Inspired 3D Environments for Cartilage Engineering
23.1 Articular Cartilage Histology
23.2 Spontaneous and Forced Regeneration in Articular Cartilage
23.3 What Can Tissue Engineering Do for Articular Cartilage Regeneration?
23.4 Cell Sources for Cartilage Engineering
23.5 The Role and Requirements of the Scaffolding Material
23.6 Growth Factor Delivery In Vivo
23.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 24: Soft Constructs for Skin Tissue Engineering
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Structure of Skin
24.3 Current Biomaterials in Wound Healing
24.4 Wound Dressings and Their Properties
24.5 Biomimetic Approaches in Skin Tissue Engineering
24.6 Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
References
Index
Related Titles
Pompe, W., Rödel, G., Weiss, H.-J., Mertig, M.
Bio-Nanomaterials
Designing Materials Inspired by Nature
2013
ISBN: 978-3-527-41015-6
Santin, M., Phillips, G. J. (eds.)
Biomimetic, Bioresponsive, and Bioactive Materials
An Introduction to Integrating Materials with Tissues
2012
ISBN: 978-0-470-05671-4
Li, J., He, Q., Yan, X.
Molecular Assembly of Biomimetic Systems
2011
ISBN: 978-3-527-32542-9
Kumar, C. S. S. R. (ed.)
Biomimetic and Bioinspired Nanomaterials
2010
ISBN: 978-3-527-32167-4
Behrens, P., Bäuerlein, E. (eds.)
Handbook of Biomineralization
Biomimetic and Bioinspired Chemistry
2007
ISBN: 978-3-527-31805-6
Poupon, E., Nay, B. (eds.)
Biomimetic Organic Synthesis
2011
ISBN: 978-3-527-32580-1
The Editor
Prof. João F. Mano
University of Minho
3B's Research Group
Ave Park
4806-909 Caldas das Taipas
Guimarães
Portugal
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Preface
Biomimetics is a rather recent multidisciplinary field that uses Nature as a model of how to conceive materials, structures, processes, systems, and strategies to solve real problems. A strong motivation for employing such paradigm is that in over 3.8 billion years of evolution Nature has introduced highly effective and power-efficient biological mechanisms, offering astonishing examples for innovation inspiration. The successful translation of these lessons into the technical world has been facilitated in the past years by the latest developments in engineering, basic sciences, nanotechnology, and biology, which have allowed to reach levels of development for effectively copying and adapting biological methods, processes, and designs.
Biomimetic approaches have been particularly attractive in the development of new materials, as natural materials exhibit unique and useful characteristics, including self-assembly and structural hierarchical organization, multifunctionality, functional and environmental adaptability, exclusive and elevated properties, and self-healing capability. Consulting Nature and applying such primary design principles can effectively cause a shift from the traditional strategies that have been used so far toward a completely new mind-set of approaching modern materials science and technology.
For example, the introduction of materials in the biomedical field started a few decades ago with the use of conventional metals, ceramics, and synthetic polymers that were adapted for several clinical needs. Although many established implantable medical devices are still immensely important, the improvement of their performance or the use of biomaterials to address other medical needs require more sophisticated approaches. The modern concepts of regenerative medicine, for instance, require a completely new perspective on how to work with materials, in order to develop devices that could re-create, to some extent, the natural process of tissue and organ formation and healing. Such enormous endeavor should be only possible if one realizes the complexity of the processes taking place during such regenerative processes and adopts an open-minded attitude to use more radical and nonevident solutions. The aim of this book is to demonstrate that nature-inspired ideas may provide nonconventional and innovative methodologies that could be used in the development of biomaterials and medical devices, not only to be implanted in the human body but also to be used ex vivo (for example, in diagnostic platforms or in substrates for processing biomaterials and cells). This book contains four main sections, combining general biomimetic-based strategies that could be useful in the biomedical field with some case studies of applications.
The first part of the book highlights some examples of nature-based or nature-inspired materials, focusing on macromolecules, with potential biomedical applicability. First, the sea is addressed as a tremendous potential source of biomaterials. Then, several chapters cover protein-based systems, starting with the general topic of protein-based hydrogels, followed by collagen-based biomaterials, as these proteins are the most important constituent of the extracellular matrix. Thereafter, the potential of using silk is explored, including the use of biotechnology to produce modified silk-based macromolecules with other functionalities. Biomimetic elastin-based macromolecules constitute a landmark example of how recombinant technologies permit the synthesis of high-performance stimuli-responsive biocompatible polymers, also explored in this book. In order to link this section to the next one, biomimetic molecules with the ability to be used as substrates for chemical sensing are covered as well.
The success of implantable medical devices is largely determined by the response they elicit to the surrounding biological environment. Therefore, surfaces aspects related to biomaterials have received a great deal of attention from scientists and engineers. The first chapter of the section linked to surfaces explores some fundamental aspects on cell–material interactions. To explore in more detail this, and to take into account the importance of protein adsorption in the behavior of biomaterials surfaces, the process of fibronectin fibrillogenesis is discussed. Besides the relevance of both chemical and biochemical elements that are exposed on the surface of biomaterials, it is also important to consider the influence of topography, especially at the nanoscale, on cell behavior and on other surface properties. Special topographies that are found in many examples in Nature may lead to particular peculiar behaviors, explored in two distinct chapters: biomimetic surfaces exhibiting superhydrophobic properties, which could have relevance in several biomedical applications, and bio-inspired surfaces exhibiting adhesives properties as a result of the surface topographic organization. Adhesiveness may also be the result of particular chemical characteristics of the material – again, the sea may be used as a source of inspiration to develop adhesive surfaces capable of sticking to virtually all kinds of substrates in wet (saline) conditions, thus being highly relevant to manufacture medical devices with adhesive properties toward tissues.
Most biological (natural) structural materials are composites with sophisticated microstructure and remarkable properties, many of them reinforced with a mineralized fraction having components with nanometric sizes. The chapter covering the issue of interfaces in hard biomaterials will make the liaison to the next section of the book, dealing with mineralized systems. Natural composites have been stimulating the advance of biomimetic composites with improved mechanical and osteoconductive properties, adequate to be used in orthopedic and maxillofacial applications. A case study explored in this section is related to the production of nacre-based composites, especially focusing on their biomedical potential. Strategies of obtaining biomaterials exhibiting the ability of depositing apatite are also discussed in an independent chapter, followed by another one dealing specifically on bioactive nanocomposites containing silicate phases.
The third section covers the field of systems for the delivery of bioactive agents, which applies to many biomedical applications. The first chapter of this section is still related to the previous section and covers the use of nanostructured apatite-based matrices for drug delivery. Then, biomimetic nanostructured systems and nanoparticles are discussed in the next two chapters for two distinct applications: smart systems mainly devoted to pharmaceutical applications and dendrimer-based nanocarriers especially to be used in cell and tissue engineering (the topic of the last section).
The ultimate example of employing biomimetic principles in the biomedical field is to develop methodologies that could enable the regeneration of tissues and organs. The last section of this book starts by exploring the concept of hierarchical organization of living tissues and the use of microfabricated elementary building blocks combining biomaterials and cells that could be assembled into more complex structures. The next chapter addresses the important aspect of developing injectable systems that may be used to fix cells or therapeutic molecules in specific sites in the body using minimally invasive procedures. Remarkable lessons from Nature can be used to develop biomaterials that can be degraded by the action of the cells – biomimetic hydrogels exhibiting such capability will be presented in an independent chapter. The last two chapters present two specific case studies of employing biomaterials and cells in tissue engineering strategies for the regeneration of cartilage and skin, respectively.
The collection of this set of contributions was only possible due to the superb work of all authors of this book, who have so generously shared their knowledge with us and devoted their valuable time to this project. The active and professional support from Wiley-VCH during the production of this book is also most appreciated.
João F. Mano
List of Contributors
Part I
Examples of Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials
Chapter 1
Biomaterials from Marine-Origin Biopolymers
Tiago H. Silva, Ana R.C. Duarte, Joana Moreira-Silva, João F. Mano, and Rui L. Reis
1.1 Taking Inspiration from the Sea
Nature has a chemical diversity much broader than chemical synthesis can ever approach. In fact, on the words of Marcel Jaspars, “Some chemists, having synthesised a few compounds believe themselves to be better chemists than nature, which, in addition to synthesising compounds too numerous to mention, synthesised those chemists as well.” Marine environment is no exception and is being increasingly chosen for the extraction of several compounds, from bioactive molecules to polymers and ceramics. Together with this great potential, one can also find such interesting structures and functions exhibited by diverse marine organisms that biomimetics appears as an extremely attractive approach. Without aiming to be exhaustive, this section presents some examples of those structures and functions and the respective biomimetic approaches.
Biomimetics has been a very attractive route for human scientists and engineers, since the solutions presented by nature to the arising challenges are real engineering wonders, being examples of maximizing functionality with reduced energy and materials. Notoriously, those are precisely the problems faced by the actual engineering challenges to which nature has already given a solution, with the additional advantage of being nonpolluting, in contrast to the majority of the human-engineered solutions [13].
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