Biosensors Nanotechnology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Advance Materials Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 809

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

This book provides detailed reviews of a range of nanostructures used in the construction of biosensors as well as the applications of these biosensor nanotechnologies in the biological, chemical, and environmental monitoring fields Biological sensing is a fundamental tool for understanding living systems, but also finds practical application in medicine, drug discovery, process control, food safety, environmental monitoring, defense, and personal security. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the bio/electronic interface leads us towards new horizons in areas such as bionics, power generation, and computing. Advances in telecommunications, expert systems, and distributed diagnostics prompt us to question the current ways we deliver healthcare, while robust industrial sensors enable new paradigms in R&D and production. Despite these advances, there is a glaring absence of suitably robust and convenient sensors for body chemistries. This book examines some of the emerging technologies that are fueling scientific discovery and underpinning new products to enhance the length and quality of our lives. The 14 chapters written by leading experts cover such topics as: * ZnO and graphene microelectrode applications in biosensing * Assembly of polymers/metal nanoparticles * Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors * Impedimetric DNA sensing employing nanomaterials * Graphene and carbon nanotube-based biosensors * Computational nanochemistry study of the BFPF green fluorescent protein chromophore * Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles * Bioconjugated-nanoporous gold films in electrochemical biosensors * The combination of molecular imprinting and nanotechnology * Principles and properties of multiferroics and ceramics

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Part 1: New Materials and Methods

Chapter 1: ZnO and Graphene Microelectrode Applications in Biosensing

1.1 Biosensors Based on Nanostructured Materials

1.2 Graphene Nanomaterials Used in Electrochemical Biosensor Fabrication

1.3 ZnO Nanostructures Used in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors

1.4 Miniaturized Graphene and ZnO Nanostructured Electrochemical Biosensors for Food and Clinical Applications

1.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 2: Assembly of Polymers/Metal Nanoparticles and Their Applications as Medical Devices

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Platinum Nanoparticles

2.3 Gold Nanoparticles

2.4 Silver Nanoparticles

2.5 Assembly of Polymers/Silver Nanoparticles

2.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 3: Gold Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Medical Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Gold Nanoparticles

3.3 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Impedimetric DNA Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Genosensing

4.3 Nanostructured Carbon Used in Impedimetric Genosensors

4.4 Nanostructured Gold Used in Impedimetric Genosensors

4.5 Quantum Dots for Impedimetric Genosensing

4.6 Impedimetric Genosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnosis

4.7 Conclusions (Past, Present and Future Perspectives)

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5: Graphene: Insights of its Application in Electrochemical Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Environmental Applications of Graphene-based Biosensors

5.3 Conclusions and Perspectives.

References

Chapter 6: Functional Nanomaterials for Multifarious Nanomedicine

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Nanoparticle Coatings

6.3 Cyclic Peptides

6.4 Dendrimers

6.5 Fullerenes/Carbon Nanotubes/Graphene

6.6 Functional Drug Carriers

6.7 MRI Scanning Nanoparticles

6.8 Nanoemulsions

6.9 Nanofibers

6.10 Nanoshells

6.11 Quantum Dots

6.12 Nanoimaging

6.13 Inorganic Nanoparticles

6.14 Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Part 2: Principals and Prospective

Chapter 7: Computational Nanochemistry Study of the Molecular Structure, Spectra and Chemical Reactivity Properties of the BFPF Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Theory and Computational Details

7.3 Results and Discussion

7.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 8: Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

8.3 Applications

8.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 9: Ionic Discotic Liquid Crystals: Recent Advances and Applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Part I: Chromonic LCs

9.3 Part II: Thermotropic Ionic Discotic Liquid Crystals

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 10: Role of Advanced Materials as Nanosensors in Water Treatment

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Nanoparticles

10.3 Different Fabrication Methods of Nanoparticles

10.4 Core Material/Nanofillers

10.5 Shell Material/Nanomatrix

10.6 Core-Shell Material

10.7 Properties of Metal Nanoparticles and Core-Shell Nanocomposites

10.8 Detection of Heavy Metals Using Smart Core-Shell Nanocomposites

10.9 Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Part 3: Advanced Structures and Properties

Chapter 11: Application of Bioconjugated Nanoporous Gold Films in Electrochemical Biosensors

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fabrication of Nanoporous Gold

11.3 Nucleic Acids (NAs)-Based Biosensors

11.4 Protein-Nanostructured Gold Bioconjugates in Biosensing

11.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Combination of Molecular Imprinting and Nanotechnology: Beginning of a New Horizon

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Classification of Imprinted Nanomaterials

12.3 Imprinted Materials at Nanoscale

12.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 13: Structural, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Pure and Substituted BiFeO3 Multiferroics

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Synthesis of Materials

13.3 Structural and Morphological Analyses

13.4 Electrical Properties

13.5 Magnetic Properties

13.6 Thermal Analysis (MDSC Studies)

4.7 Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Synthesis, Characterization and Rietveld Studies of Sr-modified PZT Ceramics

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Experiment

14.3 Rietveld Refinement Details

14.4 Results and Discussion

14.5 Conclusions

References

Index

Biosensors Nanotechnology

Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Advanced Materials Series The Advanced Materials Series provides recent advancements of the fascinating field of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties, and applications. The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type composite materials, functionalized polymers, superamolecular systems, information- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environmental friendly materials. Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full.

Series Editor: Dr. Ashutosh Tiwari Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping Sweden E-mail: [email protected]

Managing Editors: Swapneel Despande and Sudheesh K. Shukla

Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-77351-2

Preface

Biosensors and biosensing technologies have grown from a tiny, niche activity in the 1980s into a major, worldwide industry. Nanomaterials have played key roles in this development, not only in pharmaceuticals and healthcare, but also in sectors such as telecommunications, paper and textiles. Biological sensing is a fundamental tool for understanding living systems, but also finds practical application in medicine, drug discovery, process control, food safety, environmental monitoring, defense and personal security. Moreover, a deeper understanding of the bio/electronic interface leads us towards new horizons in areas such as bionics, power generation and computing. Advances in telecommunications, expert systems and distributed diagnostics prompt us to question the current ways we deliver healthcare, while robust industrial sensors enable new paradigms in R&D and production.

Personalization of everything from medicine to environmental control gives new impetus to consumer choice and ownership of information, and will inevitably generate new payment structures and business models. Wearable, mobile and integrated sensors are becoming commonplace, but most current products have taken the easy path of incorporating physical sensors for parameters such as temperature, pressure, orientation or position. There is a glaring absence of suitably robust and convenient sensors for body chemistries and therein lies the real opportunities for progress. This book examines some of the emerging technologies that are fuelling scientific discovery and underpinning new products to enhance the length and quality of our lives. This new field combines nanoscale materials with biosensor technology and is receiving considerable attention. Nanostructures have been used to achieve direct wiring of biosensing elements to electrode surfaces, to promote bioreactors, to impose Nan barcodes on biomaterials, and to amplify the signal from misrecognition events. Biosensors based on nonmaterial have widespread potential applications in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring due to their sensitivity, specificity, speed of response, simplicity and cost-effectiveness.

This book tracks the pursuit of these objectives and provides detailed reviews of a range of nanostructures used in the construction of biosensors, including nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, nanoribbons, nanorods, nanobelts and nanosheets,.Applications of these biosensor nanotechnologies span biological and chemical analyses for food safety, biomedical diagnostics, clinical detection and environmental monitoring. This volume in the Advanced Materials Book Series includes fourteen chapters divided into three main areas. In Part 1, New Materials and Methods, renowned experts cover such topics as ZnO and graphene microelectrode applications in biosensing, assembly of polymers/metal nanoparticles, gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors, impedimetric DNA sensing employing nanomaterials, graphene and carbon nanotube-based biosensors and state-of-the-art of nanomedicine. Part 2, Principles and Prospective, begins witha computational nanochemistry study of the BFPF green fluorescent protein chromophore, and then moves on to discuss biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, ionic discotic liquid crystals and the role of advanced materials as nanosensors in water treatment. Presented in Part 3, Advanced Structures and Properties, experts in the fielddiscuss bioconjugated-nanoporous gold films in electrochemical biosensors, the combination of molecular imprinting and nanotechnology, principles and properties of multiferroics and ceramics.

The book is written for a wide readership, including university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, materials science, physics, pharmacy, medical science and biomedical engineering. It can be used not only as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students, but also as a review and reference book for researchers in the materials science, bioengineering, medical, pharmacy, biotechnology and nanotechnology arenas. We hope that the chapters of this book will provide the reader with valuable insight into the cutting-edge nanotechnology of this major new area of biosensors.

Editors Ashutosh Tiwari Anthony PF Turner

Part 1

NEW MATERIALS AND METHODS

Chapter 1

ZnO and Graphene Microelectrode Applications in Biosensing

Susana Campuzano1, María Pedrero1, Georgia-Paraskevi Nikoleli2, José M. Pingarrón1, Dimitrios P. Nikolelis*,3, Nikolaos Tzamtzis2 and Vasillios N. Psychoyios2

1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

2Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Dept. 1, Chemical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

3Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Graphene nanomaterials have been the focus of tremendous attention not only in the field of basic research but also in technological applications, owing to their unique physicochemical dimensions such as good sensing ability, and excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. On the other hand, ZnO nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest in relation to sensors due to their many advantages, including large surface-to-volume ratio, excellent biological compatibility, high electron-transfer rates, non-toxicity and biosafety. The development of biosensors can potentially be an interesting application for the utilization of these nanomaterials tremendously large surface-area-to-volume ratio, which is a dominating and promising parameter with the potential to solve biocompatibility and biofouling problems. The present chapter describes recent examples in the development of miniaturized amperometric and potentiometric biosensors by integrating enzymes and one of these two nanomaterials. The latest advances relating to the application of these biosensors to rapidly detect biomedically relevant substrates such as glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, etc., with enormous prospects in clinical medicine applications are reviewed throughout. The presented biosensors exhibit good reproducibility, reusability, selectivity, rapid response times, long shelf life and high sensitivity, and do not suffer from interference by coexisting oxidable substances. These electrochemical nanobiosensors prepared through the integration of biomolecules with graphene or ZnO nanostructures have demonstrated that, besides enhancing the biosensing capabilities compared with conventional platforms, bring out new approaches such as miniaturization, reagentless biosensing and single-molecule detection. This chapter highlights the significant milestones achieved and further elucidates the emerging future prospects in this area.

Keywords: Biosensors, electroanalysis, ZnO and graphene microstructures, microelectrodes

1.1 Biosensors Based on Nanostructured Materials

Biosensors have become important and practical tools in the field of healthcare, chemical and biological analysis, environmental monitoring, food safety control, and homeland security. The performance of biosensors depends on their components, among which the matrix material, i.e., the layer between the recognition layer of biomolecule and transducer, plays a crucial role in defining the stability, sensitivity and shelf life of a biosensor [1]. Among biosensors, electrochemical ones are of particular interest due to several combined advantages such as low detection limits, short response times, long-term stability, power requirements, low cost, ease of operation, and miniaturization capability. A current goal for these types of biosensors is their translation to point-of-care diagnostic devices. Much effort has been put into improving key performance parameters, such as sensitivity, specificity, recognition rates, stability and multiplexing capabilities for parallel recognition, to allow this possibility.

The emergence of nanotechnology has opened new horizons for electrochemical biosensors. It is believed that highly sensitive and selective biosensors can be realized through the integration of biomolecules and nanomaterial-based sensor platforms. Over the last fifteen years, efforts have focused on the use of nanotechnology to develop nanostructured materials (e.g., graphene and ZnO nanowires, nanotubes, nanowalls and nanorods) as biomolecule immobilizing matrices/supports to improve electrochemical detection [2]. Nanoscale structures like these offer many unique features and show great promise for faster response and higher sensitivity at the device interface than planar sensor configurations. Their nanometer dimensions, being in the scale of the target analyte, show an increased sensing surface and strong binding properties, thus allowing a higher sensitivity. The interest in developing these nanostructures for biosensing applications has resulted from the development of new synthesis methods and improved characterization techniques, allowing for new functionalities to be created [2].

Because of their interesting advantages among the nanomaterials that have been developed, this chapter describes the increasing application of graphene and ZnO nanostructures to the fabrication of highly sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Latest advances (from 2004 onwards) in electrochemical biosensors based on the distinct advantages and practical sensing utility of these two nanostructured materials are discussed and illustrated in the following sections in connection to enzyme electrodes for the determination of analytes of clinical relevance. Although several strategies have been described for using these nanomaterials in such bioaffinity and biocatalytic sensing [3, 4], both for amplification tagging or modifying electrode transducers, this chapter will focus only on their applications as surface modifiers. The broad capabilities of such modern nanomaterials-based bioelectrodes for biocatalytic electrochemical detection (mainly amperometric and potentiometric) of numerous biologically important analytes, and for other bioelectronic affinity assays (e.g., DNA hybridization assays), will be discussed along with future prospects and challenges.

1.2 Graphene Nanomaterials Used in Electrochemical Biosensor Fabrication