Characterization of Polymer Blends E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1699

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Filling the gap for a reference dedicated to the characterization of polymer blends and their micro and nano morphologies, this book provides comprehensive, systematic coverage in a one-stop, two-volume resource for all those working in the field. Leading researchers from industry and academia, as well as from government and private research institutions around the world summarize recent technical advances in chapters devoted to their individual contributions. In so doing, they examine a wide range of modern characterization techniques, from microscopy and spectroscopy to diffraction, thermal analysis, rheology, mechanical measurements and chromatography. These methods are compared with each other to assist in determining the best solution for both fundamental and applied problems, paying attention to the characterization of nanoscale miscibility and interfaces, both in blends involving copolymers and in immiscible blends. The thermodynamics, miscibility, phase separation, morphology and interfaces in polymer blends are also discussed in light of new insights involving the nanoscopic scale. Finally, the authors detail the processing-morphology-property relationships of polymer blends, as well as the influence of processing on the generation of micro and nano morphologies, and the dependence of these morphologies on the properties of blends. Hot topics such as compatibilization through nanoparticles, miscibility of new biopolymers and nanoscale investigations of interfaces in blends are also addressed. With its application-oriented approach, handpicked selection of topics and expert contributors, this is an outstanding survey for anyone involved in the field of polymer blends for advanced technologies.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Volume 1

Chapter 1: Polymer Blends: State of the Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Miscible and Immiscible Polymer Blends

1.3 Compatibility in Polymer Blends

1.4 Topics Covered in this Book

References

Chapter 2: Miscible Blends Based on Biodegradable Polymers

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Thermodynamic Approach to the Miscibility of Polymer Blends

2.3 Revision of Polymer Blends Based on Biodegradable Polyesters

2.4 Revision of Blends Based on Natural Polymers

Appendix 2.A Relevant Research Papers

Appendix 2.B List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Thermodynamics and Morphology and Compatibilization of Polymer Blends

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends

3.3 Phase Behavior of Polymer Blends

3.4 Morphology of Polymer Blends

3.5 Compatibilization of Polymer Blends

References

Chapter 4: Characterization of Polymer Blends: Rheological Studies

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Thermosetting Blend Systems with Rubbers and Thermoplastics

4.3 Thermosetting Systems with Nanostructures

4.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Characterization of Phase Behavior in Polymer Blends by Light Scattering

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Amorphous/Crystalline Polymer Blends

5.3 Light Scattering

5.4 Cloud-Point Determination

5.5 Time-Resolved Light Scattering

5.6 Determination of Virtual UCST Behavior

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: Characterization of Polymer Blends by X-Ray Scattering: SAXS and WAXS

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basics of X-Ray Scattering

6.3 Small- and Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS and WAXS)

6.4 Polymer Blend Morphology

6.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Characterization of Polymer Blends and Block Copolymers by Neutron Scattering: Miscibility and Nanoscale Morphology

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Small-Angle Scattering

7.3 Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends and Solutions. Flory–Huggins Theory

7.4 The Scattering Function and Thermodynamics

7.5 Block Copolymers

References

Chapter 8: Ultrasound in Polymer Blends

8.1 Introduction

8.2 High-Frequency Ultrasound

8.3 Power Ultrasound

8.4 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Characterization of Polymer Blends: Ellipsometry

9.1 Ellipsometry

9.2 Applications in the Characterization of Polymer Blend Films

9.3 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10: Inverse Gas Chromatography

10.1 Concept and History of Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC)

10.2 Theoretical Background

10.3 Thermodynamic Aspects: Parameters Used for Polymer Blend Characterization

10.4 Procedures Used in IGC Experiments Leading to the Determination of Polymer Blend Characteristics

10.5 Application of Chemometric Methods

10.6 Transport Properties of Polymeric Mixtures

10.7 Usefulness of IGC: Applications of IGC-Derived Parameters in the Characterization of Various Systems

10.8 Advantages and Drawbacks of IGC

References

Chapter 11: Thermal Analysis in Polymer Blends

11.1 Introduction to Polymer Blends

11.2 Experimental

11.3 Instrumentation

11.4 Thermal Analysis

11.5 Results and Discussion: Thermal Analysis

11.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Polymer Blends

12.1 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA)

12.2 Miscibility Studies

12.3 Segmental Dynamics, Fragility Index, and Free-Volume

12.4 Effects of Plasticizers and Chemical and Physical Crosslinks

12.5 Summary

References

Chapter 13: Thermomechanical Analysis and Processing of Polymer Blends

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Polymer Toughness

13.3 Thermomechanical Analysis and Manufacture of Polymer Blends

13.4 Results and Discussion

13.5 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 14: Water Sorption and Solvent Sorption Behavior

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Water Sorption

14.3 Pervaporation

14.4 Vapor Permeation

14.5 Gas Permeation

14.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 15: Modeling and Simulation

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Numerical Simulation of Phase Separation of Immiscible Polymer Blends on a Heterogeneously Functionalized Substrate

15.3 Numerical Simulation of the Self-Assembly of a Polymer–Polymer–Solvent Ternary System on a Heterogeneously Functionalized Substrate

15.4 Verification of Numerical Simulation of the Self-Assembly of a Polymer–Polymer–Solvent Ternary System on a Heterogeneously Functionalized Substrate

15.5 Effects of Pattern Shapes and Block Copolymer

15.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Volume 2

Chapter 16: Optical Microscopy (Polarized, Interference, and Phase-Contrast Microscopy) and Confocal Microscopy

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Optical and Confocal Microscopy: A Brief Overview

16.3 Mesoscale Morphologies in Polymer Blends: Spherulites and Microcrystallites

16.4 Optical Characterization of Mesoscale Morphologies in Polymer Blends

16.5 Confocal Microscopy Characterization of Polymer Blends

16.6 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17: Electron Microscopic Analysis of Multicomponent Polymers and Blends

17.1 Introduction and Overview

17.2 Sample Preparation Techniques

17.3 Morphological Characterization

17.4 Special Techniques and Applications

17.5 Deformation Studies on Polymer Blends

17.6 Concluding Notes

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 18: Characterization of Polymer Blends Using SIMS and NanoSIMS

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Thin Films and Ultrathin Films of Polymer Blends

18.3 SIMS: The Techniques and Outputs

18.4 3D Imaging of Polymer Blends

18.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 19: Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques for the Structural Analysis of Polymer Materials

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Fundamentals of Fluorescence Microscopy

19.3 Fluorescence Imaging of Polymer Blend Systems

19.4 Fluorescence Microscopy Beyond the Diffraction Barrier

19.5 Summary

References

Chapter 20: Characterization of Polymer Blends with FTIR Spectroscopy

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Methods of Investigating Miscibility

20.3 Characterization of Vinyl Polymer Blends using FTIR Spectroscopy

20.4 Characterization of Blends of Polyethers (PE) using FTIR Spectroscopy

20.5 Characterization of Acrylate Blends with FTIR Spectroscopy

20.6 Characterization of Synthetic Rubber using FTIR Spectroscopy

20.7 Characterization of Natural Polymer Blends Using FTIR Spectroscopy

20.8 Study of Blends by Polarization Modulation and 2D-FTIR Spectroscopy

20.9 Analysis of Polymer Blends Using FTIR Microspectroscopy

20.10 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 21: Characterization of Polymer Blends with Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Miscibility

21.3 Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation Experiments

21.4 Experiments for the Direct Observation of Proton Spin-Diffusion

21.5 Molecular Dynamics

21.6 Organic Solar Cells

21.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 22: Characterization of Polymer Blends by Infrared, Near-Infrared, and Raman Imaging

22.1 Instrumentation for Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Imaging

22.2 Raman Microspectroscopy

22.3 Characterization of Polymer Blends by FT-IR Imaging

References

Chapter 23: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Forward Recoil Spectrometry

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy

23.3 Forward Recoil Spectrometry

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 24: Characterization of Polymer Blends Using UV-Visible Spectroscopy

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Electromagnetic Radiation

24.3 Interaction of Radiation (UV/VIS) with Matter

24.4 The Nature of Electronic Excitations in Matter (Polymer Blends)

24.5 Relationship of Structure of Matter to the Electronic Absorption Spectrum

24.6 The Correspondence of Color and Transparent Spectrum

24.7 Relationship of Polymer Blends to Material Characterization

24.8 Optical Properties of Semiconductors (Polymers and Polymer Blends)

24.9 Optical Absorption Spectra of Materials

24.10 Instrumentation

24.11 Radiation Sources

24.12 Monochromator

24.13 Detection Area and Detectors

24.14 Data Acquisition

24.15 Classification of Errors in Spectrophotometry

References

Chapter 25: Fluorescence Spectroscopy

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Fundamentals of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

25.3 Intrinsically Fluorescent Polymer Blends

25.4 Systems Requiring Extrinsic Fluorescent Labels

25.5 Conclusions

Nomenclature

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 26: Characterization of Polymer Blends by Dielectric Spectroscopy and Thermally Simulated Depolarization Current

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Amorphous Polymer Blends

26.3 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Semicrystalline Polymer Blends

26.4 Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Chemically Reactive Polymer Blends