Ceramics Science and Technology E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 989

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Although ceramics have been known to mankind literally for millennia, research has never ceased. Apart from the classic uses as a bulk material in pottery, construction, and decoration, the latter half of the twentieth century saw an explosive growth of application fields, such as electrical and thermal insulators, wear-resistant bearings, surface coatings, lightweight armour, and aerospace materials. In addition to plain, hard solids, modern ceramics come in many new guises such as fabrics, ultrathin films, microstructures and hybrid composites. Built on the solid foundations laid down by the 20-volume series Materials Science and Technology, Ceramics Science and Technology picks out this exciting material class and illuminates it from all sides. Materials scientists, engineers, chemists, biochemists, physicists and medical researchers alike will fi nd this work a treasure trove for a wide range of ceramics knowledge from theory and fundamentals to practical approaches and problem solutions.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

List of Contributors

Part One: Structural Applications

Chapter 1: Oxidation and Corrosion of Ceramics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Silica-Forming Ceramics

1.3 Alumina-Forming Ceramics

1.4 Ultrahigh-Temperature Ceramics

1.5 Oxide Ceramic Degradation Mechanisms

1.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 2: Thermal Barrier Coatings

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Manufacturing Routes

2.3 YSZ-Based TBCS

2.4 New TBC Systems

2.5 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Ceramic Filters and Membranes

3.1 Ceramics in Hot Gas Filtration

3.2 Ceramic Membranes for Liquid Filtration

3.3 Ceramic Membranes for Pervaporation/Vapor Permeation

3.4 Ceramic Membranes for Gas Separation

References

Chapter 4: High-Temperature Engineering Ceramics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Engineering Ceramic Systems

4.3 Turbine Engine Applications

4.4 Applications for Rocket Propulsion and Hypersonic Vehicles

4.5 Friction Materials

4.6 Concluding Remarks: Barriers to Application

References

Chapter 5: Advanced Ceramic Glow Plugs

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Glow Plugs

5.3 Metal-Type Glow Plugs

5.4 Ceramic Glow Plugs

5.5 Fabrication Procedure of Heater Elements for Ceramic Glow Plugs

5.6 Material Design of the Ceramic Heater Element

5.7 Silicon Nitride Ceramics

5.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Nanosized and Nanostructured Hard and Superhard Materials and Coatings

6.1 Introduction: Small is Strong

6.2 Different Mechanisms of Hardness Enhancement in Coatings

6.3 Mechanisms of Decomposition of Solid Solution and Formation of Nanostructure

6.4 Industrial Applications of Nanocomposite and Nanostructured Coatings on Tools

6.5 Conclusions and Future Challenges

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Polymer-Derived Ceramics: 40 Years of Research and Innovation in Advanced Ceramics

7.1 Introduction to Polymer-Derived Ceramics (PDCs)

7.2 Preceramic Polymer Synthesis

7.3 Processing of Preceramic Polymers

7.4 Microstructure of PDCs

7.5 Properties of PDCs

7.6 Applications of PDCs

7.7 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Part Two: Functional Applications

Chapter 8: Microwave Ceramics

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Microwave Dielectric Properties

8.3 Overview of Microwave Dielectric Materials

8.4 Crystal Chemistry of Perovskite and Tungsten-Bronze-Type Microwave Ceramics

8.5 Microstructural Features in High-Q Perovskites

8.6 Glass-Free Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic LTCC Microwave Materials

References

Chapter 9: Ceramic Fuel Cells: Principles, Materials, and Applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fuel Cell Systems Efficiency and the Role of Ceramic Fuel Cells

9.3 Ceramic Fuel Cell Systems and Applications to Date

9.4 Efficiency and Principles of Ceramic Fuel Cells

9.5 Historical Overview of Ceramic Fuel Cells

9.6 SOFC Materials and Properties

9.7 New Approaches for Ceramic Fuel Cells

9.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 10: Nitridosilicates and Oxonitridosilicates: From Ceramic Materials to Structural and Functional Diversity

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Synthetic Approaches

10.3 1D Nitridosilicates

10.4 2D Nitridosilicates

10.5 3D Nitridosilicates

10.6 Chemical Bonding in Nitridosilicates

10.7 Material Properties

10.8 Outlook

References

Chapter 11: Ceramic Lighting

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Solid-State Lighting and White Light-Emitting Diodes

11.3 Ceramic Phosphors

11.4 White Light-Emitting Diodes Using Ceramic Phosphors

11.5 Outlook

References

Chapter 12: Ceramic Gas Sensors

12.1 Introduction: Definitions and Classifications

12.2 Metal-Oxide-Based Gas Sensors: Operational Principles and Sensing Materials

12.3 Performance Characteristics

12.4 Nano-Micro Integration

12.5 Mechanism of Gas Detection

12.6 Characterization Methodology

12.7 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 13: Oxides for Li Intercalation, Li-ion Batteries

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Why Oxides are Attractive as Insertion Materials

13.3 Titanium

13.4 Vanadium

13.5 Chromium

13.6 Manganese

13.7 Iron

13.8 Cobalt- and Nickel-Based Oxides

13.9 Copper

13.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Magnetic Ceramics

14.1 Background

14.2 Introduction

14.3 Magnetite

14.4 Doped Manganites

14.5 Ferrimagnetic Double Perovskites

14.6 Iron Nitrides and Summary

References

Index

Related Titles

Riedel, R. / Chen, I-W. (eds.)

Ceramics Science and Technology

4 Volume Set

2014

ISBN: 978-3-527-31149-1, also available in digital formats

Riedel, R. / Chen, I-W. (eds.)

Ceramics Science and Technology

Volume 1: Structures

2008

ISBN: 978-3-527-31155-2, also available in digital formats

Riedel, R. / Chen, I-W. (eds.)

Ceramics Science and Technology

Volume 2: Materials and Properties

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527-31156-9, also available in digital formats

Riedel, R. / Chen, I-W. (eds.)

Ceramics Science and Technology

Volume 3: Synthesis and Processing

2011

ISBN: 978-3-527-31157-6, also available in digital formats

Krenkel, W. (ed.)

Ceramic Matrix Composites

Fiber Reinforced Ceramics and their Applications

2008

ISBN: 978-3-527-31361-7, also available in digital formats

Aldinger, F., Weberruss, V.A.

Advanced Ceramics and Future Materials

An Introduction to Structures, Properties, Technologies, Methods

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527-32157-5

Krenkel, W. (ed.)

Verbundwerkstoffe

17. Symposium Verbundwerkstoffe und Werkstoffverbunde

2009

ISBN: 978-3-527-32615-0,

also available in digital formats

Barsoum, M.

MAX Phases

Properties of Machinable Ternary Carbides and Nitrides

2013

ISBN: 978-3-527-33011-9,

also available in digital formats

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

©2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-31158-3

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-63198-8

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-63197-1

Set ISBN: 978-3-527-31149-1

Cover Design Grafik-Design Schulz, Fußgönheim

Typesetting Thomson Digital, Noida

Preface

Along with metals and polymers, advanced ceramics are one of the most promising classes of materials for the key technologies of the 21st century. Recent developments in the field has resulted in a number of new synthesis, processing and sintering techniques for the production of novel structural and functional ceramics and ceramic composites. Significant progress has also been made in the past two decades in the production of novel multifunctional ceramics with a tailor made micro- and/or nanoscale structure to respond to the increasing technological demand for advanced ceramic materials.

The four-volume series of Ceramics Science & Technology covers various aspects of modern trends in advanced ceramics reflecting the status quo of the latest achievements in ceramics science and development. The contributions highlight the increasing technological significance of advanced ceramic materials and present concepts for their production and application. Volume 1 deals with structural properties of ceramics by considering a broad spectrum of length scale, starting from the atomic level by discussing amorphous and crystalline solid state structural features, and continuing with the microstructural level by commenting on microstructural design, mesoscopic and nano structures, glass ceramics, cellular structures, thin films and multiphase (composite) structures. Volume 2 focuses on i) various distinct classes of ceramic materials, namely oxides, carbides and nitrides, and ii) physical and mechanical properties of advanced ceramics. The series is continued with Volume 3 with chapters related to advanced synthesis and processing techniques used for the production of engineering ceramics and is here completed by Volume 4 which is devoted to applications of engineering and functional ceramics.

Quo vadis ceramics? The four-volume series intends to provide comprehensive information relevant to the future direction of ceramics. In this respect, Volume 4 describes commercial applications of several advanced, engineering ceramics to offer evidence for their technological importance and to point to trends for the further development of this fascinating class of materials. Latest examples of commercial ceramics are found in transportation industry: PZT (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3)-based piezoelectric actuators and Si3N4-based ball bearings and glow plugs are used in diesel engines, carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) is used for brakes, and oxide ceramics-based thermal barrier coatings are used in jet engines; in lighting industry: sialon-derivative-based luminescent ceramics for LED applications, and GaN-based ceramics for optoelectronics; and in many others.

As novel ceramics are called for and expected to establish a commercial status in the future in a number of emerging application fields, there is the need for a long-term alignment with the emerging fields and for continued fundamental research in ceramics science and technology. Along this line, Volume 4 highlights potential applications of advanced ceramics in applications such as fuel cells, membranes, gas sensors, and energy storage. In addition, specific functions uniquely delivered by ceramic materials are described: nanostructured ceramics for superhard applications, ceramics for ultrahigh temperature and corrosive environment applications, and ceramics for magnetic and microwave applications. Finally, novel compositions based on polymer-derived ceramics and nitridosilicates are discussed as promising future materials with properties unmatched by any material known today and ones that can only be realized by designing the material structure at the nanoscale. In this way, we hope this final volume and the four-volume series will celebrate and contribute to the exciting development of ceramics and technology by providing the latest scientific knowledge to ceramic students and ceramic research community.

We wish to thank all the contributing authors for their great enthusiasm in compiling excellent manuscripts in their respective area of expertise. We also acknowledge the support of the Wiley-VCH editors, Bernadette Gmeiner and Martin Preuß, for their continuous encouragement to work on this project.

Darmstadt and PhiladelphiaMay 2013

Ralf RiedelI-Wei Chen

List of Contributors

Jörg Adler

Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems

Winterbergstrasse 28

01277 Dresden

Germany

Lambert Alff

Technische Universität Darmstadt

Institute of Materials Science

Petersenstr. 23

65287 Darmstadt

Germany

Natalia N. Bramnik

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)

Institut für Angewandte Materialien- Energiespeichersysteme (IAM-ESS) & Institut für Anorganische Chemie

Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1

76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen

Germany

Paolo Colombo

University of Padova

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica

Settore Materiali

35131 Padova

Italy

and

The Pennsylvania State University

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

University Park, PA 16802

USA

Helmut Ehrenberg

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)

Institut für Angewandte Materialien- Energiespeichersysteme (IAM-ESS) & Institut für Anorganische Chemie

Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1

76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen

Germany

Aleksander Gurlo

Technische Universität Darmstadt

Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften

Petersenstr. 32

64287 Darmstadt

Germany

Naoto Hirosaki

National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)

Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba

Ibaraki 305-0044

Japan

Peter Holtappels

Technical University of Denmark

Department of Energy Conversion and Storage

Frederiksborgvej 399,

4000 Roskilde

Denmark

Pavel Holubá

SHM s.r.o.

Prmyslová 3

787 01 Šumperk

Czech Republic

Nathan S. Jacobson

NASA Glenn Research Center

MS 106-1, 21000 Brookpark Road

Cleveland, OH 44135

USA

Botjan Janar

Jožef Stefan Institute

Advanced Materials Department

Jamova 39

1000 Ljubljana

Slovenia

Allan P. Katz

Air Force Research Laboratory

Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AFRL/RXCC

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7817

USA

Ronald J. Kerans

Air Force Research Laboratory

Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, AFRL/RXCC(Emeritus)

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7817

USA

Ralf Kriegel

Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems

Michael-Faraday-Str. 1

07629 Hermsdorf

Germany

Gabriela Mera

Technische Universität Darmstadt

Institute for Materials Science

64287 Darmstadt

Germany

Mamoru Mitomo

National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)

Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba

Ibaraki 305-0044

Japan

Takeshi Mitsuoka

NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd

Material Research Dept R&D Center

2808 Iwasaki Komaki-shi

Aichi 485–8510

Japan

Sandro Pagano

Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich

Department of Chemistry

Butenandtstrasse 5–13

81377 Munich

Germany

Elizabeth J. Opila

University of Virginia

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

395 McCormick Rd.

Charlottesville, VA 22904

USA

Ralf Riedel

Technische Universität Darmstadt

Institute for Materials Science

64287 Darmstadt

Germany

Wolfgang Schnick

Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich

Department of Chemistry

Butenandtstrasse 5–13

81377 Munich

Germany

Gian Domenico Sorarù

University of Trento

Materials Science and Technology

38122 Trento

Italy

Bhaskar Reddy Sudireddy

Technical University of Denmark

Department of Energy Conversion and Storage

Frederiksborgvej 399,

4000 Roskilde

Denmark

Danilo Suvorov

Jožef Stefan Institute

Advanced Materials Department

Jamova 39

1000 Ljubljana

Slovenia

Robert Vaßen

Forschungszentrum Jülich

Institut für Energieforschung

Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße

52425 Jülich

Germany

Stan Vepek

Technical University Munich

Department of Chemistry

Lichtenbergstr. 4

85747 Garching

Germany

Maritza G.J. Vepek-Heijman

Technical University Munich

Department of Chemistry

Lichtenbergstr. 4

85747 Garching

Germany

Ingolf Voigt

Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems

Michael-Faraday-Str. 1

07629 Hermsdorf

Germany

Marcus Weyd

Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems

Michael-Faraday-Str. 1

07629 Hermsdorf

Germany

Rong-Jun Xie

National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)

Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba

Ibaraki 305-0044

Japan

Martin Zeuner

Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich

Department of Chemistry

Butenandtstrasse 5–13

81377 Munich

Germany

Part One

Structural Applications

1

Oxidation and Corrosion of Ceramics

Elizabeth J. Opila and Nathan S. Jacobson

1.1 Introduction

Ceramics are compounds with strong covalent or ionic bonds, typically rendering them very stable with high melting points. While oxides in oxidizing environments are quite stable at high temperatures, carbides, nitrides, and borides are all less thermodynamically stable than their corresponding oxides. For this reason, the reaction of non-oxide ceramics to form oxides is a very important problem in many high-temperature environments. These types of reactions are important for structural ceramics used in a wide variety of applications including furnaces, engines, land-based turbines for power generation, heat-exchangers, hot-gas filters, chemical process containers, and re-entry shields. In addition, non-oxide ceramic materials are often used as substrates in high-temperature functional devices such as sensors, actuators, and fuel cells wherein environments can also be oxidizing.

The oxidation and corrosion of many technologically important ceramics are detailed in this chapter, with emphasis placed on the reactions of non-oxide ceramics. Classes of ceramics with the same cation are considered together. Silica formers, alumina formers, and then hafnia and zirconia formers are discussed explicitly. The effects of carbon, nitrogen and boron on the formation of the more stable condensed phase oxides are also discussed. Within each section, the ideal oxidation reaction is discussed first, after which complications due to complex materials and complex environments are considered. Finally, a short discussion of oxide degradation is provided.

Emphasis is placed on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the oxidation and corrosion reactions with the aim of describing the current capability to predict the rate of material degradation. Areas requiring additional elucidation are noted. Generally, at moderate temperatures the rate of material degradation is limited by the surface reaction of the material with its environment; the reactions are thus sensitive to the processing, crystal structure and orientation of the ceramic. At higher temperatures, however, the degradation rate is typically diffusion-controlled, and under these conditions the reaction rate is controlled by reactant or product transport through the growing oxide, or vapor transport through a gaseous boundary layer. These reaction mechanisms are shown schematically in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Rate-limiting material degradation mechanisms. Reaction-limited oxidation; (b) Solid-phase diffusion-limited oxidation; (c) Gas-phase diffusion-limited volatilization.

1.2 Silica-Forming Ceramics

Silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) are two ceramic materials that show promise for long-term, high-temperature applications due to the formation of a slow-growing protective silica film that forms in oxidizing environments. Extensive studies have been made of the oxidation and corrosion of SiC and Si3N4, as reviewed previously [1,2]. Consequently, much of this chapter will cover these materials, with ideal behavior being discussed first in this section. Complications for real materials in real environments are then presented.

1.2.1 Ideal Oxidation Behavior of Silica-Forming Ceramics

1.2.1.1 Structure of Silica and Transport of Oxygen in Silica

In order to understand the oxidation of silica-formers, the structure of silica must first be discussed (the reader is referred to an in-depth review by Lamkin, Riley, and Fordham [3] for a more detailed discussion of this topic). Silica exists in several polymorphs, the amorphous phase, and the crystalline phases. The crystalline phases are – from the low-temperature polymorphs to the high-temperature polymorphs – quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite, respectively. Amorphous silica is composed of an irregular network of SiO4 tetrahedra. A two-dimensional (2-D) representation of amorphous silica is shown in Figure 1.2a, with rings of varying numbers of Si–O bonds. Figure 1.2b shows a 2-D representation of crystalline silica in which the structure is ordered into six-member rings of Si–O bonds. The density of cristobalite (2.32 g cm−3) is closest to amorphous silica (2.20 g cm−3). Both, the amorphous phase and cristobalite have a relatively open structure that allows the permeation of molecular oxygen through the interstices of the structure. Figure 1.2c shows the case where the silica network has been modified by cations incorporated in the interstices of the glass structure. These modifying cations, which typically are the alkali metals and alkaline earths, are charge-compensated by the formation of non-bridging oxygen. The glass network is thus disrupted by the incorporation of these cations, which then affects transport of oxidant through the silica.

Figure 1.2 Schematic structure of silica. (a) Amorphous silica; (b) Cristobalite; (c) Alkali-modified silica. Silicon atoms are represented by small dark circles, oxygen atoms by open circles, and alkali impurities as large cross-hatched circles.Reproduced with permission from Ref. [3]; © 1992, .