Carbon-based Nanomaterials for Green Applications E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1012

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Gain valuable insight into applying carbon-based nanomaterials to the green technologies of the future

The green revolution is the most important technological development of the new century. Carbon-based nanomaterials, with their organic origins and immense range of applications, are increasingly central to this revolution as it unfolds. There is an urgent need for an up-to-date overview of the latest research in this ever-expanding field.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Green Applications meets this need by providing a brief outline of the synthesis and characterization of different carbon-based nanomaterials, including their historical backgrounds. It proceeds to move through each major category, outlining properties and applications for each. The result is an essential contribution to a huge range of sustainable and renewable industries.

With contributions from a global list of distinguished writers, the book includes:

• Discussion of nanomaterial applications in fields from drug delivery to biomedical technology to optics
• Analysis of nanomaterial categories including graphene, fullerene, mesoporous carbon, and many more
• Separate chapters describing aspects of supercapacitors, solar cells, and fuel cells

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Green Applications is ideal for scientists and researchers working in nanotechnology, life sciences, biomedical research, bioengineering, and a range of related fields.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Green Energy: An Introduction, Present, and Future Prospective

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Present Status of Green Energy

1.3 Global Renewable Energy Capacity

1.4 Leading Green Energy Technologies

1.5 Challenges in Green Energy Adoption

1.6 Prospects of Green Energy

1.7 Sustainable Practices in Green Energy

1.8 Case Studies of Successful Green Energy Projects

1.9 Policy and Regulatory Framework for Green Energy

1.10 Opportunities and Challenges in the Evolution to a Green Energy Future

1.11 Conclusion

References

2 Properties of Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials and Techniques for Characterization

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Significance in Green Energy

2.3 Techniques for Characterization of Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials

2.4 Conclusion

References

3 Green Energy: Present and Future Prospectives

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Sustainable Energy Resources

3.3 Non‐Sustainable Energy Resources

3.4 Existing Green Energy Models

3.5 Conclusions

References

4 Carbon‐Based 2D Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Green Energy Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Synthesis of Graphene and Its Derivatives

4.3 Properties of g‐CN

4.4 Applications of g‐CN

4.5 Conclusion

References

5 Exploring the Potential of Graphene in Sustainable Energy Solutions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Usage of Graphene in Various Sectors

5.3 Implicit Operations of Graphene in the Renewable Energy Sector

5.4 Catalysis

5.5 Renewable Energies

5.6 Nanotechnology

5.7 Conclusion

Bibliography

6 Fullerene for Green Hydrogen Energy Application

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Green Hydrogen Energy

6.3 Fullerene as a Hydrogen Storage Material

6.4 Size Effect of Fullerene and Hydrogen Storage Efficiency

6.5 Functionalized Fullerene, Chemical Structure, and Its Hydrogen Storage Performance

6.6 Charged Fullerene as Hydrogen Storage System

6.7 Hydrogen Storage in Hydro‐ or Hydrogenated Fullerene

6.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

7 Graphyne‐Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Graphyne‐Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications

7.3 Fuel Cells

7.4 Solar Energy

7.5 Wastewater Treatment

7.6 Perspectives and Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

8 Mesoporous Carbon for Green Energy Applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Recent Advances in Synthetic Techniques

8.3 Applications of Mesoporous Carbon

8.4 Further Directions, Opportunities, and Challenges

8.5 Conclusions

References

9 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Its Application in Hydrogen Generation Through Water Splitting

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Carbon Dots

9.3 Processes Used for Synthesis of CDs

9.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots

9.5 Application of CDs in Water Splitting

9.6 Factors Affecting Characteristics of Nanomaterials of Carbon in Photocatalytic H

2

Production

9.7 Conclusion

References

10 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Carbon Nanotubes

10.3 Graphene

10.4 Carbon Dots

10.5 The Future of Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials in Solar Cell Technology

10.6 Conclusion

References

11 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials' Function in Energy Storage

11.3 Carbon Nanotube‐Based Materials for Use in Batteries

11.4 Carbon Nanotube Varieties

11.5 Carbon Nanoparticles

11.6 Carbon Nanosheets

11.7 Biofuels

11.8 Morphological and Evolutionary Characteristics of Enzyme‐Based Biofuels

11.9 Immobilization of Enzymes

11.10 Graphene and CNT Applications in Fuel Cells

11.11 Conclusion

11.12 Expected Future Application of Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells

11.13 Future Applications

References

12 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Supercapacitors

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Carbon Nanotube

12.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes

12.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Synthesis

12.5 Characterization

12.6 Results and Discussion

12.7 Applied Electrochemistry

12.8 Conclusions

12.9 Future Scope

References

13 A Review of Effective Biomass, Chemical, Recycling and Storage Processes for Electrical Energy Generations

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Bio‐Raw Materials and Utility

13.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques

13.4 Application Areas of Biomass Energy

13.5 Comparative Analysis of Modern Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques

13.6 Optimization Techniques for Effective Biomass Conversion and Supply Chain Management

13.7 Government Policies and Marketing Strategies

13.8 Applications of Biomass Energy and Biomass Products

13.9 Conclusions

References

14 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials for Pollutants’ Treatment

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Allotropic Forms of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials

14.3 Synergistic Approaches for Carbonaceous Materials

14.4 Role of Carbonaceous Materials in Environmental Remediation

14.5 Environmental Impact of Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials

14.6 Conclusions: Technological Challenges and Future Prospects

Conflicts of Interest

Authors’ Contributions

References

15 Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection and Degradation of Wastewater Inorganic Pollutants: Present Status and Future Prospects

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials

15.3 Common Types of Carbon Nanomaterials

15.4 Elimination of Inorganic Contaminants from Wastewater

15.5 Carbon Nanomaterials for Sensing and Monitoring

15.6 Limitations

15.7 Conclusion

References

16 Role of Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials in CO

2

Reduction and Capture Reaction Process

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Parameters Affecting Electrocatalytic CO

2

Reduction

16.3 CO

2

ECR‐Derived Products

16.4 Plausible Mechanism for ECR of CO

2

16.5 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials in CO

2

Reduction

16.6 Imminent Challenges

16.7 Conclusion

References

17 Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in CO

2

Capture and Reduction

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Different Types of Carbon Nanomaterials

17.3 Applications in CO

2

Management: Leveraging Unique Properties

17.4 CO

2

Capture

17.5 Catalytic Conversion of CO

2

: Nanomaterials as Agents of Change

17.6 Challenges and Future Directions

17.7 Future Directions

17.8 Conclusion

References

18 Industrial Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Different Forms of Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials

18.3 Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials

18.4 Challenges

18.5 Conclusions and Future Scope

Acknowledgment

Declarations

Funding

References

19 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials and Their Green Energy Applications: Carbon Nanotubes

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Synthesis of CNTs

19.3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

19.4 Green Energy Applications of CNTs

19.5 Challenges Associated with CNTs

19.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

20 Carbon‐Based Nanoparticles as Visible‐Light Photocatalysts

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis

20.3 Classification of Nanomaterials

20.4 Types of Carbon‐Based Nanoparticles

20.5 Application of CNPs as Photocatalysts

20.6 Conclusions

20.7 Future Scope

References

21 Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials in Day‐to‐Day Human Life

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Utilization of CNPs in Medical Services

21.3 Applications Pertaining to Electrical and Electronics Sectors

21.4 Applications Pertaining to Wind and Solar Energies

21.5 Application Pertaining to Food Industry Sector

21.6 Nanoparticles Operating Within Soil

21.7 Agricultural Aspects of Nanomaterials

21.8 Nanomaterials Bringing Out Latest Revolutions

21.9 Conclusion and Future Scope

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 An indicative categorization of the characterization techniques b...

Table 2.2 An indicative categorization of the characterization techniques b...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Parameter‐based comparison of existing green energy models.

Table 3.2 Survey (2010–2050)‐based comparison of existing green energy mode...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Various methods to synthesize g‐C

3

N

4.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Property analysis of graphene battery with lithium‐ion battery.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 The bandgap and intrinsic hole and electron mobilities (at 300 K)...

Table 7.2 Some reported studies on GFM membranes for water purification and ...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Recent advancements in synthetic techniques and applications of O...

Table 8.2 Recent advancements in Li‐Ion batteries.

Table 8.3 Recent advancements in supercapacitors.

Table 8.4 Recent advancements in fuel cells.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Comparative study of hydrogen energy production through photocata...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Comparative performance analysis of existing fuel cell.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Comparison of existing biomass conversion processes and applicat...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Various carbon‐based adsorbents for the removal of air pollutant...

Table 14.2 Various carbon‐based adsorbents for the removal of water polluta...

Table 14.3 Various carbon‐based adsorbents for the removal of soil pollutan...

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 An overview of studies that have been conducted on the use of CN...

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Metal‐free carbon catalysts for ECR of CO

2

.

Table 16.2 Metal carbon composites‐based catalysts for ECR of CO

2

.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Natural abundance of nanoparticles in environment boosting physi...

Table 21.2 Nanoparticles designed by mankind for cosmetic and health‐care f...

Table 21.3 Nanoparticles designed by mankind for wearable fashion.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Foundation of green energy.

Figure 1.2 Renewable energy sources and public opinions.

Figure 1.3 Solar tower system.

Figure 1.4 Usage of solar panel system.

Figure 1.5 Hydrogen production from sea water.

Figure 1.6 Opportunities of renewable energy sources.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 (a) Schematic representation of the experimental setup involved i...

Figure 2.2 BET analysis of surface area for powders of (a) humic acid, (b) g...

Figure 2.3 FESEM images of Boron‐doped reduced graphene oxide (B‐rGO) at low...

Figure 2.4 (a) TEM image of a sheet of few‐layer graphene with diameter of 3...

Figure 2.5 Fatigue testing of 2D materials. (a) Schematic of the fatigue tes...

Figure 2.6 XPS spectra of (a) all data, graphene oxide (b) C one second and ...

Figure 2.7 (a) Impedance modulus and phase angle diagrams versus frequency o...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Classification of energy sources.

Figure 3.2 Approximated proportion of renewable energy in total final energy...

Figure 3.3 Projected electricity generation via various green energy sources...

Figure 3.4 Horizontal‐axis wind turbine systems.

Figure 3.5 Vertical‐axis wind turbine systems.

Figure 3.6 Wind turbine system home applications.

Figure 3.7 Solar energy systems.

Figure 3.8 Biomass energy systems.

Figure 3.9 Biomass plant.

Figure 3.10 Geothermal energy application in homes.

Figure 3.11 Geothermal plants.

Figure 3.12 Hydel power.

Figure 3.13 Tidal power.

Figure 3.14 Wave power.

Figure 3.15 Non‐renewable resources.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 2D materials synthesis with different chemical routes.

Figure 4.2 Strategic layout for the synthesis process of 2D materials.

Figure 4.3 FESEM image of graphene oxide.

Figure 4.4 Diagram illustrating the steps involved in producing reduced grap...

Figure 4.5 FESEM image of reduced graphene oxide.

Figure 4.6 Preparation of graphitic carbon nitride film via thermal vapor co...

Figure 4.7 Thin film preparation of graphitic carbon nitride.

Figure 4.8 ESEM image of graphitic carbon nitride thin film (a) g‐C

3

N

4

bulk ...

Figure 4.9 Schematic diagram of OSCs using g‐CN in active layer.

Figure 4.10 Structure and energy‐level diagram of PSCs using g‐CN in active ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Graphene.

Figure 5.2 The chemical techniques for graphene from several carbon sources....

Figure 5.3 Graphene in textile industry.

Figure 5.4 Role of nanofertilizers in the field of agriculture.

Figure 5.5 Graphene batteries.

Figure 5.6 Graphene‐enabled solar farm.

Figure 5.7 Graphene nanoribbons.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Reversible hydrogen storage alkali metal.

Figure 6.2 Uses of hydrogen as an energy source.

Figure 6.3 Hydrogenation on the surface of fullerene.

Figure 6.4 Structural decoration of Li on boron‐doped NFIF and storage of hy...

Figure 6.5 (a) Hybrid structure of fullerene and ferrocene, (b) bucky ferroc...

Figure 6.6 Effect of doping into semiconductor hollow closed fullerene.

Figure 6.7 Encapsulation of fullerene by organometallic framework.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Structure of graphyne.

Figure 7.2 Different types of graphynes.

Figure 7.3 Different types of graphdiynes.

Figure 7.4 Properties and green energy applications of Graphyne and Graphdiy...

Figure 7.5 The general mechanism of a fuel cell.

Figure 7.6 The charge and discharge processes of lithium‐ion batteries invol...

Figure 7.7 Classification of SCs.

Figure 7.8 Application of SCs.

Figure 7.9 Chemical structures of P3HT, PCBM, and GDY and the structure of a...

Figure 7.10 Sulfur‐doped graphdiyne (SGDY) nanosheet showing dye and antibio...

Figure 7.11 Schematic illustration of GDYs, the strong interaction between m...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Mesoporous materials: their features and structural characteristi...

Figure 8.2 Classification of porous materials.

Figure 8.3 Methods for synthesizing OMC include: (a) Hard template and (b) S...

Figure 8.4 Mesoporous carbon synthesis, modification, and uses.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Hydrogen generation as a clean and renewable source of energy and...

Figure 9.2 (a) Discovery of CDs during gel electrophoresis of CNTs, (b) pass...

Figure 9.3 General synthesis methods of CQDs/GQDs/carbonized CDs.

Figure 9.4 Chemical oxidation and ultrasonication methods for green synthesi...

Figure 9.5 Utilization of microwave‐assisted CDs prepared from banana peel f...

Figure 9.6 Photocatalytic water‐splitting pathways.

Figure 9.7 Schematic presentation of semiconductor‐based photocatalytic wate...

Figure 9.8 General photocatalytic degradation mechanism.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composed of rolled‐up graphene sheets [9...

Figure 10.2 Graphene, a two‐dimensional material composed of a single layer ...

Figure 10.3 Carbon quantum dots (CQDs).

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 A comprehensive summary of the primary uses and benefits of vari...

Figure 11.2 Single‐walled carbon nanotube replication.

Figure 11.3 There are three types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs): (a) armchair w...

Figure 11.4 Various techniques for immobilizing enzymes and cells.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Flow chart of carbon nanomaterials and their applications.

Figure 12.2 Covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes.

Figure 12.3 Carbon nanotube biosensors.

Figure 12.4 Covalent functionalization.

Figure 12.5 FCNT‐rGO Raman spectroscopic analysis.

Figure 12.6 FCNT‐rGO X‐ray diffraction pattern.

Figure 12.7 FTIR analysis of FCNT (functionalized CNT).

Figure 12.8 FESEM image of FCNT‐rGO.

Figure 12.9 TEM image of CNT‐rGO.

Figure 12.10 (a) Galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) curves at 0.5 A g

−1

...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Energy consumption in different sectors.

Figure 13.2 Bioenergy production routes.

Figure 13.3 Flow diagram of combustion process.

Figure 13.4 Pyrolysis process flow diagram.

Figure 13.5 Gasification process.

Figure 13.6 Biodiesel process using transesterification.

Figure 13.7 Process diagram of anaerobic digestion.

Figure 13.8 Fermentation process.

Figure 13.9 Microbial fuel cell (MFC).

Figure 13.10 Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC).

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Different treatment mechanisms involved in mitigating pollutants...

Figure 14.2 Commonly used synthesis methods for carbon‐based materials. Abbr...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Inorganic pollutants and their categories.

Figure 15.2 Various types of carbon nanomaterials.

Figure 15.3 Figure illustrates the strategies used to decontaminate wastewat...

Figure 15.4 A diagrammatic representation of the mechanisms by which carbon ...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Parameters affecting ECR of CO

2

. (a) CV pattern.(b) LSV patt...

Figure 16.2 CO

2

ECR‐derived products.

Figure 16.3 Standard potential of CO

2

reduction in aqueous medium (V versus ...

Figure 16.4 Formation of formic acid and formate [21].

Figure 16.5 Formation of CO.

Figure 16.6 Formation of CH

4

, HCHO, and CH

3

OH [23].

Figure 16.7 Formation of CH

4

[23].

Figure 16.8 Formation of CH

3

CHO, C

2

H

5

OH, and C

2

H

4

[23, 24].

Figure 16.9 Formation of CH

3

COOH [25].

Figure 16.10 Formation of CH

3

COCH

3

and

n

‐CH

3

CH

2

CH

2

OH [1, 24].

Figure 16.11 (a) TEM image of N‐CNTs, (b) FE comparison between pure CNT and...

Figure 16.12 (a) Synthesis route of N‐CNTs, (b) HR‐TEM image of N‐CNTs‐2, (c...

Figure 16.13 (a) FE comparison of different N‐CNTs, (b) current density comp...

Figure 16.14 (a) Models of different curvatures associated with pyridinic N‐...

Figure 16.15 Wettability in nanoporous carbon.

Figure 16.16 Synthesis of SeBN‐NPCs.

Figure 16.17 (a) TEM image of SeBN‐NPCs, (b) FE comparison of different dope...

Figure 16.18 (a) Schematic illustration of cN‐NPC (b, c) TEM image of cN‐NPC...

Figure 16.19 (a) FE of CuBa‐CNT at various current densities, (b) current de...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Structure of fullerenes.

Figure 17.2 Structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs).

Figure 17.3 Structure of graphene.

Figure 17.4 Structure of nanodiamonds.

Figure 17.5 Structure of carbon nanohorns.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Various features of carbon nanomaterials for industrial applicat...

Figure 18.2 Different types of carbon nanomaterials and their industrial app...

Figure 18.3 Biomedical industrial applications.

Figure 18.4 Energy storage systems incorporating carbon nanomaterials.

Figure 18.5 Main areas of the electronic industry employing carbon nanomater...

Figure 18.6 Application of carbon nanomaterials in food processing, food saf...

Figure 18.7 Carbon nanomaterials in aviation industry.

Figure 18.8 Applications of carbon nanomaterials in environmental and agricu...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Illustration of carbon nanomaterials and their key applications....

Figure 19.2 Structures of fullerene (a), CNT (b), and graphene (c).

Figure 19.3 TEM image of CNTs produced by Ar (a) and C

2

H

2

(b) carrier gas....

Figure 19.4 SEM images of the acid‐functionalized MWCNTs (a), UTBrImPc (b), ...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Mechanism of photocatalysis.

Figure 20.2 Structure of g‐C

3

N

4

: (a) the s‐triazine; and (b) s‐heptazine uni...

Figure 20.3 Fundamental mechanism of g‐C

3

N

4

/CQDs (1) sunlight; (2) charge ex...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Carbon nanomaterial synthesis approaches.

Figure 21.2 Common carbon nanomaterial shapes.

Guide

Cover Page

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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IEEE Press

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Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Sarah Spurgeon, Editor‐in‐Chief

Moeness Amin

Ekram Hossain

Desineni Subbaram Naidu

Jón Atli Benediktsson

Brian Johnson

Tony Q. S. Quek

Adam Drobot

Hai Li

Behzad Razavi

James Duncan

James Lyke

Thomas Robertazzi

Joydeep Mitra

Diomidis Spinellis

Carbon‐based Nanomaterials for Green Applications

Edited by

Upendra Kumar

Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad

Prayagraj

Uttar Pradesh

India

Piyush Kumar Sonkar

Department of Chemistry, MMV, Banaras Hindu University

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

India

Suman Lata Tripathi

School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Lovely Professional University

Phagwara, Punjab

India

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About the Editors

Dr. Upendra KumarDr. Upendra Kumar is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj. He received his bachelor and masters degrees in physics from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, and his PhD from IIT (BHU), Varanasi. Before joining IIIT Allahabad, he also worked as an assistant professor in Banasthali Vidtapith, Rajasthan, and gained teaching, research, and administrative experiences. He has two major research projects from the SERB, Govt. of India, and IIIT Allahabad. He has successfully supervised two PhD students, and four are still working in his mentorship. He has also supervised several MSc and MTech projects. He has published over 100+ research articles, including highly reputed international and national journals, conference proceedings, books, book chapters, and the ICDD database. He has also received a prestigious membership in the National Academy of Sciences India (NASI) and is a senior‐grade member of IEEE Professional. Currently, he is also working as a secretary for the IEEE Photonics Society UP chapter. He is an academic editor for the journal Advances in Condensed Matter Physics (Wiley) and a member of many scientific societies such as IAPT, IPA, IEEE Young Professional, etc. He also served as the referee for international journals of Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, and ACS, and a topical advisory panel member of many MDPI journals. His extensive research areas are electroceramics, solid oxide fuel cells, piezoelectric ceramics, microwave dielectric, machine learning, computational materials science, energy generation, and storage materials.

Personal Homepage: https://sites.google.com/view/drupendrakumar/homeResearchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Upendra‐Kumar‐7Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rOYIerMAAAAJ&hl=en

Dr. Piyush Kumar SonkarDr. Piyush Kumar Sonkar has received his BSc (Chemistry), MSc (Chemistry), and PhD (Chemistry) degrees from Banaras Hindu University, India. He is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. He has teaching and research experience of 11 and 6 years, respectively. His research interests include nanomaterials, nanocomposites, metal complexes, fuel cells, electrochemical devices, supercapacitors, biosensors, chemical sensors, and new materials. He has published 47 international and national research papers in various reputed peer‐reviewed journals. He has published six book chapters. He is the editor of two international books on nanomaterials. He has completed two research projects at UGC, New Delhi, and IoE BHU. Currently, one research project is under his supervision based on tribal medicines. He has presented his research work in various international/national seminars/workshops and conferences. Currently, two PhD students are working under his supervision.

Google Scholar Link:https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=7WQwcscAAAAJ&hl=enResearch Gate Link: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Piyush_SonkarInstitute Profile Link: https://bhu.ac.in/Site/FacultyProfile/1_225?FA000575

Dr. Suman Lata TripathiDr Suman Lata Tripathi is working as a professor at Lovely Professional University and has more than 22 years of experience in academics and research. She has completed her PhD in microelectronics and VLSI Design from MNNIT, Allahabad. She did her MTech in electronics engineering from UP Technical University, Lucknow, and her BTech in electrical engineering from Purvanchal University, Jaunpur. She completed her remote post‐doc from Nottingham Trent University, London, UK, in 2022–2023. She has published more than 152 research papers in refereed Springer, Elsevier, IEEE, Wiley, and IOP science journals, conference proceedings, and e‐books. She has also published 20 Indian patents and 4 copyrights. She has guided six PhD scholars, and three are in the submission stage. She has been listed in the world's top 2% of scientists published by Stanford University for 2024. She has organized workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students. She has worked as a session chair, conference steering committee member, editorial board member, and peer reviewer in international/national IEEE, Springer, Wiley, etc. journals and conferences. She is a visiting professor at Telkom University, Indonesia. She received the “Research Excellence Award” in 2019 and the “Research Appreciation Award” in 2020, 2021, and 2023 at Lovely Professional University, India. She received the IGEN Women’s for Green Technology “Women’s Achievers Award” on International Women’s Day, 8 March 2023. She received the best paper at IEEE ICICS‐2018. She has also received a funded project from SERB DST under the TARE scheme in microelectronics devices. She has edited and authored more than 30 books in different areas of electronics and electrical engineering. She is associated with editing work with top publishers like Elsevier, CRC Taylor & Francis, Wiley‐IEEE, SP Wiley, Nova Science, and Apple academic press. She is also working as a book series editor for the title “Smart Engineering Systems” CRC Press; “Engineering System Design for Sustainable Developments,” “Decentralized Systems,” and “Next Generation Internet” Wiley‐Scrivener; and conference series editor for “Conference Proceedings Series on Intelligent Systems for Engineering designs” CRC Press Taylor & Francis. She is serving as academic editor of “Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering” (Scopus/WoS, Q2), “International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing” (Scopus, Q3), “Active and Passive Electronic Component” (Scopus, Q4) Hindawi‐Wiley and special issue guest editor for “Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanoscale Semiconductor Applications” Material, MDPI Journal (SCI IF=3.74, Q2). She is associated as a senior member of IEEE, a Fellow IETE, and a Life member of ISC, and she is continuously involved in different professional activities and academic works. Her area of expertise includes microelectronics device modeling and characterization, low‐power VLSI circuit design, VLSI design of testing, advanced FET design for IoT, embedded system design, reconfigurable architecture with FPGAs and biomedical applications, etc.

Google Scholar profile link:https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=SdbROCAAAAAJ&view_op=list_worksResearch gate profile link: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Suman‐Tripathi

Scopus profile link:https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57564799800Institute Profile: https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in//profile/282457/

List of Contributors

R. AdharshDepartment of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringSri Ramakrishna Engineering CollegeCoimbatore, Tamil NaduIndia

Satadal AdhikaryPost Graduate Department of ZoologyA. B. N. Seal CollegeCooch Behar, West BengalIndia

Seraj AhmadCMP Degree CollegeUniversity of AllahabadPrayagraj, Uttar PradeshIndia

P. K. AhluwaliaDepartment of PhysicsHimachal Pradesh UniversityShimla, Himachal PradeshIndia

Mohammad Imran AhmadDepartment of ChemistryIntegral UniversityLucknow, Uttar PradeshIndia

Manoj Singh AdhikariSchool of Electronics and Electrical EngineeringLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, PunjabIndia

Ruchika AgarwalDepartment of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansol, West BengalIndia

S. AlliraniDepartment of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringSri Ramakrishna Engineering CollegeCoimbatore, Tamil NaduIndia

Akram AliCMP Degree CollegeUniversity of AllahabadPrayagraj, Uttar PradeshIndia

Himanshu AroraDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of AllahabadPrayagraj, Uttar PradeshIndia

Krishan AroraSchool of Electronics and Electrical EngineeringLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, PunjabIndia

Parvez Ahmed AlviDepartment of Physical SciencesBanasthali VidyapithBanasthali, RajasthanIndia

Irtiqa AminDepartment of Computer ApplicationDoctoral Scholar School of Computer Application Lovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, PunjabIndia

Quraazah Akeemu AminDivision of Food Science and TechnologySKUAST KashmirPhagwara, Jammu and KashmirIndia

J. AnuradhaNims Institute of Allied Medical Science and TechnologyNims University RajasthanJaipur, RajasthanIndia

Suchandra BhattacharyaDepartment of ChemistryA. B. N. Seal CollegeCooch Behar, West BengalIndia

Shikha ChanderDepartment of ChemistrySt. Francis College for WomenHyderabad, TelanganaIndia

Manju ChoudharyDepartment of Bioscience and BiotechnologyBanasthali VidyapeethNewaniTonk, RajasthanIndia

Prachi DiwakarDepartment of Physical SciencesBanasthali VidyapithBanasthali, RajasthanIndia

GaganpreetDepartment of PhysicsPost Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector 11ChandigarhIndia

Shivanshu GargDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & HumanitiesG. B. Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPantnagar, UttarakhandIndia

Abhratanu GangulyDepartment of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansol, West BengalIndia

Vellaichamy GanesanDepartment of ChemistryInstitute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Sohini GoswamiDepartment of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansol, West BengalIndia

Mandakini GuptaDepartment of ChemistrySunbeam Women’s College VarunaVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Kulsum HashmiDepartment of ChemistryIsabella Thoburn CollegeLucknow, Uttar PradeshIndia

G. IlakkiyaDepartment of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringSri Ramakrishna Engineering CollegeCoimbatore, Tamil NaduIndia

Vikas JangraDepartment of ChemistryBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndiaDepartment of ChemistryMMV, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Seema JoshiDepartment of ChemistryIsabella Thoburn CollegeLucknow, Uttar PradeshIndia

G. KanthimathiDepartment of ChemistryRamco Institute of TechnologyRajapalayam, VirudhunagarTamil NaduIndia

Pooja KapoorSchool of Basic and Applied SciencesMaharaja Agrasen UniversityBaddi, Himachal PradeshIndia

Harpreet KaurDCA CGC LandranChandigarh, PunjabIndia

Harpreet KaurDepartment of ChemistryMMV, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

M. KarthikDepartment of Electrical and Electronics EngineeringSRM Madurai College for Engineering and TechnologyPottapalayam, Tamil NaduIndia

Tahmeena KhanDepartment of ChemistryIntegral UniversityLucknow, Uttar PradeshIndia

Kahkashan KhatoonCMP Degree CollegeUniversity of AllahabadPrayagraj, Uttar PradeshIndia

Manish KumarDepartment of Chemistry, L.N.T. CollegeB.R.A. Bihar UniversityMuzaffarpur, BiharIndia

Sunil KumarDepartment of Chemistry, L.N.T. CollegeB.R.A. Bihar UniversityMuzaffarpur, BiharIndia

Narvadeswar KumarDepartment of ChemistryMMV, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Manoj KumarCMP Degree CollegeUniversity of AllahabadPrayagraj, Uttar PradeshIndia

Celestine LwendiSchool of Creative TechnologiesUniversity of BoltonBoltonUnited Kingdom

Meenu MangalDepartment of ChemistryPoddar International CollegeJaipur, RajasthanIndia

Tola Jebssa MashoDepartment of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational SciencesWollega UniversityNekemteEthiopia

Nidhi MishraDepartment of Applied SciencesIndian Institute of Information TechnologyAllahabad, Uttar PradeshIndia

Arumugam MuruganDepartment of ChemistryNorth Eastern Regional Institute of Science and TechnologyNirjuli, Arunachal PradeshIndia

Pooja NainDepartment of Soil Science, College of AgricultureG. B. Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPantnagar, UttarakhandIndia

Sayantani NandaDepartment of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansol, West BengalIndia

Chandra Mohan Singh NegiDepartment of Physical SciencesBanasthali VidyapithBanasthali, RajasthanIndia

Raju PatelSchool of Electronics EngineeringVellore Institute of TechnologyChennai, Tamil NaduIndia

Lal Bahadur PrasadDepartment of ChemistryBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Y. PathaniaDepartment of PhysicsDAV Post Graduate CollegeSector 10, ChandigarhIndia

Jai PrakashDepartment of ChemistryS. P. Jain College (Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara)Sasaram, BiharIndia

Himanshu PunethaDepartment of BiochemistryCollege of Basic Sciences & HumanitiesG. B. Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPantnagar, UttarakhandIndia

Prem RajakDepartment of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansol, West BengalIndia

Natarajan RamanDepartment of ChemistryVHNSN College (Autonomous)Virudhunagar, Tamil NaduIndia

Vikram RathourDepartment of ChemistryInstitute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Saman RazaDepartment of ChemistryIsabella Thoburn CollegeLucknow, Uttar PradeshIndia

S. Daphne RebekalDepartment of ChemistrySarah Tucker CollegeTirunelveli, Tamil NaduIndia

Malar RetnaDepartment of ChemistryScott Christian College (Autonomous)Nagercoil, Tamil NaduIndia

Shippu SachdevaSchool of Electronics and Electrical EngineeringLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, PunjabIndia

Robin Kumar SamuelDepartment of ChemistryGood Shepherd College of Engineering and TechnologyKanyakumari, Tamil NaduIndia

R. SanjeeviNims Institute of Allied Medical Science and TechnologyNims University RajasthanJaipur, RajasthanIndia

Minakshi SharmaDepartment of PhysicsOm Sterling Global UniversityHisar, HaryanaIndia

Smita SinghDepartment of ChemistryInstitute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Varsha SinghDepartment of ChemistryInstitute of Science, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Manoj SindhwaniSchool of Electronics and Electrical EngineeringLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, PunjabIndia

Sonam SoniDepartment of ChemistrySunbeam Women’s College VarunaVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Piyush Kumar SonkarDepartment of ChemistryMMV, Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, Uttar PradeshIndia

Ponnusamy Thillai ArasuDepartment of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational SciencesWollega UniversityNekemteEthiopia

Ravi TejasviDepartment of Chemical EngineeringSchool of Energy TechnologyPandit Deendayal Energy UniversityGandhinagar, GujaratIndia

Sandeep TripathiNims Institute of Allied Medical Science and TechnologyNims University RajasthanJaipur, RajasthanIndia

Suman Lata TripathiSchool of Electronics and Electrical EngineeringLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara, PunjabIndia

Veerabathuni Jaya Usha PraveenaDepartment of PhysicsSt. Francis College for WomenHyderabad, TelanganaIndia

Varsha YadavSchool of Applied SciencesShri Venkateshwara UniversityGajraula, Uttar PradeshIndia

Shyam Raj YadavDepartment of ChemistryS. P. Jain College (Veer Kunwar Singh University, Ara)Sasaram, BiharIndia

Preface

The last century's rapid industrialization and technological advancements have significantly impacted our environment. The escalation of carbon emissions and the exhaustion of natural resources underscore the critical need for a shift towards sustainable behaviors. In this context, carbon‐based nanomaterials have surfaced as a viable solution for tackling significant environmental issues of our era. This book, Carbon‐based Nanomaterials for Green Applications, examines the distinctive characteristics of carbon‐based nanomaterials and their capacity to transform green technologies. Utilizing their outstanding thermal, electrical, and mechanical characteristics, these materials provide solutions for various applications, including renewable energy systems, environmental remediation, sustainable agriculture, and water purification. We aim to assemble this collection to connect fundamental research with practical applications. The book integrates contributions from prominent scholars, offering an interdisciplinary viewpoint on the design, production, and application of carbon‐based nanomaterials in sustainable technology. This book comprehensively analyzes subjects, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes, and other novel carbon nanostructures, as well as their functionalization and incorporation into electronics. This book is designed for scientists, engineers, and policymakers engaged in developing sustainable solutions for the future. We aspire that the insights and innovations articulated herein will stimulate additional study and collaboration in this critical domain.

We wish to convey our appreciation to the contributors whose knowledge and commitment have been essential in crafting this book. We are profoundly grateful for the support from our institutions and the broader scientific community, whose enthusiasm has consistently motivated us. In addressing the intricate issues of attaining sustainability, it is evident that no singular answer will be enough. The convergence of nanotechnology and environmental research presents a viable avenue for advancement. This book describes the synthesis, growth, development, characterization, and potential applications of carbon‐based nanomaterials in the fields of chemical, biological perspective, environmental science, pharmaceuticals, drugs delivery, biomedical technology, device development, supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, biofuel cells, electrocatalysis, sensors, biosensors, etc. Thus, this book “Carbon‐based Nanomaterials for Green Applications” covers most of the significant fields of innovative materials and is helpful for the readers.

Acknowledgments

First of all, we thank our contributing authors for their valuable contribution to this book.

Dr. Upendra Kumar acknowledges the Department of Applied Sciences, IIIT Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India, for all motivation and support.

Prof. Suman Lata Tripathi, acknowledges the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India, for all motivation and support.

We thank our mentors, Dr. Shail Upadhyay, Prof. B. N. Dwivedi (Department of Physics, IIT BHU), Prof. Devendra Kumar (Department of Ceramic Engineering, IIT BHU), and Prof. V. Ganesan (Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, BHU), for their continuous help, support, and suggestions.

We thank our research group members, Dr. Vedika, Dr. Narvadeshwar, Mr. Vikash Jangra, Ramsundar, Raj Kumar, and Vipin Gupta, for their help and support.

We thank our colleagues, collaborators, friends, and well‐wishers for providing moral support for this book.

We thank our family members and friends for providing continuous moral support for this book.

1Green Energy: An Introduction, Present, and Future Prospective

Manoj Singh Adhikari1, Raju Patel2, Manoj Sindhwani1, and Shippu Sachdeva1

1 School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

2 School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

1.1 Introduction

In recent years, the world has witnessed a growing global awareness of the requirement to transition from traditional fossil‐fuel‐based sources to more eco‐friendly and sustainable alternatives [1–3]. Green energy, also known as renewable energy, is at the forefront of this movement. It refers to energy resultant from natural resources that are continually replenished and have minimal influence on the environment compared to fossil fuels. The adoption of green energy is crucial for falling greenhouse gas emissions and confirming a cleaner, better world for upcoming generations [4–6].

The advantages of green energy are numerous. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources do not produce harmful greenhouse gas emissions, which will add significant climate change and global warming. Green energy also helps reduce reliance on finite fossil fuel reserves, promoting energy security and independence for countries [7–9]. Additionally, it fosters financial evolution and job formation in the renewable energy field, leading to an additional supportable and diversified economy. However, green energy technologies also face challenges. Their initial setup costs can be higher than conventional energy sources, making investments and incentives crucial to encouraging widespread adoption. Moreover, the recurrent landscape of some renewable sources, like wind and solar, demands effective energy storage solutions and grid management for consistent and reliable power supply [10–12]. Figure 1.1 shows the foundation of green energy.

Figure 1.1 Foundation of green energy.

Despite these challenges, the global shift toward green energy continues to gain momentum. Governments, businesses, and individuals are progressively identifying the urgency of transitioning to renewable energy for a cleaner and more sustainable future. By embracing green energy solutions, we can make significant strides in justifying climate change and conserving the planet's usual properties for generations to come [13–15].

Green energy has made substantial strides in the present, proving its viability as a cleaner, sustainable alternative to conventional energy sources. With continuous innovation, supportive policies, and international partnership, the future of green energy appears promising. By overcoming existing challenges and embracing emerging technologies, green energy plays a transformative role in attaining a greener, more sustainable planet for future generations [16–18].

This chapter also discusses the role of international cooperation and collaborative efforts in advancing green energy adoption globally. As countries join forces to struggle climate change and transition approaches for low‐carbon future, knowledge‐sharing and technology transfer play a crucial role in expediting green energy deployment [18–24].

1.2 Present Status of Green Energy

The adoption and execution of green energy were already well underway, and it is likely that a significant progress has been made. Figure 1.2 shows the renewable energy sources and public opinions. There are some key aspects of the present status of green energy:

Increased Renewable Energy Capacity: Many nations have continued to capitalize in and expand renewable energy capacity. Solar and wind power installations have seen substantial growth globally. The rate of renewable energy technologies has also been reducing, making them more competitive with traditional fossil‐fuel‐based sources.

Policy Support and Commitments

: Governments in the country have been establishing policies and setting targets to inspire the implementation of renewable energy. Many nations have dedicated to increase the stake of renewable energy and decrease the carbon releases for combat climate change.

Technological Advancements

: There have been continuing progressions in renewable energy machineries, energy storage solutions, and grid integration. These improvements help discourse trials associated with intermittence and make renewable energy sources more reliable and efficient.

Figure 1.2 Renewable energy sources and public opinions.

Corporate Sustainability Initiatives

: Many businesses and corporations have embraced renewable energy as part of their sustainability strategies. Companies are investing in renewable energy projects, purchasing renewable energy certificates, and striving to achieve carbon neutrality in their operations.

Emergence of Green Financing

: The rise of green bonds and sustainable financing options has facilitated investments in renewable energy projects and initiatives. This has allowed a wider range of stakeholders to contribute to the transition toward green energy.

Community and Individual Participation

: There has been increased awareness and support for green energy at the community and individual levels. More people are adopting solar panels for their homes, participating in community solar projects, and seeking ways to reduce their carbon footprint.

Challenges and Barriers

: Despite the progress, challenges remain. The intermittency of solar and wind power requires better energy storage solutions and advanced grid management. Additionally, some regions may face regulatory, financial, or technical barriers to implement renewable energy projects.

Global Cooperation

: International collaborations and contracts have emphasized the status of global partnership in addressing weather change to a low‐carbon economy. Countries are working together to share best practices and hasten the adoption of green energy.

The status of green energy is continually evolving, and more recent developments may have occurred. The evolution to a sustainable energy future is a dynamic and ongoing process that requires continued promise from individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide.

1.3 Global Renewable Energy Capacity

Global renewable energy capacity had been steadily increasing, driven by the growing awareness of climate change and the necessity for conversion to cleaner energy sources. The renewable energy capacity can vary from year to year due to ongoing developments and policy changes. The global renewable energy capacity is discussed as:

Solar Energy

: Solar power capacity had experienced significant growth, with photovoltaic (PV) installations being deployed in various regions around the world. China, the United States, India, and many European countries were among the leading adopters of solar energy.

Figure 1.3

shows the solar tower system.

Wind Energy

: Wind power capacity had also been expanding rapidly. Both onshore and offshore wind farms were becoming increasingly prevalent. China, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were among the top countries regarding the wind energy installations.

Figure 1.3 Solar tower system.

Hydropower

: Hydropower had long been a significant contributor to renewable energy capacity, with large hydroelectric projects in various countries. Brazil, China, and Canada were among the top producers of hydroelectric power.

Biomass Energy

: Biomass energy capacity had been growing steadily, with a focus on converting organic materials and waste into biofuels and biogas. This technology was especially relevant in agricultural regions and waste management systems.

Geothermal Energy

: Geothermal power capacity, although smaller than other renewable sources, had been increasing in select regions with favorable geothermal resources, such as Iceland, the Philippines, and the United States.

Governments, international organizations, and businesses were making substantial funds in renewable energy projects and infrastructure. Various incentives, tax credits, and renewable energy targets had been established to encourage the growth of renewable energy capacity.

It is important to recognize that the renewable energy landscape is continually evolving. There might have been further advancements, policy changes, and increases in renewable energy capacity globally.

1.4 Leading Green Energy Technologies

Several green energy technologies were leading the charge in the transition toward renewable and sustainable energy sources. These technologies have been continually evolving and improving over time. There are some of the leading green energy technologies:

Wind Turbines

: Wind energy is helpful to bind the kinetic energy to produce power. Such turbines, both onshore and offshore, have become more efficient and larger in size, leading to increased electricity production. Wind power is a popular choice in regions with consistent wind patterns, and it has seen substantial growth in capacity over the years.

Hydropower

: Hydropower consists of the energy of falling or flowing water to produce electrical energy. Huge‐scale hydroelectric power plants, as well as smaller run‐of‐the‐river and micro‐hydropower systems, contribute to the worldwide renewable energy mix. Such kind of hydropower has the advantage of being a highly reliable and controllable source of renewable energy.

Biomass Energy

: Biomass energy includes converting organic materials, i.e. agricultural residues, organic waste, and wood, into energy. It is helpful for electricity generation, heating, and biofuels. Biomass is a versatile renewable resource, especially in areas with abundant agricultural or forestry residues.

Solar PV Systems

: The modern solar PV converts sunlight into electricity with the help of semiconductors. It is one of the most widely deployed renewable energy technologies globally. The installation of solar panels can be on roofs, solar farms, and integrated into construction resources. Advances in solar cell efficiency and decreasing costs have made solar power more competitive with conventional energy sources.

Figure 1.4

shows the custom of solar panel system.

Geothermal Energy

: Geothermal power harnesses the earth's natural heat to produce electricity or deliver heating and cooling for buildings. Geothermal power plants can be found in areas with accessible geothermal reservoirs, such as geysers or hot springs.

Energy Storage Solutions

: This technology plays a vital part in ensuring the reliability and stability of green energy sources. Compressed air energy storage, pumped hydro storage, batteries, and other emerging storage solutions help stock additional energy when renewable sources are abundant and issue it when needed.

Figure 1.4 Usage of solar panel system.

Hybrid Systems

: Combining multiple renewable energy sources in hybrid systems can optimize energy production and enhance grid stability. Hybrid systems are being explored to ease the intermittency challenges of individual renewable technologies.

Tidal and Wave Energy

: Tidal and wave energy technologies extract energy from the natural motion of waves, oceans, and tides. While these technologies are in the initial stages of progress, they hold promise for coastal regions with strong wave or tidal energy potential.

Green Energy in Transportation

: Green energy in transportation is a serious aspect of the global energies to decrease combat environment change, greenhouse gas productions, and promote sustainable mobility. Transportation is one of the contributors for carbon releases, mainly over the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles. Embracing green energy solutions for transportation can help address environmental challenges while enhancing energy efficiency and reducing dependence on finite fossil fuel resources.

Electric vehicles are the most promising green energy solutions in transportation. They run entirely on electricity, eliminating tailpipe emissions, and falling carbon footprint. The adoption of EVs has been increasing worldwide, encouraged by government incentives, advancements in battery technology, and the expansion of charging infrastructure.

Advancements in these leading green energy technologies have been driven by increasing research, investments, and government support. As the world continues to prioritize sustainability and combat climate change, these technologies are expected to show an energetic role in our energy evolution to a more renewable and low‐carbon future.

1.5 Challenges in Green Energy Adoption

The adoption of green energy is crucial for a sustainable future. It faces numerous trials that are essential to be talked to accelerate its widespread implementation. The key challenges in green energy adoption contain:

Cost and Economics

: The primary investment in green energy is higher related to predictable fossil‐fuel‐based options. While the cost of renewable energy has been reducing over time, it remains a barrier for some regions and individuals.

Intermittency and Grid Integration

: Some renewable sources, such as solar and wind, are erratic in nature, because it is relied on weather situations. This inconsistency carriages challenges for grid stability and requires efficient energy storage solutions and advanced grid management.

Energy Storage

: Developing effective and scalable energy storage solutions is essential to stock additional energy produced through peak times and it is used when the low renewable production. Current energy storage technologies are advancing, but there is still room for improvement and cost reduction.

Infrastructure and Grid Upgrades

: Widespread adoption of green energy needs important upgrades to the present energy structure and electrical grids. Integrating renewable energy to the grid necessitates funds in smart grid technologies and transmission lines.

Land and Space Requirements

: Renewable energy installations, i.e. large wind and solar farms, may require significant land or space, leading to concerns about environmental impacts and land use conflicts.

Public Awareness

: Raising awareness and promoting public acceptance of green energy solutions is essential. Misconceptions or resistance from communities can slow down or prevent the implementation of renewable energy projects.

Technological Maturity

: Some green energy technologies are in the initial phases of growth and look trials associated with scalability, reliability, and efficiency.

Energy Transition Workforce

: The shift toward green energy requires a skilled workforce capable of installing, maintaining, and operating renewable energy systems. Developing this workforce and ensuring a just transition for workers in fossil fuel industries is critical.

Global Cooperation and Financing

: International cooperation is vital to addressing climate change effectively. Developing countries may face challenges in accessing financing for renewable energy projects and need support from the international community.

Despite these challenges, progress is being made in overcoming barriers to green energy adoption. Technological advancements, policy support, and increasing public awareness are driving the change toward a further sustainable energy future. Continued collaboration among administrations, industries, and publics will be crucial in addressing these encounters and attaining a low carbon and sustainable energy system.

1.6 Prospects of Green Energy

The prospects of green energy are promising and hold significant probable to convert the global energy site. The world becomes more alert to the essential to report climate change and minimize greenhouse gas productions; green energies are predictable to show a critical part in shaping the future of energy production and consumption. There are some key prospects of green energy:

Cost Competitiveness

: The sustained progressions in green energy technologies, i.e. wind power, energy storage, and solar PV, are expected to drive down costs further. As economies of scale are achieved and research and development continue, green energy sources will become progressively cost‐competitive with traditional fossil fuels, creating them the more economically attractive choice.

Grid Modernization and Smart Technologies

: The integration of green energy sources into smart grids will enable more efficient and reliable energy distribution. Smart technologies, such as demand response systems and advanced energy management, will optimize energy use and enhance grid stability, accommodating the inconsistency of renewable sources.

Hydrogen Economy

: Hydrogen is emerging as a potential green energy carrier. Green hydrogen, produced through electrolysis powered by renewable energy, has the possible to be used in various sectors, including industry, transportation, and energy storage, contributing to a cleaner and supplementary sustainable energy system.

Figure 1.5

shows the diagram of hydrogen production from sea water.

Energy Storage Breakthroughs

: The development of innovative energy storage solutions, i.e. advanced batteries, pumped hydro storing, and other emerging technologies, will be a game changer for renewable energy. Efficient storage systems will report the intermittence of wind and solar power, allowing a further consistent and continuous energy supply.

Figure 1.5 Hydrogen production from sea water.

Electrification of Transport

: The shift toward electric vehicles and the electrification of public transportation will significantly reduce emissions from the transportation sector. This trend will be complemented by an increased adoption of renewable energy sources for charging electric vehicles, further lowering the carbon footprint of transportation.

Renewable Energy Innovation

: Ongoing innovation and research in green energy technologies will drive efficiency improvements and open new opportunities for harnessing energy from untapped sources, such as marine energy, geothermal resources, and emerging PV materials.

International Collaboration and Policy Support

: Global cooperation, as seen in initiatives like the Paris agreement, will show an essential part in fostering the acceptance of green energy on a larger scale. Governments worldwide are expected to implement more ambitious financial incentives, regulations, and policies to accelerate the transition to renewable energy.

Sustainable Economic Growth

: The green energy area is the key to produce occupations and foster sustainable financial development. Investments in renewable energy projects and infrastructure will inspire financial activity and generate employment occasions in numerous subdivisions.

While the prospects of green energy are promising, overcoming challenges, such as policy barriers, infrastructure upgrades, and public acceptance, will be crucial for successful and widespread implementation. By embracing green energy technologies, societies can not only ease the influences of climate variation but also build an extra sustainable, resilient, and equitable future for generations to come.

1.7 Sustainable Practices in Green Energy

Sustainable practices are essential in the growth and positioning of green energy technologies to ensure their long‐term environmental, social, and economic benefits. There are some key sustainable practices regarding the green energy:

Life Cycle Assessments