Biosphere Reserves and Sustainable Development Goals 2 E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Since 1971, UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme has embraced a number of principles that link the political, scientific and academic spheres. Biosphere Reserves and Sustainable Development Goals 2 is a reminder of the fundamental issues involved in governance. The diversity and multiplicity of stakeholders, and the complexity of the interplay between them, as well as their organization, are decisive factors in the proper management of resources and territories. The book also presents a number of case studies demonstrating that, between the strong development aspirations of their populations, the impact of human activities and the need to conserve their biological heritage, the biosphere reserves of the southern Mediterranean are facing major issues: agricultural pollution, forest fires, water use in a context of climate change, etc.
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Seitenzahl: 495
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Presentation of the Authors of the Two Volumes
Introduction
References
PART 1: Process, Governance and Climate Change Across the Mediterranean
Introduction to Part 1
1 Biosphere Reserves in National Legislation and Public Policy
1.1. Introduction
1.2. The place of the “biosphere reserve” in national legislation
1.3. The place of MAB national committees in national governments
1.4. The place of the “biosphere reserve” model in public policy
1.5. Discussion
1.6. References
2 The Emergence and Evolution of Mediterranean Biosphere Reserves in France
2.1. Profound changes across first-generation sites (1977)
2.2. The recognition of local development projects promoting natural and cultural heritage
2.3. References
3 Perspectives on Mediterranean Biosphere Reserves
3.1. Close-up on the strengthening of the Mont Ventoux Biosphere Reserve’s governance
3.2. Close-up on the Montseny Biosphere Reserve
3.3. Close-up on the Menorca Biosphere Reserve
3.4. Close-up on environmental education and SDGs, an opportunity for Mediterranean Biosphere Reserves
3.5. Close-up on the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean
3.6. References
4 From the Ecological Quality Status Evaluation to the Knowledge Transferability. A Cross-cutting Experience in Montseny Biosphere Reserve
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Mediterranean river basins as valuable and complex socio-ecosystems
4.3. Study area: Montseny Biosphere Reserve
4.4. Research areas
4.5. Environmental education, communication and training program
4.6. A 15-year period implementing PROECA in the Montseny Biosphere Reserve
4.7. Conclusion
4.8. Acknowledgements
4.9. References
5 Do We Need to Choose Between Biodiversity, Industry and Tourism? A Metabolic Approach to Manage the Mediterranean Biosphere Reserve of Menorca
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Societal metabolism
5.3. MuSIASEM: integrating information from multiple scales to improve participation and stakeholder engagement
5.4. The case of Menorca: a Mediterranean Biosphere Reserve with an action plan to implement the sustainable development goals
5.5. Menorca 2025. An Action Plan for the Menorca Biosphere Reserve
5.6. Metabolic performance of economic sectors in Menorca. Application of the MuSIASEM approach
5.7. Discussion: do we need to choose between biodiversity, industry and tourism?
5.8. Conclusion
5.9. References
6 The Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (Lebanon): A Private Association Initiative
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Rich by nature
6.3. A privately run biosphere reserve
6.4. International recognition
6.5. Administration led by socio-economic expectations
6.6. Efforts at increasing understanding and awareness of an exceptional biodiversity
6.7. References
7 Understandings of Administration and Challenges to Governance in the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve (Morocco)
7.1. Introduction
7.2. A biosphere reserve built around an iconic tree: the argan tree
7.3. An integrated approach to conservation and ecodevelopment
7.4. Participation-oriented administration
7.5. Regarding the research/education/management dialogue
7.6. References
8 Reconciling Conservation and Sustainable Development: The Example of the Arganeraie
8.1. Introduction
8.2. The ABR, between conservation and sustainable territorial development: reconciling the irreconcilable
8.3. The complex challenges characterizing the ABR, or relevance and adaptation in conciliatory resilience
8.4. Changes and scalable trends in the ABR: from project territories to a territorial project
8.5. The ABR, complexities and improved governance
8.6. References
9 Patrimonialization and Challenges to Sustainable Development within the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The ABR: a territory valued for the endemism of its heritage resources
9.3. The ABR patrimonialization process
9.4. Paths of governance for the integrated management of the ABR
9.5. Conclusion
9.6. References
10 The Oasis du Sud Marocain Biosphere Reserve: Challenges and Issues for the Durability of Water Resources
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Specificities of the Oasis du Sud Marocain Biosphere Reserve and the question of water
10.3. Regional development and the deterioration of water resources
10.4. Challenges and complexities of water resource management within the OSMBR
10.5. Conclusion
10.6. References
PART 2: Issues and Case Studies in the Southern Mediterranean
Introduction to Part 2
11 Pesticide Residue in the Waters of the IBRM
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Materials and methods
11.3. Results and discussions
11.4. Evaluation of the risks of pesticides to human health
11.5. Evaluation of the risks of pesticides for the environment
11.6. Conclusion
11.7. References
12 Forest Fires: Their Impact on the Sustainable Development of the IBRM
12.1. Introduction
12.2. The phenomenon of forest fires in the northern provinces
12.3. Links between sustainable development and forest fires
12.4. Conclusion
12.5. References
13 The Social and Solidarity Economy and Biodiversity in the Intercontinental Biosphere of the Mediterranean
13.1. Some framing of the concept of the social and solidarity economy
13.2. Development of natural resources in the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM) and the SSE framework
13.3. The role of the SSE in the conservation and development of natural resources
13.4. Conclusion
13.5. References
14 The Media Coverage of the Biosphere Reserve: Ambivalence Between the Protection of Nature and the Promotion of Territories. The Case of RBIM
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Biosphere reserves: general background
14.3. The media environment around the biosphere reserve
14.4. Representation of RBIM in the Moroccan media
14.5. Concluding remarks
14.6. References
15 Mid-Atlas Cedar Forests and Climate Change
15.1. Introduction
15.2. General overview of climatic changes
15.3. The vulnerability of forests to climate change
15.4. Potential impacts of climate change on cedar forests
15.5. Conclusion
15.6. References
16 The Legacy and Future of Conservation in El Kala National Park (Algeria)
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Declinism, forest exploitation and management in the EKNP
16.3. The spread of fishing and marine conservation in the EKNP
16.4. Marine conservation and declinist rhetoric
16.5. Conclusion
16.6. References
17 Social Representations of Biospheres and Sustainable Local Development in Bou Hedma (Tunisia)
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Bou Hedma National Park
17.3. Methodological research framework
17.4. Social representations of Bou Hedma National Park among the surrounding population
17.5. Discussion and interpretation
17.6. The cultural dimension
17.7. The political dimension
17.8. The environmental dimension
17.9. Conclusion
17.10. References
18 Architecture and the Biosphere Environment in Pedagogy: Design Visions for Sustainable Dwelling Communities
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Architecture and the environment
18.3. Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve and the studio’s premise
18.4. Conclusion
18.5. References
List of Authors
Index
Summary of Volume 1
Other titles from ISTE in Science, Society and New Technologies
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1. Mentions of biosphere reserves in national laws
Table 1.2. Organization of national MAB committees
Table 1.3. Primary characteristics of France’s biosphere reserves
Chapter 3
Table 3.1. Profile of the Mont Ventoux Biosphere Reserve
Table 3.2. Profile of the Montseny Biosphere Reserve
Table 3.3. Profile of the Menorca Biosphere Reserve
Table 3.4. Profile of the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterran...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1. Total number and percentage of participants at the PROECA activitie...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1. Profile of the Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve
Chapter 7
Table 7.1. Profile of the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve
Chapter 11
Table 11.1. Average pesticide concentrations according to the chemical family ...
Table 11.2. Organochloride pesticide concentrations in the analyzed stations w...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1. Projects of the associations within the IBRM
Chapter 14
Table 14.1. Definition of biosphere reserve by RBIM’s respondents.
Table 14.2. Respondent’s awareness of Moroccan biosphere reserves.
Table 14.3. Differentiation between biosphere reserves and natural reserves by...
Table 14.4. Means of information about the existence of biosphere reserves in ...
Table 14.5. Problems that interrupt the knowledge of RBIM.
Table 14.6. Needed information according to respondents.
Table 14.7. Required improvements in BR/NR according to respondents.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1. Rate of forest disappearances in Morocco
Table 15.2. Scale of cedar diebacks in the Ifrane region (HCEFLCD 2006a)
Table 15.3. Simulation of the altitudinal limits of cedar vegetation zones by ...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1. Map of Spanish biosphere reserves
Figure 1.2. Typology of institutional governance in Spanish biosphere reserves...
Figure 1.3. Network of biosphere reserves in France (2020)
Figure 1.4. Map of Morocco’s Biosphere Reserves (and network of protected area...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. Landscape of the Camargue Biosphere Reserve
Figure 2.2. Landscape of the Fango Valley
Figure 2.3. High-altitude landscapes in the Cévennes Biosphere Reserve...
Figure 2.4. Lavender fields in the Luberon-Lure Biosphere Reserve
Figure 2.5. Aerial view of the Gorges du Gardon
Figure 2.6. Environmental education in the Mont Viso Biosphere Reserve
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1. Monsteny in autumn
Figure 3.2. Naveta des Tudons
Figure 3.3. Zoning of the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterran...
Figure 3.4. Landscape of the Tallasemtane National Park
Figure 3.5. Humanized landscapes of Bouhachem
Figure 3.6. A street in Chefchaouen
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1. Organizational structure of Observatori Rivus, highlighting PROECA...
Figure 4.2. Map of the Montseny Biosphere Reserve displaying the sampling unit...
Figure 4.3. Riparian areas in the Montseny Biosphere Reserve. From left to rig...
Figure 4.4. Images of some research areas sampling and methods. From left to r...
Figure 4.5. Scheme of the PROECA strategy
Figure 4.6. Map of participation at PROECA activities for each of the municipa...
Figure 4.7. Total number and percentage of participants at the PROECA activiti...
Figure 4.8. Images of environmental education activities with scholars, guided...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1. Biosphere reserves and the Sustainable Development Goals-Agenda 20...
Figure 5.2. Dune system and associated vegetation.
Figure 5.3. Selected main objectives, operational objectives and connection to...
Figure 5.4. Metabolic performance and extensive variables of the three economi...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1. Landscape of the Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve on the Adonis Rive...
Figure 6.2. Zoning of the Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve.
Figure 6.3. Long-legged buzzard
Figure 6.4. An example of the exceptional plant Pentapera sicula libanotica...
Figure 6.5. Archaeological dig in a tomb
Figure 6.6. Promotion of local products
Figure 6.7. Visitors are attracted by the many walks, such as this roman stair...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1. Zoning of the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve.
Figure 7.2. The argan tree, a treasure of the biosphere reserve
Figure 7.3. Pastoralism in the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve
Figure 7.4. Traditional home within the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1. The zoning of the ABR
Figure 9.2. The functions of the Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve
Figure 9.3. Life cycle of patrimonialization and enhancement in the Arganeraie...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1. The area of study (Moroccan section)
Figure 11.2. Close-up of the sites from which the analyzed water samples were ...
Figure 11.3. Chemical classifications of pesticides in the upstream reaches of...
Figure 11.4. Pesticide classifications according to targets in the upstream re...
Figure 11.5. Total concentrations of pesticide residue in the different statio...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1. Site of Biological Importance in the Moroccan section of the IBRM
Figure 12.2. Change in the number of and area covered by forest fires declared...
Figure 12.3. Locations of forest fires in Chefchaouen province in 2019.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1. The SSE and sustainable territorial human development
Figure 13.2. SSE objectives
Figure 13.3. Distribution of cooperatives and associations in the IBRM
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1. Source of information about the BR/NR.
Figure 14.2. Knowledge game of the biosphere reserve RBIM for students.
Figure 14.3. Degree of satisfaction with access to information about NR or BR.
Figure 14.4. Type of information the respondents get about the environment....
Figure 14.5. Reasons of visits of RBIM according to respondents.
Figure 14.6. Stakeholders’ role in biosphere reserves.
Figure 14.7. State of the signage in RBIM.
Figure 14.8. Word cloud generated from the terms biosphere reserve.
Figure 14.9. Correspondence analysis and stakeholders’ positions.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1. Location of the El Kala National Park
Figure 16.2. El Kala National Park and its municipalities
Figure 16.3. Zoning of the future Marine Protected Area in El Kala (bathymetri...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1. Bou Hedma National Park
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1. Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve in Lebanon (Lea Tabaja, Yara Haida...
Figure 18.2. Flora, fauna and migratory birds (Lea Tabaja, Yara Haidar, Noura ...
Figure 18.3. Wild animals of Jabal Moussa (Myriam Abou Adal, Marc Faysal, Amir...
Figure 18.4. Wind speed, seasonal flows and local villages (Myriam Abou Adal, ...
Figure 18.5. Local activities and bioeconomic potential (Joseph Chalhoub, Aya ...
Figure 18.6. Qehmez plateau (Joseph Chalhoub, Aya el Husseini, Baraa Al Ali, S...
Figure 18.7. Qehmez valley (Myriam Abou Adal, Marc Faysal, Amir Moujaes)
Figure 18.8. Village of Mchati (Lea Tabaja, Yara Haidar, Noura Bissat)
Figure 18.9. Climatic model (Joseph Chalhoub)
Figure 18.10. Climatic model (Omar Ayache)
Figure 18.11. Climatic model (Lea Tabaja)
Figure 18.12. Honey-making community program (Joseph Chalhoub)
Figure 18.13. Shepherds and eco-tourism (Omar Ayache)
Figure 18.14. Housing for the elderly and children (Lea Tabaja)
Figure 18.15. Integrated community dwellings and honey production (Joseph Chal...
Figure 18.16. Embedded geological dwellings for local nomads (Omar Ayache)
Figure 18.17. Hybrid architecture and existing landscape terracing (Lea Tabaja...
Figure 18.18. Productive housing clusters and the environment (Myriam Abou Ada...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Presentation of the Authors of the Two Volumes
Introduction
Begin Reading
List of Authors
Index
Summary of Volume 1
Other titles from iSTE in Science, Society and New Technologies
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Book published within the framework of the Erasmus+ “EduBioMed”
This project has been funded with support from the European Union. This publication reflects only the author's view and the Agency and the Commission are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Project number: 598924-EPP-1-2018-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP
Territory Development Set
coordinated byAngela Barthes
Volume 4
Biosphere Reserves and Sustainable Development Goals 2
Issues, Tensions, Processes and Governance in the Mediterranean
Edited by
Bruno Romagny
Catherine Cibien
Angela Barthes
First published 2023 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
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© ISTE Ltd 2023The rights of Bruno Romagny, Catherine Cibien and Angela Barthes to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2023943622
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78630-842-9
Presentation of the Authors of the Two Volumes
Hannah Abou Fakher holds a bachelor’s degree in Agricultural Studies and a master’s degree in Environmental Engineering and Natural Resources. She has worked on various projects as an intern at the Nature Conservation Center at the American University of Beirut (AUB). Hannah is currently working with the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in the area of climate and resilience.
Mohammed Aderghal is a geographer; a higher education professor at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences of Mohammed V University in Rabat; Director of the Laboratory of Tourism Engineering, Heritage and Sustainable Development of the Territories (LITOPAD); President of the Association of Moroccan Geographers (ANAGEM); and founding member of the international joint laboratory (LMI) Mediterranean Terroirs: Heritage, Mobility, Change and Social Innovation (MédiTer). He works on the agro-pastoral and rural changes at the origin of territorial recompositions and the change in the relationship between society and natural resources in the mountains and in the pre-Saharan and Saharan regions.
Sonia Aderghal holds a PhD in Geography from the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences (Mohammed V University in Rabat). A researcher and associate at the LITOPAD and LMI MédiTer, her work focuses on the territorial dynamics of Mediterranean coasts and their hinterlands. She focuses on themes relating to tourism, urbanization, new ruralities and the governance of territories.
Abdelaziz Afker is a water and forest engineer (1988, Salé, Morocco) and holds a master’s degree in Human Resources and Organization Management (Nancy 2009). The focal point for the Arganeraie biosphere reserve at the Regional Directorate of Water and Forests in Agadir, he has held several positions of responsibility related to management, studies and partnership for the benefit of natural resources.
Abdullah Aït L’Houssain is a PhD student in Geography at the Laboratory of Studies on Resources, Mobility and Attractiveness (LERMA) at Cadi-Ayyad University in Marrakech. The title of his thesis is “Climate Change, Migration and Sustainable Development”. His areas of research are climate migration, social movement and territorial feminism.
Lahoucine Amzil is based at Mohammed V University, Rabat. He holds a dual education in Social Sciences (Mohammed V University, Faculty of Arts and Letters, 1998–2002) and in Ecological Sciences (Albert Ludwig-Freiburg University, Department of Geobotany and Forestry, 2002–2005). Lahoucine Amzil’s doctoral research focuses on recent transformations of the traditional socio-economic system of the western High Atlas. Amzil’s current research interests include sustainable approaches, migration processes and rural development.
Carla Aramony is an architect and assistant professor at AUB.
Nina Asloum is an associate research professor (HDR) in Education and Training Sciences at the National School of Agricultural Education in Toulouse. She is responsible for the training of teachers in Agricultural Education for Spatial Planning. Her research focuses on curricula for producing differently and on the socio-historical evolution of training curricula for agricultural education within the Toulouse UMR Education, Training, Work, Knowledge (EFTS) and for the theme Changes in Education and Training: Engagement, Interactions, Emancipation.
Hicham Attouch is a professor at Mohammed V University, Rabat, in the Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences.
Lahcen Azougarh is a researcher at the Environment, Development and Spatial Management Laboratory at Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco.
Didier Babin is president of the French committee of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme and was president of the International Coordinating Council from 2016 to 2018. He is a member of the French National Biodiversity Committee. He is currently responsible for the Post 2020 Biodiversity Framework EU Support project at Expertise France. A doctor in Geography, researcher at CIRAD and associate at the University of Quebec in Montreal, Didier Babin was part of the CBD secretariat for five years as head of the Biodiversity for Development and Poverty Eradication program and was a member of the United Nations technical team for the preparation of the Sustainable Development Goals. He was also involved in the emergence of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) as executive secretary of the IMoSEB process.
Joelle Barakat is a conservation manager at the Jabal Moussa biosphere reserve, Lebanon.
Angela Barthes is a professor at the University of Aix-Marseille and specializes in the field of environmental education and the development of rural territories. She leads the Education, Territories, Development, Society, Health team from the ADEF laboratory.
Laurent Bedoussac is an associate research professor (HDR) in Agronomy at the National School of Agricultural Education in Toulouse. He leads the training of teachers in horticultural production and viticulture. He conducts research in the UMR AGIR at the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment on the analysis of the performance and functioning of mixtures of species for the design of agroecological cropping systems.
Sylviane Blanc-Maximin is a doctor with an HDR in Education Sciences specializing in the links between territory and education. She is a teacher trainer at the University of Aix-Marseille and a member of the ADEF laboratory.
Martí Boada is a professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), a member of the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (ICTA), a doctor of environmental sciences, the author of over 100 popular science books and a pioneer in ecology.
Antonio Bontempi is the project manager for EduBioMed and a doctoral student at the department of Geography at UAB. He holds a joint European MSc in Environmental Studies (2017) and was awarded another MSc in Building Engineering from the University of Bergamo (Italy 2013). He has been a visiting professor at several universities: the University of Columbia in New York (2016), the Technical University of Hamburg (2016) and the Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa (2012). Antonio’s interests include protected areas, socio-environmental studies, ecological economics, political ecology, planning and territorial development.
Meriem Bouamrane is an environmental economist and Head of the Biodiversity and Ecology section within the Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences in the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. She is responsible for research and training programs on the access to and use of biodiversity, participatory approaches and consultation, using biosphere reserves as research and demonstration sites. She is the biodiversity focal point within UNESCO, as well as for IPBES and Future Earth.
Éliane Bou Dagher is a member of the Faculty of Sciences at Saint-Joseph University in Beirut (USJ).
Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat is a professor at the Faculty of Sciences at USJ in Beirut. Magda is the author of numerous scientific publications on Lebanon’s biodiversity and the countless threats it faces. She is also the founder and president of the NGO Jouzour Loubnan.
Saïd Boujrouf is a professor of Geography, director of the Laboratory for Studies on Resources, Mobility and Attractiveness (LERMA) and co-director of the LMI MédiTer at Cadi-Ayyad University, Marrakesh. He studies land use planning and territorial development in Morocco.
Soukaina Bouziani, after finishing her baccalaureate studies in Physical Sciences, turned to Economics and Management Studies, successfully obtaining her license. Following short professional experiences in administration during and after her studies, Soukaina chose to complete her academic career with a master’s degree in Governance, Territorial Planning, Local and Regional Development and Resource Management. In her final project, she addressed the themes of sustainable economy and the promotion of biodiversity in the Moroccan part of the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean (IBRM).
Abdelkarim Brahmi is a lecturer at the Higher Institute of Applied Studies in Humanities at the University of Gafsa. He holds a doctorate in Heritage Sciences from FSHST, University of Tunis. He is a member of the Laboratory of Maghreb Studies at the same faculty.
Driss Chahhou is a professor at the Faculty of Sciences of Mohammed V University, Rabat.
Abdelkader Chahlaoui is a professor at the Faculty of Sciences of Moulay Ismail University in Meknes, head of the Valorization of Natural Resources Management research team and author and co-author of 100 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. He is also an expert for national and international bodies and initiator of scientific research projects.
Véronique Chalando is a doctoral student in the field of education for sustainable development; her area of research is agroecological knowledge. A certified professor of agricultural education in ecology and biology, she now works in agronomy at the University Institute of Technology of the University of Aix-Marseille.
Mikaël Chambru is a lecturer in Information and Communication Sciences at Grenoble Alpes University and researcher within the laboratory for excellence (Labex) Innovation and Territorial Transitions in the Mountains (ITTEM) and the Research Group on Communication Issues (Gresec). His work focuses on the methods for publicizing science in mountain territories, looking at mediation, communication and popularization of science, as well as the controversies and public challenges regarding Alpine societal issues in the context of a general demand for an ecological transition.
Catherine Cibien is the director of the French committee of the MAB Programme of UNESCO. She supervises the national network of biosphere reserves, including a set of working groups and projects relating to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (biodiversity, education, communication, commitment of actors, etc.); acts as liaison with the network world; and takes part in the bodies of the Programme at UNESCO. She co-supervises the MAB masters at the University of Toulouse and chairs the Scientific Council of the Cévennes National Park biosphere reserve.
Cécilia Claeys is an associate research professor (HDR) of sociology at the University of Perpignan and a member of the Population–Environment–Development Laboratory. A sociologist, she conducts interdisciplinary research combining human sciences and life sciences. Her preferred fields of study are in mainland and overseas France. Her work focuses on the implementation of public environmental and risk prevention policies and their (non-)acceptance by populations and territorial actors.
Tarik Dahou is a research director at UMR 208 PALOC, IRD, National Museum of Natural History, Paris.
Mchich Derak is a forestry engineer at DREFLCD, Rif, Morocco.
Pierre Doumet is co-founder and president of the Association for the Protection of Jabal Moussa and manager of the Jabal Moussa biosphere reserve, Lebanon.
El Habib El Azzouzi is a professor at the Scientific Institute of Mohammed V University, Rabat, specialist in environmental chemistry and author and co-author of around 20 scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. He is also a member of the Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Heritage Laboratory (GEOPAC) at ISR, a member of the management board of Mohammed V University and president of the association of UM5 laureates.
Hind El Bouzaidi is a member of GEOPAC, Mohammed V University, Rabat.
Wassim El-Hajj is an associate professor of Computer Science at AUB. His research focuses on the areas of wireless communication, network security and machine learning. His research activities have resulted in over 90 publications in reputable journals. He is a frequent speaker and technical reviewer at leading international conferences.
Yamina El Kirat El Allame obtained a PhD in Minority Identities, Languages and Cultures. She is an international advisor and consultant in the field of higher education. She is the coordinator of the AMAS project Erasmus Inter Africa Mobility in Morocco. El Kirat is also a coordinator of the Culture, Language, Education, Migration and Society Research Laboratory and of the Studies in Language and Society doctoral program at the Mohammed V University in Rabat in Morocco. For over 25 years, El Kirat has taught and conducted research on the disappearance of languages, cultural representations and attitudes, the analysis of political discourses and minority cultures, languages and identities. She is currently the coordinator of the UniMed Network on Migration.
Faiza El Mejjad obtained a bachelor’s degree in English Studies at USMS Beni Mellal before embarking on a professional bachelor’s degree in Tourism Engineering at Cadi-Ayyad University in Marrakech. El Mejjad’s passion for the environment, space and territories led her to opt for the UM5R master’s program Governance, Land Use Planning, Local and Regional Development and Resource Management and the Rural Tourism Heritage option to stay in touch with sustainability and biodiversity. Her master’s thesis was a comparative study of media coverage of biosphere reserves in Morocco and Lebanon.
Mohammed Faekhaoui is a member of GEOPAC, Mohammed V University, Rabat.
Bruno Garnier is a university professor at the University of Corsica. The author of 60 publications, he continues his research with a focus on the right to education and cultural diversity in education. Within the laboratory Places, Identities, eSpaces and Activities (CNRS/University of Corsica), he is responsible for the team Identities, Cultures, Heritage Processes (ICPP).
Guillaume Gillet is a research engineer in agricultural and rural training at the National School of Agricultural Education in Toulouse and an associate researcher at UMR Innovation in Montpellier. He coordinates the training of teachers in agricultural equipment sciences and techniques. He conducts his research on support and training for actors who innovate in agriculture with a view to the agroecological transition.
Fatimazahra Hafiane is a member of the GEOPAC, Mohammed V University, Rabat.
Moustapha Itani holds an MSc in Ecosystem Management from AUB. After graduating, he became involved in many projects at the Nature Conservation Center at AUB. Moustapha is currently pursuing his doctoral research assessing the ecological impacts of pastoralism on high mountain landscapes as part of the Interdisciplinary Environmental Science program at the University of Helsinki.
Salma Itsmaïl is a doctoral student in Education Sciences at the University of Corsica and a member of the Places, Identities, Spaces and Activities laboratory (CNRS/University of Corsica). She works on the argan tree biosphere reserve.
Kawtar Jaber is a member of the Faculty of Sciences at USJ, Beirut.
Rhéa Kahalé is a member of the Faculty of Sciences at USJ, Beirut.
Maya Kouzaiha is a member of the Faculty of Sciences at USJ, Beirut.
Jean-Marc Lange is a professor of Education and Training Sciences at the University of Montpellier. His research, carried out from a curricular point of view, aims at the development of coherent and acceptable curricula for the formal education actors in the fields of transversal education. His work also focuses on the issues and orientation of educational policies and their historical roots. He is the author of numerous publications and co-authored the Dictionnaire critique des enjeux et concepts des “éducations à” (Critical Dictionary of the Issues and Concepts of “Education For”) with Angela Barthes and Nicole Tutiaux-Guillon, published by L’Harmattan in 2017.
Nadia Machouri is a professor at the Mohammed V University in Rabat and specializes in Physical Geography. She is the author and co-author of around 40 publications in national and international journals and doctoral training coordinator in the field of Environmental Management and Sustainable Development. She is also a member of the Center for Studies and Research on Man, Spaces and Societies, having participated in eight national and international research projects.
Roser Maneja is the coordinator of the EduBioMed project. She is a doctor of Environmental Sciences (UAB 2011) and currently Deputy Director of Research and Senior Researcher at the Forest Science and Technology Center of Catalonia (CTFC). She is associate professor in the Geography department of UAB and a member of the Applied Geography Research Group and Visiting Professor at Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental (CIGA), Mexico.
Alejandro Marcos Valls is a PhD candidate at ICTA at UAB. He holds an MSc from Uppsala University in Sustainable Development (2014) and two bachelor’s degrees, one in Environmental Science (2010) and the other in Media and Communication (2011), both from the University of Barcelona. His current research focuses on integrated scenarios for island economies relying on a metabolic approach to cope with complexity in decision making and to promote participation and deliberation. Alejandro Marcos-Valls acknowledges having received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the “Maria de Maeztu” Program for Units of Excellence (CEX2019-000940-M).
Anthoni Mas-Ponce carries out research activities mainly related to the monitoring of the ecological condition of Mediterranean river ecosystems and global change. He is currently preparing his PhD at the ICTA at UAB on the creation of new ecological indicators to assess the effects of global change in Mediterranean river basins.
Wahiba Moubhir is an accredited higher education professor in the department of Languages and Human Sciences at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Marrakech. She is a permanent member of the Laboratory for Studies on Resources, Mobility and Attractiveness in the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences of Marrakech and an associate member of the Center for Studies, Evaluation and Educational Research (CEERP) of the Cadi-Ayyad University of Marrakech.
Ahmed Mouhyiddine is a Doctor of Geography at Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra (Morocco), and in the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat.
Reda Nacer obtained a degree in Geography at the USMBA and a diploma in Business Management before embarking on a master’s degree at the UM5R in Governance, Regional Planning, Local and Regional Development and Resource Management. His master’s thesis focused on the intercontinental biosphere reserve of the Mediterranean and the subject of wood energy in the province of Chefchaouen.
Salma Nashabe Talhouk is a lecturer at the department of Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management at AUB. His work focuses on the promotion of community-based natural resource management; it explores digital technologies for nature conservation, highlights cultural ecosystem services and looks at the use of native and ecologically adapted plants in towns.
Nivine Nasrallah holds an MSc in Phyto-ecology from the Faculty of Sciences of the Lebanese University. After graduating, she worked as an intern, writing papers and articles at the Nature Conservation Center of AUB. Nivine is currently pursuing a second master’s degree in plant protection at the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine of the Lebanese University.
Ken Reyna is the director of the Regional Natural Park and coordinator of the Mont Ventoux biosphere reserve, France.
Bruno Romagny is an economist, a research director (HDR) at the Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD, Research Institute for Sustainable Development) and a member of the Population–Environment–Development Laboratory (LPED), UMR 151, at the University of Aix-Marseille. Together with Saïd Boujrouf, he co-directed the LMI MédiTer (2016–2021). The issues of access to and uses and modes of appropriation of renewable resources, as well as the difficulties raised by their concerted management and their valorization at a local scale, constitute the heart of his work.
Maria Carmen Romera-Puga is a socio-environmental science researcher interested in the rural commons, community protected and conserved areas, and political ecology issues in the Mediterranean. She is a PhD student at the ICTA at UAB (LASEG research group) and works on ICCAs, agdals, inclusive environmental governance and biosphere reserves in Morocco.
Rashid Sammoudi is a PhD research engineer at the Scientific Institute of Mohammed V University of Rabat, a specialist in ecology and environment and the management of natural resources and author and co-author of 10 Scopus scientific articles. A forest engineer and former head of water and forests, he has 20 years of experience in the management and valorization of Moroccan forest resources.
Sònia Sànchez-Mateo holds a doctorate in Environmental Sciences (UAB 2010) and a degree in Biology (UAB 2001). She is a researcher at the ICTA at UAB, a member of the Applied Geography Research Group at UAB and technical manager of Fundació Rivus, a public foundation promoting research, environmental education and dissemination for the conservation of river systems. She also coordinates the Observatori Rivus project, a long-term monitoring project that assesses socio-ecological indicators in Mediterranean river basins. Her expertise concerns riparian vegetation, water quality indicators, protected natural areas, global change and biodiversity.
Melki Slimani holds a doctorate in Education from the University of Montpellier and the Higher Institute of Education and Continuing Education in Tunis. His research focuses on the political dimension of environmental and development issues (questions environnementales et de développement (QEDs)) in the curricula. He teaches educational sciences at ISEAH, University of Kairouan, Sbeïtla, Tunisia.
Introduction
This book, Biosphere Reserves and Sustainable Development Goals, is organized in two volumes. The first volume specifically addresses scientific issues and educational practices in the Mediterranean region, whereas the second volume focuses on tensions, processes and governance. Case studies examine reserves on the southern, eastern and northern shores of the Mediterranean.
For the first time in the history of the panels of experts in charge of regularly assessing and synthesizing scientific knowledge on climate change and the erosion of biodiversity, approximately 50 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) world specialists published a joint report1 on June 10, 2021. In this document, they stated the imperative need to jointly address these two major phenomena, indicators of the different facets of the “great acceleration” of global change after the Anthropocene (Beau and Larrère 2018), in an attempt to provide responses commensurate with threats and challenges.
The interactions between climate and biodiversity have been more or less known for a long time, but these two areas are still too often treated separately, from the point of view of both research and public policies, or through the “greening” strategies in the activities of large private firms. In this report, researchers show that certain solutions presented as apparently good for the climate – such as single-species plantations of trees popular in carbon offsetting processes – can be harmful for biodiversity, the opposite being rarer. They remind us of the need to take into account these complex interactions at all the possible levels of action.
In France, after being contacted by the municipality of Grande-Synthe in the north of the country (a municipality particularly exposed to climate change), the state council2 set a new ultimatum to the public authorities. The government had a deadline of March 31, 2022, for implementing all the “useful” measures – without the specification of which – in order to bend the curve of greenhouse gas emissions and meet its goals. Although France has committed itself to reducing emissions by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and to reaching “carbon neutrality” by 2050, it is not taking concrete measures. Henceforth, administrative judges can control the action or inaction of the State in comparison with the recommended trajectories for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This legal decision, the first of its kind in France, was taken after the High Council for the Climate, an independent body created at the end of 2018 and responsible for shedding light on the government’s policies in this area, published a report3 pointing out that the State was not making sufficient efforts to reach the 2030 goals. This was particularly relevant as the European Union had just raised its own climate goals: it had undertaken to reduce its net emissions by at least 55% by 2030 against the previous 40%, which will require an extra effort on the part of France.
Finance must become a key player in the ecological transition, accompanying its various dimensions (energy, agriculture, food, transport, etc.), all the more so given the fact that the banking sector is dependent on fossil fuel industries as never before. This is clearly shown by a study4 published by a collective of associations (Friends of the Earth, the Rousseau Institute and Reclaim Finance). The study’s abstract quotes the Banking On Climate Chaos 2021 report5 according to which the 60 largest banks in the world granted EUR 3,393 billion financing to companies in the fossil fuel sector between 2016 and 2020. The in-depth study carried out by this collective of associations shows that the 11 main banks in the euro zone have accumulated a stock of over EUR 530 billion in assets related to fossil fuels, that is, 95% of their equity capital. Since January 2020, BNP Paribas, Société Générale, CréditAgricole and Natixis have granted over USD 17 billion in financing to the 30 most important companies in the world in terms of shale oil and gas exploitation. In this context, the devaluation of “fossil fuel assets”6 held by the banks, which will accompany the inevitable ecological transition, could produce significant turbulence or even generate a new global finance crisis. We would find ourselves in a situation comparable to the subprime crisis, when in 2008 the banking sector refused to open its eyes to the upcoming catastrophe and detonated a situation which could have been avoided, resulting in numerous bankruptcies and heavy socio-economic and human consequences.
While scientific warnings are old (Club of Rome report from 1972, etc.), those concerning the interactions between climate change and the rapid erosion of biodiversity have been taking shape for two decades, to the point of describing the current situation as the sixth major mass extinction crisis (Thomas et al. 2004). As the economist Laurent Eloi (2011) has pointed out:
Our ecological crises reveal a paradox of knowledge and action: the considerable progress in environmental science over the past two decades has brought ever worse news about the state of ecosystems. […] Even if the natural and physical sciences alert us – by pointing out significant areas of uncertainty – about the reality of ecological crises, they do not provide us with the means to transform attitudes and behaviors in human societies, societies which are responsible for planetary environmental change, behaviors and attitudes alone being capable of influencing its course. […] In more provocative terms, one could say that, as far as environmental matters are concerned, the social sciences and humanities hold the key to solutions to the problems revealed by the hard sciences. This explains the necessary articulation between the two fields, if ecology does not want to be reduced to an ever more exact science of the contemplation of disasters.
Since the 1990s, various policies described as fostering “sustainable development“ have supported mechanisms formalizing the links between the necessary management of biodiversity (Blandin 2009; Rockström et al. 2009) and local development, which must not only be inclusive and favor the reduction of social and territorial inequalities but also as neutral as possible in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Among these systems, protected areas constitute one of the pillars of national and international nature conservation policies. To be effective, the size of protected areas must globally increase – for both terrestrial and marine ecosystems – and their interconnection has to be improved. However, it is also in terms of multi-stakeholder and multi-level governance that these reserves are expected to truly fulfill their role as an “open-air laboratory” during the ecological transition.
Recent developments systematically remind us of the importance of scientific approaches integrated with the social development needs from all globalized territories, as well as the need to articulate management modes in coordination with the economic and academic spheres. They also highlight the need to increase the engagement from citizens in all the available educational spheres (Cibien 2006).
In one of their last reports7, experts from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Blue Plan emphasized that the rapidity of climate change in the Mediterranean basin is higher than the global trends. The Mediterranean has warmed by 1.5°C since the pre-industrial era, on average 20% faster than in the rest of the globe. This is what the recent synthesis of several hundred scientific studies has shown regarding the catastrophic consequences of global warming for the inhabitants of this world region, particularly when it comes to the supply of fresh water. By 2040, the Mediterranean region is expected to experience a temperature 2.2°C higher than at the end of the 19th century and locally 3.8°C higher by 2100 if serious mitigation measures are not taken expeditiously. “As a generalist diplomat, I am struck to learn that the Mediterranean is the second most impacted region in the world after the Arctic”, summarized the Egyptian Nasser Kamel8, Secretary General of the Union for the Mediterranean. “I understand that the state of the Arctic is important for the planet, but there are 500 million of us around this small lake…”
As elsewhere on the planet, the impact of climate change in the Mediterranean region has been exacerbated by other environmental problems relating to dynamics which have been underway for several decades, often supported by the public authorities. These phenomena have involved changes in land use, in particular those related to the rise of urbanization and mass tourism concentrated on the coast, and the intensification of agriculture, overfishing, declining biodiversity, soil degradation, desertification and pollution (atmospheric and aquatic environments). At the same time, these phenomena have led to increased competition between local actors and investors – sometimes foreign – for the access to resources related to water, soil (including beach sand)9, forestry, fodder, etc.
When associated with demographic and socio-economic factors, climate change impacts water resources in various ways. Declining precipitation reduces surface and groundwater recharge. Extreme events (high floods, prolonged droughts) accelerate soil erosion and threaten many human lives, as do recurrent heat wave10 episodes. Water quality also suffers an impact, in particular due to the deterioration of wetlands and the salinization of groundwater in coastal aquifers.
The agricultural sector in the Mediterranean being the largest water consumer, the risks of conflicts between users have increased. In connection with demographic growth and the expansion of metropolitan areas, food demand is bound to increase accordingly (both at the national level and for export), which will automatically increase the demand for irrigation. Technical solutions in terms of water saving, such as dripping (Kuper et al. 2017), only postpone or delay the overexploitation of underground aquifers and create other difficulties (soil pollution by plastics abandoned in the open field, etc.). Significant adaptations are expected to modify agricultural11 practices, defend the traditional Mediterranean diet, support localized agricultural production systems or even reduce waste and encourage a change in diets in line with the functioning of global food markets.
In the Mediterranean, terrestrial biodiversity is undergoing many changes. In the countries of the northern shore (especially coastal ones), urbanization has suppressed or fragmented many ecosystems. Due to the decline in agricultural and agro-pastoral systems, wooded areas are increasing at the expense of these two sectors. For their part, the semi-natural ecosystems of the countries along the southern and eastern shores are threatened with fragmentation or disappearance, notably due to urbanization, deforestation, the overexploitation of wood (for heating, construction) and overgrazing. According to the mentioned UNEP report, adaptation options at the level of terrestrial biodiversity include the preservation of “natural flow variability in Mediterranean rivers and the protection of riparian zones, reduction of water abstraction, modified silvicultural practices, and the promotion of climate-wise landscape connectivity”.
Furthermore, crucial socio-economic factors are currently hampering sustainable development in Mediterranean countries. In the first place, there is persistent poverty, for example, in certain marginal rural regions in Northern Africa and in the urban and periurban suburbs which accommodate the most disadvantaged populations (unemployed, landless peasants, migrants, etc.). These pockets of poverty are related to inequalities and the imbalance between men and women. In addition, cultural dimensions also have to be taken into account to ensure the success of climate adaptation and environmental resilience policies in the heterogeneous multicultural framework of the Mediterranean basin. These policies, also aiming to support the most vulnerable local communities, must imperatively take into account social issues such as justice, equality, education, the fight against poverty, social inclusion and redistribution.
Finally, at the scientific level and with a view to meeting the main challenges in the Mediterranean, UNEP and Blue Plan experts insist on the need to quickly fill in the gaps between countries in terms of data and knowledge. In particular, they aim to promote the development of high-level climate services. This essentially points to early warning systems: “Increased research is required for short- and medium-term projections, as well as large-scale programs at the Mediterranean level to face impending challenges.”
Since 1971, the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, known by the abbreviation MAB, has fostered different articulation principles between the political, scientific and academic spheres in various territories. Theoretically, the declared goal is to reconcile sustainable development at the regional level with the protection of the environment and, more specifically, the conservation of biodiversity, with respect for the cultural values of all. Biosphere reserves, which are formalized by UNESCO, are considered privileged territorial spaces for experimenting with operating methods specifically adapted to the stated goals and cross-cutting issues.
Today, the UN biosphere reserve system supports the 2030 Agenda and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It encourages the development of interdisciplinary research and relies on its worldwide network to spread its experiences, its approaches and know-how. The different global and local political scales are articulated, with various consequences on the reconfiguration of local political arenas; on specific modes of development regarding the renewal of bonds between knowledge, powers and institutions and renovated relationships between the scientific and educational spheres; and on the governance of territories.
Responding to a multidisciplinary requirement and to a citizen–actor–researcher dialogue, this work addresses the question of the articulations and tensions between biosphere reserves and SDGs in the Mediterranean area from the perspective of complexity and multi-referentiality. It was conducted within the framework of the Erasmus+ EduBioMed12 (2018–2021) European program, led by the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). This program also engages five other universities: the University of Aix-Marseille in France, Mohammad V in Rabat and Cadi-Ayyad in Marrakech in Morocco, and Saint-Joseph University and the American University in Beirut in Lebanon. It is also established a partnership with several biosphere reserves in France (Mont Ventoux), Spain (Montseny), Morocco (the Arganeraie and the Intercontinental Reserve of the Mediterranean) and Lebanon (Jabal Moussa, Chouf), as well as with the MAB France and UniMed networks.
The book is structured in four distinct and complementary parts. The first part focuses on the multidisciplinary scientific issues of biosphere reserves as part of the implementation of the SDGs in the Mediterranean. The second part focuses on educational and civic prescriptions and practices relating to biosphere reserves. The third part (Volume 2) guides reflection on the governance processes in climate change on both sides of the Mediterranean. Finally, the last part (Volume 2) engages the actors to express themselves on local issues specific to the south of the Mediterranean. This book has the particularity of resolutely taking part in the cross-dynamics of Mediterranean biosphere reserves and is enriched by the points of view from Lebanese, Tunisian, Moroccan, French and Catalan actors involved in the field and in the academic sphere.
This book intends to make its contribution to the specificities of the Mediterranean biosphere reserves, analyzing the articulations and tensions between the development of hinterland territories and environmental protection. It questions to what extent the challenges of the erosion of biodiversity and governance difficulties encountered in the Mediterranean biosphere reserves are actually taken into account. It also contributes to formalizing the links between academic research, citizens and biosphere reserve managers without concealing issues such as knowledge conflicts, citizen involvement and educational realities in a problematic framework which ends up being more complex than suspected at first sight.
References
Beau, R. and Larrère, C. (eds) (2018).
Penser l’Anthropocène
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Blandin, P. (2009).
De la protection de la nature au pilotage de la biodiversité
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Cibien, C. (2006). Actualités de la recherche. Les Réserves de biosphère : des lieux de collaboration entre chercheurs et gestionnaires en faveur de la biodiversité.
Natures Sciences Sociétés
, 14, 84–90.
Eloi, L. (2011). Économie du développement soutenable. Quelle place pour l’économie dans la science de la soutenabilité?
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, 120, 7–12.
Kuper, M., Ameur, F., Hammani, A. (2017). Unravelling the enduring paradox of increased pressure on groundwater through efficient drip irrigation. In
Drip Irrigation for Agriculture: Untold Stories of Efficiency, Innovation and Development
, Venot, J.P., Kuper, M., Zwarteveen, M. (eds). Routledge, London.
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F.S., Lambin, E.F., Lenton, T.M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H.J. et al. (2009). A safe operating space for humanity.
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Notes
Introduction written by Angela BARTHES, Catherine CIBIEN and Bruno ROMAGNY.
1
See:
https://www.actu-environnement.com/media/pdf/news-37685-rapport-atelier-giec-ipbes-climat
.
2
This is the body that advises the government on the preparation of bills and decrees. It is also the supreme administrative judge that settles the disputes relating to administrative acts.
3
See:
https://www.hautconseilclimat.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/HCC-rappport-annuel-2021.pdf
.
4
See:
https://gael-giraud.fr/actifs-fossiles-les-nouveaux-subprimes-notre-rapport/
.
5
See:
https://www.ran.org/bankingonclimatechaos2021/
.
6
“Fossil fuel assets” are those contributing to the financing of exploration, exploitation and distribution (including transport, refining, etc.) for oil, gas and coal and to the production of electricity from these resources.
7
UNEP/Mediterranean Action Plan and Blue Plan (2020). State of the Environment and Development in Mediterranean: Key messages [Online]. Available at:
https://planbleu.org/soed/
.
8
See:
https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2019/10/11/changement-climatique-les-scientifiques-s-inquietent-des-effets-sur-le-bassin-mediterraneen_6015045_3244.html
.
9
See:
https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/28163/SandSust.pdf
.
10
For over a decade, each new year has broken the temperature records of the previous one in many countries on all continents. The summer of 2021 caused alarm with the appearance of a “heat dome” in Western Canada which resulted in the hottest day ever recorded in this country on June 30, 2021, with a 49.6°C temperature recorded at Lytton. This was one of the coldest territories on Earth showing the usual temperatures of the Middle East! As if to reinforce the dramatic dimension of the phenomenon and adding to its symbolism, the following day, the village of Lytton was almost completely destroyed by the flames of fires caused by this unprecedented heatwave episode. Other large fires also marked the summer of 2021 around the Mediterranean, specifically in Turkey, Greece, Algeria, France, etc.
11
Towards a productive agriculture capable of feeding the planet differently, in a less carbon-intensive manner, less chemical, less intensive and more respectful of humans, soils and biodiversity and more water-efficient.
12
See:
https://www.edubiomed.eu/fr/
.
PART 1Process, Governance and Climate Change Across the Mediterranean
Introduction to Part 1
At the heart of the first part of this work lie questions of governance. The diversity and multiplicity of participants, the complexity of the play of actors, and their organization are decisive factors for the management of resources and territories.
Part 1 of this book will present the diverse situations visible in four countries included in the Network of Mediterranean Biosphere Reserves. How have they organized themselves in order to implement the model of flexible management represented by the UNESCO Biosphere Reserves? Have these reserves been factored into their laws and public policies? How are they funded? These reserves are the object of a panoply of institutional situations across the Mediterranean region, in Spain, France, Lebanon and Morocco.
How do the actors on the ground operate in practice? What problems and pressures do they face in their attempt to consolidate the conservation and development, by populations in sometimes precarious situations, of a rich, original and threatened biodiversity? How can they conserve the natural and cultural values of a region and make them known, while taking advantage of them? What kinds of balance can be found, conserved or rediscovered, and by what means? What positions can research, education and participation occupy?
