Clinical Insertion Techniques of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Clinical Insertion Techniques of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices Learn to design and insert Temporary Anchorage Devices with this groundbreaking guide. Clinical Insertion Techniques of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices is the first comprehensive guide to the clinical insertion techniques for temporary anchorage devices (TADs) and the clinical applications of TADs according to different anatomic regions. It provides detailed clinical insertion instructions and applications, as well as guidance on choosing an optimal insertion site, detailed insertion techniques, and potential complications and their solutions. Divided into five parts, the first covers general considerations, the second explores the techniques at different insertion sites, the third section delves into the clinical applications of miniplates, the fourth delivers the guided insertion of mini-implants, and the fifth section outlines the adverse effects of insertions. The result is a book which brings TADs into orthodontic practice in a rigorous and accessible way. Clinical Insertion Techniques of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices readers will also find: * Around 800 photographs and illustrations demonstrating different insertion techniques and clinical applications * Detailed coverage of all maxillary and mandibular regions as potential insertion sites * Design and application guidelines for insertion guides Clinical Insertion Techniques of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices is indispensable for orthodontic clinicians looking for a reference on this area of orthodontics.
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Seitenzahl: 792
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 An Overview of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Evolution of Orthodontic TADs
1.3 Characteristics of Orthodontic TADs
1.4 Mechanical Retention of Orthodontic TADs
1.5 Clinical Indications for Orthodontic TADs
1.6 Potential Complications
1.7 Summary
References
2 Requirements for the Insertion of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Systemic Requirements
2.3 Local Requirements
2.4 Summary
References
3 General Principles for the Insertion of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anatomy‐driven Paradigm
3.3 Biomechanics‐driven Paradigm
3.4 Clinical Procedures for Inserting Mini‐implants
3.5 Summary
References
4 Maxillary Labial Region
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interradicular Sites
4.3 Anterior Nasal Spine
4.4 Summary
References
5 Maxillary Buccal Region
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Interradicular Sites
5.3 Infrazygomatic Crest
5.4 Maxillary Tuberosity
5.5 Summary
References
6 Maxillary Palatal Region
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Interradicular Sites
6.3 Paramedian Sites
6.4 Midpalatal Suture
6.5 Summary
References
7 Mandibular Labial Region
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Interradicular Sites
7.3 Mandibular Symphysis
7.4 Summary
References
8 Mandibular Buccal Region
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Interradicular Sites
8.3 Buccal Shelf
8.4 Summary
References
9 Mandibular Ramus
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Anatomical Considerations
9.3 Mini‐implant Selection
9.4 Insertion Procedure
9.5 Versatile Clinical Applications
9.6 Summary
References
10 The Placement of Miniplates
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Clinical Features
10.3 Clinical Indications
10.4 Insertion Techniques
10.5 Removal Techniques
10.6 Summary
References
11 Three‐dimensional Design and Manufacture of Insertion Guides
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Evolution of Insertion Guides
11.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Insertion Guides
11.4 Three‐dimensional Design of Insertion Guides for Mini‐implants
11.5 Manufacturing Insertion Guides
11.6 Summary
References
12 Clinical Techniques for Using Insertion Guides
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Clinical Procedures
12.3 Placement of Mini‐implants with Insertion Guides at Different Sites
12.4 Summary
References
13 Root Contact
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Clinical Manifestations
13.3 Prognosis
13.4 Risk Factors
13.5 Prevention
13.6 Management of Root Contact
13.7 Summary
References
14 Fractures of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Risk Factors for Mini‐implant Fracture
14.3 Prevention of Mini‐implant Fracture
14.4 Management of Mini‐implant Fracture
14.5 Summary
References
15 Soft Tissue Complications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Clinical Manifestations
15.3 Adverse Consequences
15.4 Risk Factors
15.5 Prevention
15.6 Treatment
15.7 Summary
References
16 Failure of Orthodontic Temporary Anchorage Devices
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Primary Stability and Secondary Stability
16.3 Risk Factors
16.4 Prevention of Mini‐implant Failure
16.5 Management of Mini‐implant Failure
16.6 Summary
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of alveolar and extra‐alveolar bone....
Table 2.2 Detailed features and anatomic sites of D1–D5 bones.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Diagnostic performance of panoramic radiography.
Table 3.2 Recommended sizes of mini‐implants for different anatomical sites...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Comparison of anatomical and biomechanical features among the thr...
Table 4.2 Pretreatment cephalometric values.
Table 4.3 Pretreatment cephalometric values.
Table 4.4 Comparison of pretreatment versus posttreatment cephalometric val...
Table 4.5 Pretreatment cephalometric values.
Table 4.6 Pretreatment cephalometric values.
Table 4.7 Comparison of pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric values...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 The application of mini‐implants at different interradicular site...
Table 5.2 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.3 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.4 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.5 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.6 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.7 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.8 Distribution of the infrazygomatic crest (IZC) shape among seven ...
Table 5.9 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.10 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.11 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.12 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.13 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 5.14 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Mini‐implants inserted at different sites for different applicati...
Table 6.2 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.3 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.4 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.5 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.6 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.7 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.8 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.9 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.10 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 6.11 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 The anatomy and biomechanics of anterior interradicular sites.
Table 7.2 Variance analysis of influence of gender and age on cortical bone...
Table 7.3 Variance analysis of influence of gender and age on bone depth.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Application of mini‐implants at different interradicular sites.
Table 8.2 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 8.3 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 8.4 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 8.5 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 8.6 Pretreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Table 8.7 Pre‐ and posttreatment lateral cephalometric analysis.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Advantages and disadvantages of miniplates over mini‐implants.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 The incidence of root contact among different studies.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 A vitallium screw was implanted into the mandibular ramus in a do...
Figure 1.2 A blade‐vent implant was inserted at the mandibular posterior reg...
Figure 1.3 A schematic illustration demonstrating that the upper incisors ar...
Figure 1.4 Versatile clinical applications of temporary anchorage devices (T...
Figure 1.5 Various anatomical sites available for the placement of temporary...
Figure 1.6 Different types of temporary anchorage devices (TADs). (a) Screw‐...
Figure 1.7 Most frequently used TADs in clinical practice. (a) Screw‐shaped ...
Figure 1.8 The structure of the mini‐implant, including body, collar, neck a...
Figure 1.9 Two distinct types of mini‐implants. (a) Cylindrical type. (b) Ta...
Figure 1.10 Thread design of mini‐implants. (a) Loose pitch (the distance be...
Figure 1.11 Clinical application of a mini‐plate for molar uprighting. (a) T...
Figure 1.12 Predrilling for a self‐tapping mini‐implant. (a) Predrilling. (b...
Figure 1.13 The mechanical interlocking between the alveolar bone and the mi...
Figure 1.14 The effect of bone damage on mini‐implant stability. (a) No or m...
Figure 1.15 Bone damage during insertion of a buccal shelf mini‐implant. Not...
Figure 1.16 Clinical stability (overall stability) of a mini‐implant is the ...
Figure 1.17 Direct versus indirect anchorage modes. (a) Direct anchorage mod...
Figure 1.18 Migration of a mini‐implant causes undesirable displacement of a...
Figure 1.19 Upper molar distalisation with conventional versus TAD biomechan...
Figure 1.20 The role of TADs in preventing anchorage loss. (a–c) An impacted...
Figure 1.21 TADs are able to achieve satisfactory orthopaedic effects. (a) P...
Figure 1.22
En masse
retraction with the aid of mini‐implants. Mini‐implants...
Figure 1.23 Mini‐implant‐anchored pendulum for upper molar distalisation. (a...
Figure 1.24 The incorporation of TADs into clear aligner therapy. (a) Pretre...
Figure 1.25 Biomechanics of molar distalisation with the buccal versus palat...
Figure 1.26 Anchorage loss in the anterior teeth with conventional biomechan...
Figure 1.27 Molar protraction with the aid of a mini‐implant. (a,d) Pretreat...
Figure 1.28 Efficient and predictable molar protraction can be achieved with...
Figure 1.29 TAD‐anchored maxillary protraction leads to significant skeletal...
Figure 1.30 Molar intrusion with TADs for correcting severe open bite. (a) T...
Figure 1.31 The overerupted maxillary first molar is intruded with conventio...
Figure 1.32 Molar intrusion with the aid of TADs for a class II patient with...
Figure 1.33 Biomechanical design for molar intrusion with TADs. (a) The mola...
Figure 1.34 Incisor intrusion through a labial interradicular mini‐implant. ...
Figure 1.35 Orthodontic traction and extrusion of deeply impacted mandibular...
Figure 1.36 Skeletal expansion of the maxillae with mini‐implants. (a) Pretr...
Figure 1.37 The biomechanics associated with Brodie bite correction through ...
Figure 1.38 Potential complications associated with the placement of orthodo...
Figure 1.39 Root contact by a mini‐implant. (a) Sagittal view. Note the prox...
Figure 1.40 Mini‐implant fracture. (a) A mini‐implant is being inserted into...
Figure 1.41 Soft tissue inflammation. (a) Overgrowth and hyperplasia of soft...
Figure 1.42 Mini‐implant failure. The mini‐implant became loose and was disp...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Determination of the optimal sites for mini‐implants. (a) Inserti...
Figure 2.2 Systemic factors for the insertion of orthodontic TADs.
Figure 2.3 The influence of age and gender on bone quality and quantity. Not...
Figure 2.4 The stability of mini‐implants inserted in an otherwise healthy o...
Figure 2.5 The mechanisms whereby hyperglycaemia influences bone remodelling...
Figure 2.6 Bisphosphonates induce osteoclast apoptosis and promote osteoblas...
Figure 2.7 High bone density leads to bone fractures during insertion of the...
Figure 2.8 Glucocorticoids inhibit calcium absorption in the intestine and e...
Figure 2.9 The influence of smoking habit on periodontal health. (a–c) Intra...
Figure 2.10 Smoking suppresses bone formation by inhibiting the proliferatio...
Figure 2.11 The mini‐implant is supported by both the hard tissue and the so...
Figure 2.12 A variety of anatomical areas available for the placement of ort...
Figure 2.13 Schematic illustrations showing extra‐alveolar regions for the p...
Figure 2.14 A schematic illustration showing the Misch classifications of bo...
Figure 2.15 Schematic illustrations showing different anatomical sites corre...
Figure 2.16 Predrilling is indicated for the insertion of mini‐implants into...
Figure 2.17 Bone depth and bone width. (a) Bone depth is the distance betwee...
Figure 2.18 The influence of intra‐bony length on the stability of a mini‐im...
Figure 2.19 Penetration of the contralateral cortex by mini‐implants and bic...
Figure 2.20 The bicortical engagement mode confers greater stability on the ...
Figure 2.21 The influence of bone width on the selection of mini‐implants an...
Figure 2.22 The influence of different interradicular sites, heights and sid...
Figure 2.23 Differences in bone width at different vertical levels (2–8 mm a...
Figure 2.24 The influence of cortical thickness on the stability of the mini...
Figure 2.25 Bone damage may occur if cortical bone is too thick, which may i...
Figure 2.26 Recommended hard tissue characteristics for the placement of min...
Figure 2.27 Three distinct types of soft tissues: free gingiva, attached gin...
Figure 2.28 A schematic illustration showing the histological features of gi...
Figure 2.29 (a) The mini‐implant is inserted at the free gingiva zone where ...
Figure 2.30 Different anatomical sites exhibit different types of soft tissu...
Figure 2.31 The influence of soft tissue thickness on the clinical success o...
Figure 2.32 The selection of long mini‐implants and application of extension...
Figure 2.33 Selection of insertion sites according to types of soft tissues....
Figure 2.34 The mucogingival junction is recommended for the insertion of mi...
Figure 2.35 A clinical dilemma in selecting the optimal insertion site for i...
Figure 2.36 With oblique insertion, the mini‐implant is able to engage wider...
Figure 2.37 Site‐specific selection of mini‐implants with appropriate length...
Figure 2.38 (a) A long mini‐implant (12 mm) was inserted at the mandibular r...
Figure 2.39 The application of an extension hook to avoid soft tissue compli...
Figure 2.40 Soft tissue flapping for the placement of mini‐implants into the...
Figure 2.41 Selection of optimal insertion sites based on soft tissue charac...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Biomechanics‐driven versus anatomy‐driven paradigm for the select...
Figure 3.2 Vital anatomical structures (dental roots, nerves and vessels, ma...
Figure 3.3 ‘Safe zone’ between the mini‐implant and the adjacent root. A 1 m...
Figure 3.4 Potential errors in estimating interradicular distance based on 2...
Figure 3.5 Root contact diagnosed with panoramic radiography. (a) Root conta...
Figure 3.6 Oblique insertion technique. (a) The mini‐implant is inserted at ...
Figure 3.7 Commonly used extra‐alveolar anatomical sites for the placement o...
Figure 3.8 Simulated injury to the nasopalatine neurovascular bundles by a v...
Figure 3.9 Greater palatine vessels and nerves. The greater palatine neurova...
Figure 3.10 (a) The neurovascular bundle is contacted by the mini‐implant du...
Figure 3.11 Greater palatine foramina. Injury to neurovascular bundles may o...
Figure 3.12 Inferior alveolar neurovascular bundles from both the buccal and...
Figure 3.13 (a) Injury to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundles is of ...
Figure 3.14 (a) A schematic illustration showing mucosa thickening following...
Figure 3.15 Bicortical versus monocortical anchorage modes. (a) Bicortical e...
Figure 3.16 (a) Sinus penetration by the mini‐implant is recommended if ther...
Figure 3.17 Penetration of the nasal mucosa by the mini‐implant leads to pai...
Figure 3.18 Available anatomical sites for the placement of orthodontic TADs...
Figure 3.19 Available anatomical sites for the placement of orthodontic TADs...
Figure 3.20 Mini‐implants at the anterior interradicular region are used for...
Figure 3.21 Mini‐implants inserted at the anterior nasal spine are used for ...
Figure 3.22 Versatile applications of mini‐implants placed at the posterior ...
Figure 3.23 Versatile applications of infrazygomatic crest mini‐implants. (a...
Figure 3.24 (a) The mini‐implant (yellow arrow) placed at the maxillary tube...
Figure 3.25 Available anatomical sites for the placement of mini‐implants at...
Figure 3.26 The clinical applications of palatal interradicular mini‐implant...
Figure 3.27 Versatile clinical applications of palatal mini‐implants. (a) Mi...
Figure 3.28 Mini‐implants (yellow arrows) placed at the midpalatal suture ar...
Figure 3.29 Commonly used insertion sites in the mandible. (a) Anterior inte...
Figure 3.30 Anterior interradicular mini‐implants (yellow arrows) used for m...
Figure 3.31 Mini‐implants (yellow arrows) placed at the mandibular symphysis...
Figure 3.32 Versatile applications of mini‐implants (yellow arrows) placed a...
Figure 3.33 The mini‐implant inserted at the posterior interradicular site i...
Figure 3.34 Versatile applications of mini‐implants at the buccal shelf regi...
Figure 3.35 The mini‐implant (yellow arrow) at the mandibular ramus region i...
Figure 3.36 Selection of insertion sites according to the biomechanics‐drive...
Figure 3.37
En masse
anterior retraction through mini‐implants inserted at t...
Figure 3.38 Molar anchorage was reinforced by the palatal mini‐implant (whit...
Figure 3.39 Mesial tipping of the maxillary second molar due to loss of the ...
Figure 3.40 The mini‐implant inserted at the maxillary tuberosity region is ...
Figure 3.41 Upper molar uprighting with indirect anchorage mode. (a) Pretrea...
Figure 3.42 Bodily intrusion of the molar is achieved through two mini‐impla...
Figure 3.43 (a) Narrow interradicular space limits the insertion of a mini‐i...
Figure 3.44 Intrusion of a mandibular molar through a mini‐implant. (a) The ...
Figure 3.45 Incisor intrusion. (a) The labial mini‐implant is desired for in...
Figure 3.46 Schematic diagrams of the biomechanical system. (a) An intrusion...
Figure 3.47 Incisor intrusion through an intrusion lever arm anchored on buc...
Figure 3.48 The second molar presented with severe root resorption due to th...
Figure 3.49 Mini‐implant‐anchored cantilever spring for orthodontic traction...
Figure 3.50 Mini‐implant‐anchored cantilever spring for orthodontic traction...
Figure 3.51 Molar protraction through power arms on both the buccal and pala...
Figure 3.52 Power arm with adequate length is not applicable for mandibular ...
Figure 3.53 Albert protraction loop for mandibular molar protraction. (a) In...
Figure 3.54 Armamentarium for the placement of mini‐implants.
Figure 3.55 Infiltration anaesthesia is limited to the mucosa and periosteum...
Figure 3.56 Mouthrinse with chlorhexidine.
Figure 3.57 Soft tissue indentation. (a) An explorer is employed to perform ...
Figure 3.58 Vertical indentation and landmark on the soft tissue. (a) The po...
Figure 3.59 Engagement of the mini‐implant into the screwdriver. (a) Before ...
Figure 3.60 The bottom of the screwdriver is held firmly against the palm an...
Figure 3.61 The contra‐angle screwdriver is held firmly by both hands, with ...
Figure 3.62 (a) The mini‐implant is first engaged into the connecting bur. (...
Figure 3.63 (a) Soft tissue indentation is being performed with an explorer ...
Figure 3.64 (a) A schematic illustration showing fracture of the mini‐implan...
Figure 3.65 (a) Once the cortex is penetrated, the mini‐implant can be sligh...
Figure 3.66 Overinsertion of mini‐implants. (a) Overinsertion of the mini‐im...
Figure 3.67 When it is difficult to detach the mini‐implant from the screwdr...
Figure 3.68 Bone damage is caused if the screwdriver is wiggled off the mini...
Figure 3.69 Examination of the insertion direction following insertion. (a) ...
Figure 3.70 (a) The primary stability of a mini‐implant is tested through an...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Incisor intrusion through a labial mini‐implant. (a) Deep bite wa...
Figure 4.2 Gummy smile correction through a labial mini‐implant. The patient...
Figure 4.3 Mini‐implants placed at the maxillary labial region are used for ...
Figure 4.4 Labial mini‐implants for anterior intrusion with clear aligner. E...
Figure 4.5 Labial interradicular sites and anterior nasal spine. (a) Labial ...
Figure 4.6 Three distinct interradicular sites available at the maxillary la...
Figure 4.7 Comparison of cortical thickness among the three interradicular s...
Figure 4.8 Comparison of bone depth among the three interradicular sites. (a...
Figure 4.9 The maxillae are formed by the fusion of the left (yellow area) a...
Figure 4.10 Comparison of bone width among the three interradicular sites at...
Figure 4.11 Greater bone width is obtained for oblique insertion. (a) Horizo...
Figure 4.12 Illustrations and CBCT images showing spatial relationship betwe...
Figure 4.13 Schematic illustrations showing slippage of a mini‐implant durin...
Figure 4.14 Axial sections of CBCT images showing bone width at different in...
Figure 4.15 Root prominence. (a) Root prominences (yellow arrows) are promin...
Figure 4.16 Prominent labial frenum. The presence of a prominent labial fren...
Figure 4.17 Intermaxillary suture. The intermaxillary suture is easily notic...
Figure 4.18 Comparison of the height of the mucogingival junction among the ...
Figure 4.19 Biomechanical analyses for incisor intrusion with mini‐implants ...
Figure 4.20 (a) Bone width is evaluated at the height of 6–8 mm. Sufficient ...
Figure 4.21 The clinical procedures of inserting a mini‐implant at the U1‐U1...
Figure 4.22 The presence of the intermaxillary suture (yellow arrow) facilit...
Figure 4.23 The intermaxillary suture can be expanded through an explorer or...
Figure 4.24 (a) The mini‐implant is inserted at an angle of 30° to the occlu...
Figure 4.25 Deviated insertion path due to the operator’s deviated line of v...
Figure 4.26 (a) If the operator sits at the 12 o’clock position, the line of...
Figure 4.27 Detailed procedures for inserting a mini‐implant at the U1‐U1 in...
Figure 4.28 Schematic illustrations showing detailed procedures for insertin...
Figure 4.29 (a) Mini‐implants are horizontally inserted through the recommen...
Figure 4.30 Determination and marking of the desired entry point. (a) The fr...
Figure 4.31 A schematic illustration showing the recommended insertion angul...
Figure 4.32 The insertion path (dashed line) should be perpendicular to the ...
Figure 4.33 Adjustment of the patient’s head to allow the operator’s line of...
Figure 4.34 Detailed procedures for inserting a mini‐implant at the U1‐U2 in...
Figure 4.35 Schematic illustrations displaying detailed procedures for the i...
Figure 4.36 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 4.37 Pretreatment versus posttreatment superimposition, treatment sta...
Figure 4.38 Anterior intrusion using a labial interradicular mini‐implant wi...
Figure 4.39 The severe deep bite was gradually corrected.
Figure 4.40 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 4.41 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 4.42 Biomechanical analysis. As the retraction force passes occlusall...
Figure 4.43 Progress photographs. (a) The patient presented with deep bite w...
Figure 4.44 Deep bite and gummy smile were gradually resolved.
Figure 4.45 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 4.46 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 4.47 Progress photographs. The occlusal canting was still present.
Figure 4.48 A schematic illustration of the correction of the occlusal canti...
Figure 4.49 The occlusal canting was gradually resolved.
Figure 4.50 Anterior nasal spine. (a) Anterior nasal spine (blue area) shown...
Figure 4.51 Cortical thickness of the anterior nasal spine. (a) Measurement ...
Figure 4.52 Bone depth of the anterior nasal spine. (a) Measurement of the b...
Figure 4.53 The anterior nasal spine is a blade‐shaped bony protuberance pro...
Figure 4.54 (a) An illustration showing the slippage of mini‐implants that a...
Figure 4.55 Cortical fractures and bone cracks during insertion. (a) Axial v...
Figure 4.56 Prevention of mini‐implant slippage and cortical fracture by rem...
Figure 4.57 Anterior nasal spine (yellow arrow) following frenectomy and fla...
Figure 4.58 Mini‐implants with adequate length are recommended. (a) Sagittal...
Figure 4.59 Angled technique for the insertion of mini‐implants at the anter...
Figure 4.60 (a) The sagittal positions of the mini‐implant head can be adjus...
Figure 4.61 Recommended insertion height and angle for insertion of the mini...
Figure 4.62 Virtual placement of a mini‐implant on a digital model. (a) A mi...
Figure 4.63 (a) Mucosal disinfection with iodophor. (b) Local infiltration a...
Figure 4.64 The mini‐implant is inserted at the anterior nasal spine region ...
Figure 4.65 (a) Frenectomy. (b) Flap elevation for exposure of the anterior ...
Figure 4.66 The mini‐implant was inserted through the entry point at the ant...
Figure 4.67 (a) The mini‐implant was initially inserted perpendicularly to t...
Figure 4.68 (a) Postinsertion. The mini‐implant had been inserted with an ad...
Figure 4.69 Primary suture of the elevated flap. (a) The upper lip was retra...
Figure 4.70 Schematic illustrations displaying the detailed procedures for i...
Figure 4.71 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 4.72 Pretreatment versus posttreatment superimposition, treatment sta...
Figure 4.73 A mini‐implant had been inserted and an extension hook (yellow a...
Figure 4.74 Incisor intrusion was achieved by applying an elastic rubber fro...
Figure 4.75 The intrusive force (blue arrow) offered by the ANS mini‐implant...
Figure 4.76 (a) Two elastic rubbers are applied from the clear aligner to th...
Figure 4.77 The deep bite was gradually corrected with efficient retraction ...
Figure 4.78 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 A skull model showing the maxillary buccal region (encircled by t...
Figure 5.2 (a) Three anatomical sites in the maxillary buccal region. (b) A ...
Figure 5.3 Versatile clinical applications of mini‐implants (yellow arrows) ...
Figure 5.4 Maxillary buccal interradicular sites. (a) A panoramic radiograph...
Figure 5.5 The differences of bone density at different interradicular sites...
Figure 5.6 The influence of insertion height on cortical thickness. (a) The ...
Figure 5.7 Cortical thickness at different interradicular sites and insertio...
Figure 5.8 The percentage of patients with cortical thickness greater than 1...
Figure 5.9 Angled insertion increases cortical engagement. (a) Perpendicular...
Figure 5.10 The influence of different heights of sinus floor on bone depth....
Figure 5.11 Different heights of sinus floor at different interradicular sit...
Figure 5.12 Comparison of bone width at different insertion heights and diff...
Figure 5.13 Bone widths at different heights. (a) Illustration of three leve...
Figure 5.14 Root curvature of the mesiobuccal root of the first molar. (a) N...
Figure 5.15 A panoramic radiograph demonstrating the differences in bone wid...
Figure 5.16 Axial section view of a CBCT image showing the differences of in...
Figure 5.17 Two‐dimensional radiographs often underestimate interradicular s...
Figure 5.18 Bone widths at different interradicular sites and at different h...
Figure 5.19 The presence of buccal exostosis that is manifested as a benign ...
Figure 5.20 The presence of buccal exostosis interferes with the insertion o...
Figure 5.21 Mini‐implants should be placed at the apical limit of the attach...
Figure 5.22 The width of attached gingiva at different buccal regions. Note ...
Figure 5.23 Angled insertion technique. (a) The amount of attached gingiva i...
Figure 5.24 Buccal frenum may complicate the insertion process. (a) Frontal ...
Figure 5.25 Biomechanics of molar intrusion with TADs. (a) A mini‐implant is...
Figure 5.26 The retraction force (blue dashed arrow) offered by the mini‐imp...
Figure 5.27 Molar protraction with mini‐implants inserted at the interradicu...
Figure 5.28 For a mini‐implant with a length of 8 mm, the intra‐bony length ...
Figure 5.29 The distance between the buccolingual midpoints between two adja...
Figure 5.30 (a) The intersection plane is the plane where the mini‐implant p...
Figure 5.31 Recommended insertion heights and angle for the insertion of a m...
Figure 5.32 (a) Mucosa disinfection with iodophor. (b) Local infiltration an...
Figure 5.33 (a) The entry point is marked with an explorer (buccal view). (b...
Figure 5.34 Oblique line of view leads to an entry point that is distal to t...
Figure 5.35 (a) A vertical mucosa indentation is made with a dental probe; t...
Figure 5.36 A mini‐implant is placed against the buccal bone surface for cor...
Figure 5.37 (a) Cortex penetration. (b) Derotation of the mini‐implant once ...
Figure 5.38 The recommended insertion angle is 30–45° to the occlusal plane....
Figure 5.39 Confirmation of the insertion path from the occlusal side. (a) S...
Figure 5.40 Anatomical limitations lead to a distal orientation of the inser...
Figure 5.41 Advancement of the mini‐implant with the confirmed insertion pat...
Figure 5.42 The detailed clinical procedures of placing a mini‐implant at th...
Figure 5.43 (a) Create a vertical indentation with an explorer. (b) Check th...
Figure 5.44 (a) Insert the mini‐implant through the designated entry point. ...
Figure 5.45 The insertion is complete once the platform of the mini‐implant ...
Figure 5.46 Check the position and orientation of the mini‐implant following...
Figure 5.47 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.48 Treatment progress. Two mini‐implants were placed bilaterally be...
Figure 5.49 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.50 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.51 Schematic illustrations demonstrating the biomechanics of anteri...
Figure 5.52 Treatment progress. Elastic rubbers were applied between the min...
Figure 5.53 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.54 Superimposition of pre‐ and posttreatment cephalometric radiogra...
Figure 5.55 Schematic illustrations demonstrating the biomechanics of molar ...
Figure 5.56 (a) Intraoral photograph showing that severe caries (yellow arro...
Figure 5.57 Long hooks were bonded onto both the buccal and palatal sides of...
Figure 5.58 Segmental archwire technique was used for segmental tooth alignm...
Figure 5.59 Posttreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph. The third mo...
Figure 5.60 Injudicious biomechanical design. (a) One mini‐implant is placed...
Figure 5.61 Mini‐implants are placed at both the buccal and palatal sides. I...
Figure 5.62 A transpalatal arch is able to stabilise the arch width if bilat...
Figure 5.63 The panoramic radiograph is indicative of the loss of the mandib...
Figure 5.64 One mini‐implant was inserted at the interradicular site between...
Figure 5.65 Molar intrusion progressed smoothly and successfully. Once the m...
Figure 5.66 Anterior open bite during orthodontic treatment.
Figure 5.67 Two mini‐implants (yellow arrows) were inserted at the interradi...
Figure 5.68 Anterior open bite was resolved gradually.
Figure 5.69 The application of a mini‐implant for correcting occlusal cantin...
Figure 5.70 The application of mini‐implants for correcting occlusal canting...
Figure 5.71 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.72 From the frontal view, the occlusal plane (blue dashed line) was...
Figure 5.73 The intrusion of the maxillary right quadrant was achieved by mi...
Figure 5.74 (a) The intrusion of the maxillary right quadrant resulted in bu...
Figure 5.75 The occlusal canting has been completely resolved. Note that the...
Figure 5.76 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.77 Infrazygomatic crest (encircled by the dashed line). (a) Buccal ...
Figure 5.78 (a) A mini‐implant inserted at the infrazygomatic crest was used...
Figure 5.79 Measurement of overall bone thickness (OBT) and cortical bone th...
Figure 5.80 Measurements were performed at different coronal planes (61, 62,...
Figure 5.81 Different shapes of infrazygomatic crest shown on CBCT images.
Figure 5.82 Schematic illustrations showing six distinct shapes of the infra...
Figure 5.83 Cortical thickness at different coronal planes.
Figure 5.84 The influence of insertion height and insertion angle on cortica...
Figure 5.85 Great variations are exhibited among different patients. (a) A p...
Figure 5.86 (a) The comparison of cortical bone thickness (CBT) between adul...
Figure 5.87 The overall bone depth at different coronal planes.
Figure 5.88 The influence of insertion height and insertion angle on bone de...
Figure 5.89 (a) Inadequate insertion height and insertion angle lead to root...
Figure 5.90 No root contact is present with a good combination of insertion ...
Figure 5.91 The influence of insertion height and insertion angle on the lik...
Figure 5.92 Limited keratinised attached gingiva is present at the maxillary...
Figure 5.93 The head of the mini‐implant (yellow arrow) inserted at the infr...
Figure 5.94 (a) Monocortical engagement. The mini‐implant is displaced in re...
Figure 5.95 Bicortical versus monocortical engagement. (a) Bicortical engage...
Figure 5.96 Biomechanical analysis of anterior retraction with a mini‐implan...
Figure 5.97 The mini‐implants inserted at the infrazygomatic crest region we...
Figure 5.98 The influence of cortical thickness and bone depth on stability ...
Figure 5.99 Recommended region for the insertion of mini‐implants at the inf...
Figure 5.100 It is recommended that the IZC mini‐implants be inserted at the...
Figure 5.101 (a) Mucosa disinfection with iodophor. (b) Local infiltration a...
Figure 5.102 ‘Two‐point injection’ anaesthesia technique for the placement o...
Figure 5.103 (a) Virtual insertion. The desired entry point (yellow dot) is ...
Figure 5.104 The marked vertical indentations (white arrows) are checked fro...
Figure 5.105 A dental explorer is used for marking the soft tissue indentati...
Figure 5.106 (a) Perform a vertical indentation on the soft tissue with an e...
Figure 5.107 (a) The mini‐implant is being inserted through the designated e...
Figure 5.108 (a) Initial contact of the mini‐implant with the bone surface. ...
Figure 5.109 ‘Gradual angulation change’ technique. In this technique, the i...
Figure 5.110 (a) The desired insertion angle is obtained. (b) The screwdrive...
Figure 5.111 Force loading is applied onto the mini‐implant. (a) Buccal view...
Figure 5.112 Schematic illustrations demonstrating the procedure of insertin...
Figure 5.113 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.114 Molar distalisation with mini‐implants inserted at bilateral in...
Figure 5.115 Fixed appliances were employed for tooth alignment and levellin...
Figure 5.116 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.117 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.118 For molar distalisation in the upper arch, mini‐implants (yello...
Figure 5.119 Treatment progress. Note the presence of spacings (yellow arrow...
Figure 5.120 Treatment progress. Canines and premolars are being distalised....
Figure 5.121 Treatment progress. The space gained through molar distalisatio...
Figure 5.122 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.123 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.124 CBCT examinations indicated palatally impacted permanent canine...
Figure 5.125 Treatment progress. Two mini‐implants were placed at the bilate...
Figure 5.126 The distalisation force (red arrow) passes occlusally to the ce...
Figure 5.127 Treatment progress. Space was gained during molar distalisation...
Figure 5.128 Treatment progress. Molar distalisation was complete and class ...
Figure 5.129 After the canines were tractioned labially, the alignment was s...
Figure 5.130 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 5.131 Schematic illustrations demonstrating the biomechanics of mini‐...
Figure 5.132 (a,b) Inactivated form of the cantilever springs. Cantilevers w...
Figure 5.133 The upper incisors had been intruded successfully. (a) Before i...
Figure 5.134 Biomechanics of molar intrusion. (a,b) Molar intrusion on both ...
Figure 5.135 Pretreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph. Note that th...
Figure 5.136 Treatment planning.
Figure 5.137 Treatment progress. (a,b) Segmental archwire technique was empl...
Figure 5.138 Posttreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph.
Figure 5.139 Radiographic examinations indicated the impacted lateral inciso...
Figure 5.140 Schematic illustrations demonstrating the mini‐implant‐anchored...
Figure 5.141 A mini‐implant was inserted at the left infrazygomatic crest re...
Figure 5.142 Traction of the impacted lateral incisor and canine progressed ...
Figure 5.143 The impacted lateral incisor and canine were tractioned efficie...
Figure 5.144 Maxillary tuberosity. (a) Panoramic radiograph. The tuberosity ...
Figure 5.145 The boundaries of the maxillary tuberosity. (a) The maxillary t...
Figure 5.146 Bone quantity of the maxillary tuberosity among patients with v...
Figure 5.147 Greater bone availability at the tuberosity region was obtained...
Figure 5.148 Alveolar bone density at different anteroposterior sites of the...
Figure 5.149 The differences in bone density at different anteroposterior si...
Figure 5.150 The differences in maxillary cortical thickness at different an...
Figure 5.151 Illustration of bone width, bone depth and bone length of the m...
Figure 5.152 Bone width of the tuberosity at different sites distal to the m...
Figure 5.153 CBCT image (coronal view) demonstrating adequate bone depth for...
Figure 5.154 CBCT image (sagittal view) demonstrating that the bone depth be...
Figure 5.155 The maxillary tuberosity is primarily covered by attached and k...
Figure 5.156 The mini‐implant inserted at the maxillary tuberosity provides ...
Figure 5.157 The mesiodistal inclination of the maxillary second molar shoul...
Figure 5.158 (a) Mucosa disinfection with iodophor. (b) Local infiltration a...
Figure 5.159 The entry point is marked with an explorer.
Figure 5.160 The marked entry point (white arrow) is checked from the occlus...
Figure 5.161 The recommended insertion path is perpendicular to the occlusal...
Figure 5.162 Examination of the position and orientation of the mini‐implant...
Figure 5.163 Clinical procedure for inserting a mini‐implant at the maxillar...
Figure 5.164 The mesially tipped maxillary second molar was uprighted effici...
Figure 5.165 The mesially tipped maxillary second molar was successfully upr...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Maxillary palatal region. (a) The palatal region is mostly covere...
Figure 6.2 Three anatomical sites available for placement of orthodontic min...
Figure 6.3 Anatomical structures accommodating neurovascular bundles at the ...
Figure 6.4 Schematic illustrations of neurovascular bundles at the palatal r...
Figure 6.5 Versatile clinical applications of palatal mini‐implants. (a) Max...
Figure 6.6 A schematic illustration of the palatal interradicular region, en...
Figure 6.7 Palatal interradicular region (blue area) shown on a skull model....
Figure 6.8 Clinical applications of mini‐implants placed at the palatal inte...
Figure 6.9 The influence of gender and age on cortical thickness at the pala...
Figure 6.10 The thickness of the palatal cortical plate at different heights...
Figure 6.11 The thickness of the palatal cortical plate among patients with ...
Figure 6.12 The thickness of palatal cortical plates at different interradic...
Figure 6.13 Bone depth at different heights above the alveolar crest at the ...
Figure 6.14 Bone depths at different heights and different interradicular si...
Figure 6.15 Comparison of bone width at the buccal versus the palatal sides....
Figure 6.16 Bone width at different heights above the alveolar crest at the ...
Figure 6.17 Bone widths at different heights and different interradicular si...
Figure 6.18 Inclination of the palatal cortical plate at different interradi...
Figure 6.19 Recommended insertion site and insertion angle for the palatal i...
Figure 6.20 Keratinised and attached mucosa (yellow arrow) at the palatal in...
Figure 6.21 (a) Soft tissue inflammation (yellow arrow) associated with a mi...
Figure 6.22 The thickness of soft tissue covering the palatal interradicular...
Figure 6.23 The greater palatine foramen is located 15 mm away from the mids...
Figure 6.24 Location of the greater palatine neurovascular bundles.
Figure 6.25 Recommended insertion site, insertion height and insertion angle...
Figure 6.26 Mucosa disinfection and local infiltration anaesthesia. (a,b) Mu...
Figure 6.27 Mark the optimal entry point with an explorer. (a) Schematic ill...
Figure 6.28 Schematic illustration showing the vertical indentation (white a...
Figure 6.29 Confirmation of the insertion path from the occlusal side. The i...
Figure 6.30 The screwdriver is being rotated by the operator’s right hand an...
Figure 6.31 The insertion path is 30–45° to the occlusal plane.
Figure 6.32 Clinical procedures of inserting a mini‐implant at the palatal i...
Figure 6.33 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.34 Intraoral photographs (five months into treatment). Two mini‐imp...
Figure 6.35 Intraoral photographs (nine months into treatment). Anterior ret...
Figure 6.36 Posttreatment photographs. Class I canine and molar relationship...
Figure 6.37 Pretreatment versus posttreatment facial profiles.
Figure 6.38 Pre‐ and posttreatment cephalometric superimposition.
Figure 6.39 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.40 Intraoral photographs. Two mini‐implants were inserted at the pa...
Figure 6.41 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.42 Pre‐ and posttreatment cephalometric superimposition.
Figure 6.43 Molar intrusion with buccal and palatal mini‐implants at the int...
Figure 6.44 Molar intrusion with TADs. (a) A buccal mini‐implant is used for...
Figure 6.45 The line connecting the buccal and palatal mini‐implants should ...
Figure 6.46 The molar distalisation force passes through the centre of resis...
Figure 6.47 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.48 Progress of molar distalisation with the aid of mini‐implants at...
Figure 6.49 Following molar distalisation, fixed appliances were used for al...
Figure 6.50 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.51 Pre‐ and posttreatment cephalometric superimposition.
Figure 6.52 Schematic illustrations showing the biomechanics of molar protra...
Figure 6.53 Pretreatment photograph and panoramic radiograph. (a) Intraoral ...
Figure 6.54 The maxillary left third molar was protracted by the two mini‐im...
Figure 6.55 Posttreatment photograph and radiograph. (a) Intraoral photograp...
Figure 6.56 Pretreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph.
Figure 6.57 Molar protraction with a mini‐implant inserted at the palatal in...
Figure 6.58 Posttreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph.
Figure 6.59 Paramedian region. (a) Schematic illustration showing the parame...
Figure 6.60 Cortical thickness at different sites of the paramedian region i...
Figure 6.61 The differences of cortical thickness at different anteroposteri...
Figure 6.62 Bone depth of the paramedian region at different distances (1–10...
Figure 6.63 Bone depth at different anteroposterior sites. (a) First premola...
Figure 6.64 Soft tissue thickness of the paramedian region at different dist...
Figure 6.65 The location of the greater palatine neurovascular bundles that ...
Figure 6.66 Bicortical engagement mode for the mini‐implant inserted at the ...
Figure 6.67 (a) Elastomeric chains are used for molar intrusion and the reci...
Figure 6.68 Schematic illustrations of bodily distalisation of maxillary mol...
Figure 6.69 (a) Two mini‐implants are placed at the same coronal plane and e...
Figure 6.70 The optimal region (green), suboptimal region (yellow) and not r...
Figure 6.71 (a) The expansion device was fabricated before the insertion of ...
Figure 6.72 (a) Before the insertion of mini‐implants. (b) Insertion of the ...
Figure 6.73 (a,b) Mucosa disinfection with iodophor. (c,d) Local infiltratio...
Figure 6.74 The desired entry point is marked with an explorer. (a) Illustra...
Figure 6.75 The entry point for the paramedian region is often determined in...
Figure 6.76 (a) A mirror reflector (yellow arrow) is used to help locate and...
Figure 6.77 Insertion of the mini‐implant into the palatal paramedian region...
Figure 6.78 Stabilisation of the screwdriver by the operator’s left hand dur...
Figure 6.79 Check the position of the mini‐implant from the occlusal side. (...
Figure 6.80 Detailed clinical procedures of inserting a mini‐implant at the ...
Figure 6.81 Biomechanics of molar distalisation through mini‐implants at the...
Figure 6.82 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.83 Unilateral molar distalisation through extension hooks that were...
Figure 6.84 Treatment progress. Note that the maxillary right molars had bee...
Figure 6.85 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.86 Sliding mechanisms of the Nance‐holding arch along the mini‐impl...
Figure 6.87 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.88 Treatment progress. The Nance‐holding arch was partially fixed o...
Figure 6.89 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 6.90 Mounting the mini‐implant‐assisted skeletal expansion device. (a...
Figure 6.91 The midline diastema became bigger with the progress of the expa...
Figure 6.92 Skeletal expansion effect. Note that the maxillary suture had be...
Figure 6.93 Versatile clinical applications of mini‐implants at the paramedi...
Figure 6.94 Radiographic examinations indicative of root resorption of the m...
Figure 6.95 Four multidisciplinary treatment alternatives. (a) Extraction of...
Figure 6.96 Surgical exposure of the impacted third molar. (a) Before surger...
Figure 6.97 Schematic illustrations of the mini‐implant‐anchored cantilever ...
Figure 6.98 Activation of the cantilever spring intraorally. (a,b) Inactivat...
Figure 6.99 Treatment progress. (a–c) Palatal view. (d–f) Buccal view. (g–j)...
Figure 6.100 Schematic illustrations of molar intrusion using a mini‐implant...
Figure 6.101 Intrusion of an overerupted molar through mini‐implants that we...
Figure 6.102 Schematic illustrations of the fusion process of the midpalatal...
Figure 6.103 CBCT images showing the midpalatal suture at different phases. ...
Figure 6.104 Midpalatal suture region available for the insertion of mini‐im...
Figure 6.105 Bone depth of the midpalatal suture at different anteroposterio...
Figure 6.106 The thickness of soft tissue at the midpalatal suture region. (...
Figure 6.107 Incisive canal. (a) The incisive canal is present at the corona...
Figure 6.108 Recommended area (green area) for the insertion of mini‐implant...
Figure 6.109 Schematic illustrations showing the detailed procedures of inse...
Figure 6.110 Clinical procedures of inserting a mini‐implant at the midpalat...
Figure 6.111 Molar distalisation.
Figure 6.112 Molar protraction.
Figure 6.113 Molar intrusion.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 (a) Sagittal view of the mandibular labial region on a skull, inc...
Figure 7.2 Mini‐implants at the mandibular labial region for anterior intrus...
Figure 7.3 Mini‐implants at the mandibular labial region for anterior intrus...
Figure 7.4 The mandibular labial interradicular sites (blue areas). (a–c) In...
Figure 7.5 Comparison of cortical thickness at different interradicular site...
Figure 7.6 Cortical thickness of the alveolar bone between central incisors ...
Figure 7.7 Comparison of bone depth at different interradicular sites and at...
Figure 7.8 Penetration of the lingual cortex by a mini‐implant. (a) The mini...
Figure 7.9 Greater bone depth can be engaged with an oblique insertion path ...
Figure 7.10 Bone depth becomes greater with an increase in insertion height ...
Figure 7.11 Schematic illustrations showing that greater bone depth is obtai...
Figure 7.12 Comparison of bone width at different interradicular sites and d...
Figure 7.13 (a,b) Panoramic radiograph and CBCT image showing that the bone ...
Figure 7.14 Root prominences (yellow arrows) can be visually detected at the...
Figure 7.15 Mandibular labial frenum (yellow arrow).
Figure 7.16 Soft tissue at the mandibular labial region. (a) Attached gingiv...
Figure 7.17 Different distances between the centres of resistance and the he...
Figure 7.18 (a) The mini‐implant is inserted at the L1‐L1 site. The moment/f...
Figure 7.19 Evaluation of the qualification of both hard and soft tissues fo...
Figure 7.20 Determination of entry point and desired insertion angle based o...
Figure 7.21 Determination of optimal entry point and insertion angle based o...
Figure 7.22 Mark the entry point with an explorer and check the mesiodistal ...
Figure 7.23 (a) Root prominences were palpated with the operator’s finger to...
Figure 7.24 (a) A mini‐implant is being inserted parallel to the occlusal pl...
Figure 7.25 The mini‐implant is recommended to be inserted perpendicularly t...
Figure 7.26 Clinical procedures of inserting a mini‐implant at the mandibula...
Figure 7.27 Schematic illustrations showing the detailed procedure of insert...
Figure 7.28 Schematic illustrations showing the detailed procedure of insert...
Figure 7.29 Mandibular symphysis. (a) Frontal view. The mandibular symphysis...
Figure 7.30 Methods of measuring cortical thickness and bone depth. (a) Diff...
Figure 7.31 Cortical thickness varies among patients with different vertical...
Figure 7.32 The influence of insertion height and insertion angle on cortica...
Figure 7.33 Overall bone thickness (bone depth) varies among patients with d...
Figure 7.34 The influence of insertion height and insertion angle on overall...
Figure 7.35 (a) Intraoral photograph showing the movable mucosa (yellow arro...
Figure 7.36 Mandibular labial frenum (yellow arrow). (a) Frontal view. (b) F...
Figure 7.37 Rich blood supply at the mandibular symphysis region. The blood ...
Figure 7.38 Adequate insertion angle for prevention of soft tissue complicat...
Figure 7.39 The intrusive force offered by the symphysis mini‐implant passes...
Figure 7.40 Recommended insertion height and angle for the placement of mini...
Figure 7.41 Determination of the entry point based on clinical examination a...
Figure 7.42 (a) Mucosa disinfection with iodophor. (b) Local infiltration an...
Figure 7.43 Frenectomy was performed with a scalpel through a horizontal inc...
Figure 7.44 Surgical exposure of the mandibular symphysis.
Figure 7.45 (a) For prominent mandibular symphysis, the optimal insertion an...
Figure 7.46 (a) A schematic illustration demonstrating the gradual increase ...
Figure 7.47 The insertion path is in line with the midsagittal plane and per...
Figure 7.48 Primary closure of the flap with interrupted sutures.
Figure 7.49 Detailed procedures of inserting a mini‐implant at the mandibula...
Figure 7.50 Schematic illustrations demonstrating the detailed procedures of...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Mandibular buccal region suitable for mini‐implant applications. ...
Figure 8.2 The differences of bone density and cortical thickness in the max...
Figure 8.3 A schematic illustration showing thermal damage and necrosis duri...
Figure 8.4 Versatile clinical applications of mini‐implants (yellow arrow) a...
Figure 8.5 Interradicular sites at the mandibular buccal region are suitable...
Figure 8.6 Cortical thickness among different interradicular sites and diffe...
Figure 8.7 Bone depth among different interradicular sites and different hei...
Figure 8.8 Bone width among different interradicular sites and different hei...
Figure 8.9 The interradicular distance increases from the cervical level to ...
Figure 8.10 Changes in the inclination and shape of the buccal cortical plat...
Figure 8.11 The angle between the insertion path and the normal line of the ...
Figure 8.12 Mini‐implants should be placed at the keratinised gingiva zone t...
Figure 8.13 Angled insertion technique. (a) A mini‐implant is inserted at th...
Figure 8.14 The width of attached gingiva at the mandibular buccal region....
Figure 8.15 Buccal frenum. (a) The buccal frenum is present between the cani...
Figure 8.16 (a) The panoramic photograph shows mental foramina (yellow arrow...
Figure 8.17 The interradicular mini‐implant is inserted occlusally to the me...
Figure 8.18 (a) As the intrusive force passes buccally to the centre of resi...
Figure 8.19 Biomechanical analysis of molar protraction. (a) As the protract...
Figure 8.20 Biomechanical analysis of anterior retraction with TADs. The ret...
Figure 8.21 Recommended insertion height and insertion angle. (a) Mini‐impla...
Figure 8.22 (a) Mucosa disinfection with iodophor. (b) Local infiltration an...
Figure 8.23 The injection point is 1–2 mm apical to the mucogingival junctio...
Figure 8.24 (a) The entry point is marked at the predetermined insertion sit...
Figure 8.25 The operator’s line of view is often oblique to the insertion si...
Figure 8.26 Vertical indentation of the soft tissue. (a) A vertical indentat...
Figure 8.27 The mini‐implant is inserted perpendicular to the bone surface. ...
Figure 8.28 (a) The initial insertion path is perpendicular to the bone surf...
Figure 8.29 (a) Limited mouth opening and the presence of lip tension may le...
Figure 8.30 The final insertion path should be perpendicular to the tangent ...
Figure 8.31 The advancement of the mini‐implant is stopped once the platform...
Figure 8.32 Clinical procedure for inserting a mini‐implant at the mandibula...
Figure 8.33 Schematic illustration of the insertion procedure. (a) Mucosa di...
Figure 8.34 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 8.35
En masse
anterior retraction with TADs. Two mini‐implants were p...
Figure 8.36 A schematic illustration showing that the application of long cr...
Figure 8.37 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 8.38 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 8.39 Biomechanics of molar protraction through a T‐loop. (a) A T‐loop...
Figure 8.40 Mini‐implants (yellow arrow) were placed at the buccal interradi...
Figure 8.41 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 8.42 The Albert loop contains a distal helical loop that generates a ...
Figure 8.43 The patient presented with a missing mandibular left second mola...
Figure 8.44 Pretreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph. Note the over...
Figure 8.45 The intrusion appliance contains two distal cantilevers (one on ...
Figure 8.46 (a) The intrusive force (downward blue arrow) applied on the ove...
Figure 8.47 The premolars and first molar were stabilised by the buccal mini...
Figure 8.48 Posttreatment photographs.
Figure 8.49 The distal uprighting force exerting on the molar generates a re...
Figure 8.50 The reaction force (red arrow) applied on the anchorage teeth is...
Figure 8.51 Pretreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph. Note that the...
Figure 8.52 The first molar was stabilised and fixed onto the mini‐implant t...
Figure 8.53 Posttreatment photographs and panoramic radiograph.
Figure 8.54 Mandibular buccal shelf (blue areas). (a) Buccal view. (b) Occlu...
Figure 8.55 Mini‐implants inserted at the buccal shelf are parallel to the l...
Figure 8.56 Mini‐implants (blue arrows) placed at the mandibular buccal shel...
Figure 8.57 Measurement of hard tissue factors based on CBCT images. (a,b) T...
Figure 8.58 Comparison of buccal shelf length, width and slope among patient...
Figure 8.59 Comparison of buccal shelf length, width and slope among patient...
Figure 8.60 Comparison of buccal shelf length, width and slope among differe...
Figure 8.61 Comparison of cortical thickness (a) among different vertical sk...
Figure 8.62 Cortical thickness differed among different coronal sections, in...
Figure 8.63 (a) Bone depth was greater in adults than in adolescents. (b) Ma...
Figure 8.64 (a) Bone depth was similar among patients with different sagitta...
Figure 8.65 The influence of different coronal sections, insertion heights a...
Figure 8.66 Most of the mucosa at the buccal shelf region belongs to movable...
Figure 8.67 Thick soft tissue at the buccal shelf region shown on a CBCT ima...
Figure 8.68 The distance between the buccal cortical plate and the inferior ...
Figure 8.69 Biomechanical analysis for distalisation of the mandibular denti...
Figure 8.70 Recommended insertion sites, insertion heights and insertion ang...
Figure 8.71 (a,b) Mucosa disinfection. (c,d) Local infiltration anaesthesia....
Figure 8.72 (a,b) Mucosa incision. (c,d) Flap elevation with a periosteal el...
Figure 8.73 (a) Mucosa incision with a scalpel. (b) Full‐thickness flap with...
Figure 8.74 A semilunar incision is performed with its convex part facing li...
Figure 8.75 The periosteal elevator (yellow arrow) is able to retract the el...
Figure 8.76 Pilot drilling with a reduced‐speed handpiece. (a) A reduced‐spe...
Figure 8.77 Placement of a mini‐implant at the buccal shelf region. (a) The ...
Figure 8.78 Once sufficient emergence profile was achieved, the insertion wa...
Figure 8.79 Schematic illustrations showing detailed procedures of inserting...
Figure 8.80 Postinsertion examinations from both (a) the buccal side and (b)...
Figure 8.81 Pretreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 8.82 Distalisation of the mandibular dentition was achieved by applyi...
Figure 8.83 Posttreatment photographs and radiographs.
Figure 8.84 Pretreatment photographs.
Figure 8.85 Pretreatment radiographs. (a) Panoramic radiograph. (b) CBCT 3‐D...
Figure 8.86 (a) A mini‐implant was inserted at the midpalatal suture to corr...
Figure 8.87 Biomechanical analysis for the correction of Brodie bite with mi...
Figure 8.88 Treatment progress. Buccal tipping of the maxillary left second ...
Figure 8.89 Posttreatment photographs.
Figure 8.90 Pretreatment, progress and posttreatment radiographs.
Figure 8.91 Pretreatment intraoral photographs.
Figure 8.92 Pretreatment radiographs showing the impacted mandibular right f...
Figure 8.93 Biomechanical analysis for the mini‐implant‐anchored cantilever ...
Figure 8.94 Orthodontic traction of the impacted mandibular right first prem...
Figure 8.95 Treatment progress of the orthodontic traction of the impacted f...
Figure 8.96 Treatment progress of the orthodontic traction of the impacted f...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Mandibular ramus region. (a) The mandibular ramus region (encircl...
Figure 9.2 Clinical application of ramus mini‐implants for uprighting deeply...
Figure 9.3 The mandibular ramus is continuous with the coronoid process and ...
Figure 9.4 The mandibular ramus region shown on a skull. (a) Buccal view. Th...
Figure 9.5 (a) Illustration of transverse sections of the mandibular ramus. ...
Figure 9.6 Premature contact between the ramus mini‐implant and the ipsilate...
Figure 9.7 (a) Illustration of transverse sections of the mandibular ramus. ...
Figure 9.8 The mandibular ramus is covered by thick medial pterygoid muscle ...
Figure 9.9 CBCT images showing the thick soft tissue covering the mandibular...
Figure 9.10 Self‐drilling without flap elevation causes rolling of soft tiss...
Figure 9.11 (a) Illustration of the transverse section of the mandibular ram...
Figure 9.12 Recommended insertion technique for mandibular ramus mini‐implan...
Figure 9.13 The ‘closed traction’ technique in clinical practice. (a) A ramu...
Figure 9.14 Illustrations of the insertion procedure. (a,b) Confirm an optim...
Figure 9.15 Insertion of a ramus mini‐implant on a skull. (a) Local infiltra...
Figure 9.16 Locating the insertion site and performing incision. (a,b) Palpa...
Figure 9.17 Oblique incision in line with the muscle fibre orientation is re...
Figure 9.18 (a) The incision is made to reach the bone surface with one atte...
Figure 9.19 An explorer was utilised to mimic a mini‐implant and the patient...
Figure 9.20 Insertion of the mini‐implant. (a) Prepare a pilot hole by predr...
Figure 9.21 Biomechanical illustration of the orthodontic traction of an imp...
Figure 9.22 (a–f) Pretreatment intraoral photographs indicated that the mand...
Figure 9.23 Treatment progress. (a) Pretreatment panoramic radiograph. (b) I...
Figure 9.24 Successful treatment outcome. The bilateral mandibular second mo...
Figure 9.25 (a–f) Pretreatment intraoral photographs. The mandibular left se...
Figure 9.26 The impacted second molar was tractioned efficiently. (a) Pretre...
Figure 9.27 Treatment outcome. The impacted second molar was tractioned to t...
Figure 9.28 (a–f) Pretreatment intraoral photographs. The patient had anteri...
Figure 9.29 (a,e) Pretreatment. (b,f) A mini‐implant was placed at the left ...
Figure 9.30 The deeply impacted mandibular left second molar was uprighted s...
Figure 9.31 (a–f) Pretreatment intraoral photographs. (g) Panoramic radiogra...
Figure 9.32 Three‐dimensional reconstructed images of the spatial relationsh...
Figure 9.33 Surgical exposure and force loading through a ramus mini‐implant...
Figure 9.34 The spatial position changes of the third molar (38) before and ...
Figure 9.35 Surgical extraction of the third molar (38). (a) Before extracti...
Figure 9.36 Schematic illustration of the orthodontic traction procedure. (a...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 (a) Three‐dimensional reconstruction image shows the miniplate p...
Figure 10.2 Miniplate anchorage system consists of miniplate and correspondi...
Figure 10.3 Various shapes of miniplates. (a) I‐shaped miniplate. (b) L‐shap...
Figure 10.4 The miniplate can be divided into three continuous parts. The fi...
Figure 10.5 Force loading with miniplates. (a) The force‐loading part of a m...
Figure 10.6 (a) Panoramic radiograph. The fixation parts of miniplates (indi...
Figure 10.7 Flap surgery is required to place a miniplate.
Figure 10.8 Available anatomical region for miniplates. (a) Piriform apertur...
Figure 10.9 Unerupted canines are present in the piriform aperture region, m...
Figure 10.10 The influence of cortical thickness on miniplate stability. A m...
Figure 10.11 A miniplate was placed at the mandibular canine‐premolar region...
Figure 10.12 Pretreatment records. (a–i) Facial and intraoral photos demonst...
Figure 10.13 Two miniplates were placed at the zygomatic buttress region. He...
Figure 10.14 (a–i) Posttreatment records. The patient’s profile was signific...
Figure 10.15 Pretreatment records. (a–c) Pretreatment facial photographs. (d...
Figure 10.16 The clear aligner treatment protocol implemented a sequential m...
Figure 10.17 Orthodontic elastics were applied between aligner precision cut...
Figure 10.18 Schematic illustration showing miniplates placed at the zygomat...
Figure 10.19 Radiographic images showing the miniplates and mini‐implants.
Figure 10.20 (a–f) Progress intraoral photographs. Both the upper and lower ...
Figure 10.21 Treatment outcome after the first treatment stage. Bilateral ca...
Figure 10.22 Pretreatment records. (a–c) Facial photographs. (d–i) Intraoral...
Figure 10.23 Simulation of placing a mini‐implant at the buccal shelf region...
Figure 10.24 Uprighting of the lingually tipped mandibular molars was accomp...
Figure 10.25 Treatment progress. The lingually inclined mandibular molars we...
Figure 10.26 Pretreatment records. The mandibular left second premolar was m...
Figure 10.27 The CBCT images indicate that the impacted second molar caused ...
Figure 10.28 A miniplate was placed at the canine‐premolar region. A cantile...
Figure 10.29 Traction of the second molar progressed smoothly. (a) Before tr...
Figure 10.30 Schematic illustration of the procedures for placing a miniplat...
Figure 10.31 Clinical procedures of placing a miniplate at the zygomatic but...
Figure 10.32 Placement of a miniplate at the mandibular canine‐premolar regi...
Figure 10.33 Placement of a miniplate on a skull. (a) Before placement. (b) ...
Figure 10.34 Removal technique. (a) Incision. (b,c) Elevate the flap to expo...
Figure 10.35 (a) Following flap elevation, the miniplate was exposed but bon...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 (a,b) Computer‐aided design of 3D templates on the mandibular an...
Figure 11.2 Application of an implantation guide for placing an implant. (a,...
Figure 11.3 Procedures of inserting a mini‐implant in the buccal shelf with ...
Figure 11.4 The evolution of guided insertion technique.
Figure 11.5 Insertion of a mini‐implant at the maxillary labial interradicul...
Figure 11.6 Insertion of a mini‐implant at the infrazygomatic crest region v...
Figure 11.7 Examples of wire guides. The wire guide consists of two basic co...
Figure 11.8 Bending wire guides on a dental cast. (a) Two wire guides with f...
Figure 11.9 Try on the wire guides intraorally. (a–c) The wire guides were f...
Figure 11.10 The procedures of inserting a mini‐implant using wire guides. (...
Figure 11.11 (a–c) Two mini‐implants have been inserted. (d–f) The wire loop...
Figure 11.12 Ideal positions of bilateral mini‐implants shown by orthogonal ...
Figure 11.13 Deviated insertion directions with the use of wire guide. The w...
Figure 11.14 An insertion guide is composed of a retention part that is fitt...
Figure 11.15 The incorporation of an insertion stop into a guide renders all...
Figure 11.16 (a–d) Digital design of an insertion guide. (e) 3‐D printing of...
Figure 11.17 An interradicular mini‐implant was misplaced and contacted the ...
Figure 11.18 The application of a digitally designed insertion guide for an ...
Figure 11.19 Insertion of an interradicular mini‐implant using an insertion ...
Figure 11.20 (a) Occlusal view of the mini‐implant (yellow arrow). (b) Ortho...
Figure 11.21 The insertion of a mini‐implant at the palatal vault region. (a...
Figure 11.22 Insertion of a mini‐implant at the palatal vault region through...
Figure 11.23 Forceful retraction of the soft tissue for placement of a mini‐...
Figure 11.24 Conversion of guided insertion to free‐hand insertion due to di...
Figure 11.25 Acquisition of the digital data of dentition through intraoral ...
Figure 11.26 Obtaining the digital data of dentition through laser scanning ...
Figure 11.27 Soft tissue data is required for the design of insertion guides...
Figure 11.28 Acquisition of data on skeletal bone, alveolar bone and teeth t...
Figure 11.29 Densities of different structures in Hounsfield units (HU).
Figure 11.30 Segmentation procedures. (a) A segmentation threshold of 200 HU...
Figure 11.31 Artificial intelligence‐assisted bone‐root segmentation and 3‐D...
Figure 11.32 Inaccuracy of reconstructed crowns and roots from CBCT. The cro...
Figure 11.33 Partial volume effect causes artifacts around tooth crowns. (a)...
Figure 11.34 Image fusion between the CBCT data and the dentition data that ...
Figure 11.35 Three or more common reference points are selected on both the ...
Figure 11.36 Establishment of the final model containing jaws, dental crowns...
Figure 11.37 Block out the undercut of the dental model.
Figure 11.38 Shrinkage of resin materials due to light curing leads to inacc...
Figure 11.39 Offsetting of the dental model. (a) Initial dental model. (b) O...
Figure 11.40 Digital models of the mini‐implant system. (a) The mini‐implant...
Figure 11.41 Measurement of bone depth and bone density at the implant sites...
Figure 11.42 Measurement of soft tissue thickness at the implant sites.
Figure 11.43 Virtual placement of mini‐implants into predetermined anatomica...
Figure 11.44 Measurement of interradicular distance and the visual detection...
Figure 11.45 The insertion path and position of the mini‐implant can be adju...
Figure 11.46 Measurement of the amount of hard and soft tissues that are pen...
Figure 11.47 A flowchart of the digital design of an insertion guide for a b...
Figure 11.48 A flowchart of the digital design of an insertion guide for a l...
Figure 11.49 The importance of appropriate inner diameter and length of the ...
Figure 11.50 Export the STL file of the insertion guide.
Figure 11.51 Digital addition of supporting components for insertion guides....
Figure 11.52 Supporting components (blue cylinders) for insertion guides.
Figure 11.53 3‐D printing of the insertion guide. (a) Initiate the 3‐D print...
Figure 11.54 (a) Insertion guides that were removed from the printing plate ...
Figure 11.55 Try‐in of the insertion guide. (a,b) Try the insertion guide on...
Figure 11.56 Design of an insertion guide for labial interradicular mini‐imp...
Figure 11.57 Design of insertion guides for palatal interradicular mini‐impl...
Figure 11.58 Design of an insertion guide for a buccal interradicular mini‐i...
Figure 11.59 Design of an insertion guide for an infrazygomatic mini‐implant...
Figure 11.60 Design of an insertion guide for a buccal‐shelf mini‐implant.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Fit verification of insertion guides prior to actual insertion. ...
Figure 12.2 (a,b) Repeat the try‐in and removal procedures intraorally. (c) ...
Figure 12.3 (a,b) Incomplete fit of the insertion guide is caused by an inco...
Figure 12.4 Evaluation of the stability of an insertion guide in response to...
Figure 12.5 (a) The anatomical site cannot be reached by the injection needl...
Figure 12.6 The injection of anaesthetic agent through the cylinder of an in...
Figure 12.7 (a) Topical anaesthesia. (b) Engagement of the insertion guide. ...
Figure 12.8 (a) The use of a straight screwdriver is not advised for the buc...
Figure 12.9 Lateral displacement of the insertion guide during insertion may...
Figure 12.10 Stabilisation of the screwdriver shaft during insertion. (a) St...
Figure 12.11 Incorporation of an insertion stop in the insertion guide facil...
Figure 12.12 Insertion of a mini‐implant with a guide without an insertion s...
Figure 12.13 Insertion of a mini‐implant at the labial interradicular region...
Figure 12.14 Deviated insertion of a mini‐implant due to displacement of the...
Figure 12.15 (a,b) Stabilisation of an insertion guide through the patient’s...
Figure 12.16 Insertion of a mini‐implant with an insertion guide at the mand...
Figure 12.17 Insertion of a mini‐implant at the mandibular buccal region thr...
Figure 12.18 Insertion of palatal mini‐implants through insertion guides. (a...
Figure 12.19 Insertion of a mini‐implant at the buccal shelf region with an ...
Figure 12.20 Insertion of a mini‐implant at the buccal shelf region with an ...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Root contact by mini‐implants. (a) Periapical radiograph display...
Figure 13.2 Different degrees of root damage by mini‐implants. (a) Damage to...
Figure 13.3 Abundant nerve endings are observed in periodontal tissues while...
Figure 13.4 Increased insertion torque heralds root contact by mini‐implants...
Figure 13.5 Different clinical consequences of root contact according to dif...
Figure 13.6 Primary stability determines subsequent alveolar bone remodellin...
Figure 13.7 Concentrated stress is generated when root proximity occurs. (a)...
Figure 13.8 Occlusal force impairs the secondary stability of mini‐implants ...
Figure 13.9 Histological responses of alveolar bone and roots to root contac...
Figure 13.10 Prognosis of root contact with different degrees of injuries. (...
Figure 13.11 Spontaneous recovery following pulp penetration by a mini‐impla...
Figure 13.12 Frequently used interradicular regions for the insertion of min...
Figure 13.13 Commonly used extra‐alveolar regions for insertion of mini‐impl...
Figure 13.14 Different mesiodistal interradicular distances at buccal and pa...
Figure 13.15 Different insertion heights of mini‐implants. (a) The mesiodist...
Figure 13.16 Mini‐implants should be inserted at the optimal mesiodistal ang...
Figure 13.17 Demonstration of relative positions of midpoints between adjace...
Figure 13.18 Determination of the optimal insertion site and angulation thro...
Figure 13.19 The cervicoapical insertion angle influences the risk of root c...
Figure 13.20 Development of interradicular space before mini‐implant placeme...
Figure 13.21 A case demonstrating the application of surgical guides for min...
Figure 13.22 Feedback of root contact with different depth of anaesthesia in...
Figure 13.23 A clinical pathway for managing root contact by mini‐implants....
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Fracture of orthodontic mini‐implants during placement. (a) Frac...
Figure 14.2 Alveolar bone and extra‐alveolar bone regions with high bone den...
