Compressional Tectonics E-Book
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A synthesis of current knowledge on collisional and convergent plate boundaries worldwide Major mountain belts on Earth, such as the Alps, Himalayas, and Appalachians, have been built by compressional tectonic processes during continent-continent and arc-continent collisions. Understanding their formation and evolution is important because of the hazards associated with convergent and collisional plate boundaries, and because these mountain belts contain resources such as precious metals, rare earth elements, oil, gas, and coal. Compressional Tectonics: Plate Convergence to Mountain Building reviews our present-day knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan and Appalachian belts. Volume highlights include: * Overview of terminology relating to compressional and contractional tectonics * Discussion of subduction zone dynamics * Debates over the timing of the collision and convergence of particular subduction and suture zones * Examples of the different stages in the development of orogenic belts This book is one of a set of three in the collection Tectonic Processes: A Global View. The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
TECTONIC PROCESSES: A GLOBAL VIEW
COMPRESSIONAL TECTONICS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Part I: Plate Convergence
1 When Plates Collide
1.1. INTRODUCTORY NOTES ABOUT TERMINOLOGY
1.2. SETTING THE STAGE: GEOSYNCLINE THEORY
1.3. PLATE TECTONICS AND COMPRESSIONAL MOTION
1.4. OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATIONOF THE BOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 Subduction and Obduction Processes: The Fate of Oceanic Lithosphere Revealed by Blueschists, Eclogites, and Ophiolites
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. DIVERSITY OF OCEANIC LITHOSPHERES
2.3. BLUESCHISTS AND ECLOGITES: FRAGMENTS THAT HAVE ESCAPED IRREVERSIBLE BURIAL
2.4. FRAGMENTS OF OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE SPARED FROM SUBDUCTION: OPHIOLITES
2.5 THE FATE OF OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE: TRAGIC YET INSIGHTFUL
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 Lateral Heterogeneity in Compressional Mountain Belt Settings
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. APPALACHIANS
3.3. CORDILLERA
3.4. ALPS
3.5. HIMALAYA
3.6. ZAGROS
3.7. ANDES
3.8 OTHER OROGENS
3.9. DISCUSSION
3.10. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
4 A Review of the Dynamics of Subduction Zone Initiation in the Aegean Region
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. GEOMETRY OF THE HELLENIC ARC (GREECE TO WESTERN TURKEY)
4.3. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF AEGEAN‐ANATOLIAN SUTURE ZONES
4.4. AGE CONSTRAINTS ON THE INITIATION OF SUBDUCTION
4.5. DISCUSSION
4.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Part II: Alpine‐Himalayan Collision
5 Genesis of Himalayan Stratigraphy and the Tectonic Development of the Thrust Belt
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE HIMALAYA
5.3. PALEOPROTEROZOIC TIME (2.5–1.6 GA)
5.4. MESOPROTEROZOIC TIME (1.6–1.0 GA)
5.5. NEOPROTEROZOIC TO EARLY ORDOVICIAN TIME (1.0–0.46 GA)
5.6. MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN TO CRETACEOUS TIME (470–66 MA)
5.7. PALEOCENE TO EARLY OLIGOCENE TIME (66–30 MA)
5.8. EARLY OLIGOCENE TO MIDDLE MIOCENE TIME (30–15 MA)
5.9. MIDDLE MIOCENE TO PRESENT TIME (15–0 MA)
5.10. DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 Records of Himalayan Metamorphism and Contractional Tectonics in the Central Himalayas (Darondi Khola, Nepal)
6.1. INTRODUCTION
6.2 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
6.3. MODELS FOR THE EXTRUSION OF THE HIMALAYAN CORE
6.4. HIMALAYAN METAMORPHISM AND CONTRACTIONAL TECTONICS (DARONDI KHOLA, CENTRAL NEPAL)
6.5. DISCUSSION
6.6. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 Tectonics of the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. GEOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF THE SOUTHEAST ANATOLIAN OROGENIC BELT
7.3. TIME CONSTRAINTS ON THE AMALGAMATION OF THE NAPPES
7.4. DISCUSSION ON THE MAJOR TECTONIC EVENT LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAOB
7.5. CONCLUDING SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
8 Tectonics of Eastern Anatolian Plateau: Final Stages of Collisional Orogeny in Anatolia
8.1. INTRODUCTION
8.2. GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW
8.3. DISCUSSION
8.4. CONCLUDING SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 When and Why the NeoTethyan Subduction Initiated Along the Eurasian Margin: A Case Study From a Jurassic Eclogite in Southern Iran
9.1. INTRODUCTION
9.2. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
9.3. SAMPLE, ANALYTICAL METHODS, AND RESULTS
9.4. DISCUSSION
9.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
Part III: North America Mountain Building
10 Stratigraphic and Thermal Maturity Evidence for a Break‐Back Thrust Sequence in the Southern Appalachian Thrust Belt, Alabama, USA
10.1. INTRODUCTION
10.2. METHODS
10.3. RESULTS
10.4. DISCUSSION
10.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
11 Strain Partitioning in Foreland Basins: An Example From the Ouachita Fold‐Thrust Belt Arkoma Basin Transition Zone in Southeastern Oklahoma and Western Arkansas
11.1. INTRODUCTION
11.2. TECTONIC OVERVIEW
11.3. PALEOZOIC STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
11.4. DISCUSSION
11.5. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
12 Extensional Collapse of Orogens: A Review and Example From the Southern Appalachian Orogen
12.1. INTRODUCTION
12.2. EXTENSIONAL COLLAPSE OF OROGENS
12.3. ALLEGHANIAN COLLAPSE OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN OROGEN
12.4. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Earth's 20 largest earthquakes
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Selected list of the most characteristic and well‐studied ophioli...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Conventional P‐T data from samples collected along the Darondi Kh...
Table 6.2 P‐T data generated from samples collected along the Darondi Khola...
Table 6.3 Bulk rock compositions (wt%) from lower and middle LHF samples
Table 6.4 Bulk rock compositions (wt%) from upper LHF and GHC samples
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Composition of whole rock and garnet of Shahrekord eclogite (TM10...
Table 9.2 SIMS U‐Pb data of rutile from Shahrekord eclogite (TM107)
Table 9.A1 Representative composition along the profile across garnet of Sh...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Chart showing the location of orogenic belts with dominant backt...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Relationship between stress axes and fault types (after Butler, 2...
Figure 1.2 A diagram showing an imagined cross section of the northern Appal...
Figure 1.3 Map of the Earth showing present‐day plate configurations and con...
Figure 1.4 North‐south generalized cross section through the accretionary He...
Figure 1.5 Bathymetry map of subduction zones located near Japan. Some conto...
Figure 1.6 A schematic example of a suture zone. The picture is from the Ope...
Figure 1.7 Map (ArcGIS) showing the major collisional and convergent plate b...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 (a) Age map of present‐day oceanic lithosphere, after Seton et al...
Figure 2.2 (a) First‐order characteristics of oceanic lithosphere formed at ...
Figure 2.3 (a) A former seamount stands out of the Quaternary infill, southw...
Figure 2.4 (a) Schematic paleogeography of the Alpine ocean around 120 Ma, a...
Figure 2.5 (a–b) Typical calcschists of the Schistes Lustrés. Note the abund...
Figure 2.6 (a) Maximum pressure (and burial) reached by representative subdu...
Figure 2.7 (a) Restoration of the Liguro‐Piemont subduction zone at ~60 Ma (...
Figure 2.8 Geological and dynamic constraints on the plate interface (see Ag...
Figure 2.9 (a) Mantle rocks peaking above the continental margin of Arabia o...
Figure 2.10 (a) Present‐day section across northeastern Oman, with emphasis ...
Figure 2.11 (a) Simple tectonic evolution outlining the genetic link between...
Figure 2.12 (a) Geodynamic reconstruction based on the P‐T‐t paths of the me...
Figure 2.13 (a) Simplified geological map of northeastern Oman and United Ar...
Figure 2.14 (a–b) Distinguishing real ophiolites from fragments/slivers/slic...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Map of the world showing locations of mountain belts described in...
Figure 3.2 Simplified tectonic map of the Appalachians belt showing the majo...
Figure 3.3 Cross structures along the Appalachians. (a) Map of the Allegheni...
Figure 3.4 Impact of the continental margin geometry on the geometry of an o...
Figure 3.5 Simplified tectonic and basement map around the western North Ame...
Figure 3.6 Geological map of the Alps showing the major lithotectonic units,...
Figure 3.7 Simplified tectonic map of the Himalaya showing the major cross s...
Figure 3.8 Simplified tectonic map of the Zagros mountains showing the major...
Figure 3.9 Tectonic map of the Andes. (a) Map of the South American plate an...
Figure 3.10 Various inherited basement structures and oceanic plate physiogr...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 EMODnet Digital Bathymetry maps with some structures overlain. Th...
Figure 4.2 North‐south generalized cross section through the Hellenic arc sy...
Figure 4.3 Map of the geometry of the Hellenic and part of the Cyprus subduc...
Figure 4.4 (a) Depth versus latitude of earthquakes taken from a line of the...
Figure 4.5 Geological map of western Anatolia focusing on the ophiolite and ...
Figure 4.6 North‐south cross section across the Aegean region from ca. 95 Ma...
Figure 4.7 Lithospheric‐scale cross sections of a model of the Aegean region...
Figure 4.8 Schematic overview of the development of nappe stack and subducti...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Generalized geologic maps of the Himalaya divided according to th...
Figure 5.2 Highly generalized tectonostratigraphic column for the Himalayan ...
Figure 5.3 Summary of the geologic history of Himalayan rocks: (a) Two ideas...
Figure 5.4 Along‐strike comparison of tectonic events in the Himalaya. Note:...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Geological map of the Himalayas after Yin (2006). See Figure 6.2 ...
Figure 6.2 Generalized cross section through the Himalayas in central Nepal ...
Figure 6.3 Generalized geological map of the Annapurna‐Manaslu‐Ganesh region...
Figure 6.4 Sample location map from rocks collected along the Darondi Khola....
Figure 6.5 Cross section across the Darondi Khola section showing available ...
Figure 6.6 Cross sections of early models of Himalayan inverted metamorphism...
Figure 6.7 Cross sections of early kinematic models of Himalayan inverted me...
Figure 6.8 (a) An illustration of the critical taper model; (b) schematic of...
Figure 6.9 Selected petrographic (plane‐polarized light) images of samples a...
Figure 6.10 Compositional transects across garnets in lower LHF samples: (a)...
Figure 6.11 Compositional transects across garnets in GHC samples DH66 (two ...
Figure 6.12 Isochemical phase diagrams from lower LHF samples DH17: (a) garn...
Figure 6.13 Isochemical phase diagrams from middle LHF samples DH23: (a) gar...
Figure 6.14 Isochemical phase diagrams from middle LHF samples DH75A (a) gar...
Figure 6.15 Isochemical phase diagrams from upper LHF samples DH58 (a) garne...
Figure 6.16 Isochemical phase diagrams from GHC samples (a) DH63, (b) DH66, ...
Figure 6.17 Summary of the P‐T conditions and paths reported in Figures 6.12...
Figure 6.18 (a) Thermal‐kinematic model cross section after Catlos et al. (2...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Geological map of Southeast Anatolian region. The white and yello...
Figure 7.2 (a) Generalized stratigraphic section of the Arabian Platform in ...
Figure 7.3 Major tectonostratigraphic units of the zone of imbrication. Lith...
Figure 7.4 (a) Geological map of the western part of the Southwest Anatolian...
Figure 7.5 Block diagrams from the western and central part of the nappe reg...
Figure 7.6 Cartoons showing tectonic evolution of the Southeastern Anatolia ...
Figure 7.7 Block diagrams showing the subsequent stages of southeast Anatoli...
Figure 7.8 The physiographic map of western regions of the Southeastern Anat...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Morphotectonic map of Eastern Anatolia showing major faults (stra...
Figure 8.2 Geology map of the Eastern Anatolia (modified after MTA 1/500 000...
Figure 8.3 (a) GSS, Generalized stratigraphic section representing the easte...
Figure 8.4 (a) Schematic diagram showing types and trends of the major struc...
Figure 8.5 (a) Schematic block diagram displaying major tectonic belts and m...
Figure 8.6 Two alternative geological models proposed for the nature of East...
Figure 8.7 (a) The geology map of the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt (SAO...
Figure 8.8 (a) Simplified geology map of the region between towns of Tekman‐...
Figure 8.9 (a) Aerial photo of the area marked with the big ellipse in Figur...
Figure 8.10 Seismic profiles across the young basins of Eastern Anatolia fro...
Figure 8.11 Schematic geological cross sections illustrating consecutive sta...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Views of Earth: (a) the South Polar view of the Earth and world m...
Figure 9.2 Tectonic sketch map of Iran, highlighting tectonic domains, NeoTe...
Figure 9.3 (a) Simplified geological map showing the juxtaposition of variou...
Figure 9.4 Analytical results from bulk sample or minerals from studied eclo...
Figure 9.5 Convergent boundary force of 3.0 × 10
12
N/m, with a prescribed we...
Figure 9.6 (a) Paleo‐Tethyan subduction leads rifting to open NeoTethys in I...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Map showing tectonic setting of the greater Black Warrior Basin ...
Figure 10.2 Geologic map showing geologic framework and locations of major s...
Figure 10.3 Generalized stratigraphic section of the Black Warrior Basin sho...
Figure 10.4 Burial and thermal maturation history of the Paleozoic section i...
Figure 10.5 Vitrinite reflectance profile for the Kimberly Clark 23‐2 #1 wel...
Figure 10.6 Structural trace map showing locations of major geologic structu...
Figure 10.7 Structural cross section showing regional structural style and r...
Figure 10.8 Structural cross section showing geometry of the Wiley dome and ...
Figure 10.9 Sub‐Parkwood geologic map of Wiley dome based on well control.
Figure 10.10 Interpreted gamma‐ray logs showing thrust duplication of the Ch...
Figure 10.11 Maps showing structure and coal thickness at the southwest term...
Figure 10.12 Plot of limb dip versus coal zone in the Sequatchie anticline. ...
Figure 10.13 Diagram showing relationship of thermal maturity to folding.
Figure 10.14 Structural cross sections with thermal maturity (coal rank) pat...
Figure 10.15 Plots showing vertical change in the percentage of sandstone/co...
Figure 10.16 Chart showing estimated timing of structural events in the sout...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Location of the Arkoma Foreland Basin with respect to the major ...
Figure 11.2 Tectonic evolution of the Arkoma Basin: (a) Stable shelf from Ca...
Figure 11.3 Schematic diagram showing sedimentary depositional environments ...
Figure 11.4 Simplified geologic map of the frontal Ouachitas and southern Ar...
Figure 11.5 Stratigraphic column and correlative facies of the Ouachita‐Arko...
Figure 11.6 Cross sections of the Wilburton Triangle Zone (WTZ) in Oklahoma:...
Figure 11.7 Geologic map of the Waldron and Boles quadrangles in Arkansas. T...
Figure 11.8 (a) Uninterpreted and (b) interpreted seismic 2D depth‐converted...
Figure 11.9 Detailed (a) uninterpreted and (b) interpreted images of the mid...
Figure 11.10 Detailed (a) uninterpreted and (b) interpreted images of the lo...
Figure 11.11 (a) Schematic cross sections demonstrating the three dimensiona...
Figure 11.12 Diagrams showing the general structural geometry of (a) the Wil...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Modes of gravitational collapse affecting thick continental crus...
Figure 12.2 Cross sections showing two examples of regions undergoing extens...
Figure 12.3 Geophysical data from the INDEPTH profile across the Himalaya an...
Figure 12.4 Diagrammatic cross section through the Himalaya‐Tibet Orogen. Pa...
Figure 12.5 Physiographic provinces of the Southern Appalachian Orogen of ea...
Figure 12.6 Schematic depiction of the major terranes and structures within ...
Figure 12.7 Schematic depiction of relative plate motions associated with th...
Figure 12.8 Geological map of the Southern Appalachian Orogen from Ma et al....
Figure 12.9 Maps of (a) hornblende, (b) muscovite, and (c) biotite
40
Ar/
39
Ar...
Figure 12.10 (a) Age‐distance plot of muscovite and biotite dates that can b...
Figure 12.11 Sketch map depicting the relationship between exhumed middle cr...
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
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277 Compressional Tectonics: Plate Convergence to Mountain Building (Tectonic Processes: A Global View, Volume 1)Elizabeth J. Catlos and İbrahim Çemen (Eds.)
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Geophysical Monograph 277
Compressional Tectonics
Plate Convergence to Mountain Building
Tectonic Processes: A Global View, Volume 1
Editors
Elizabeth J. Catlos
İbrahim Çemen
This Work is a co‐publication of the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
This edition first published 2023© 2023 American Geophysical Union
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Published under the aegis of the AGU Publications Committee
Matthew Giampoala, Vice President, PublicationsCarol Frost, Chair, Publications Committee
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Catlos, Elizabeth J., 1971– editor. | C¸emen, İbrahim, 1951– editor. | American Geophysical Union, publisher.Title: Compressional tectonics : plate convergence to mountain building / Elizabeth J. Catlos, İbrahim C¸emen.Other titles: Geophysical monographDescription: Hoboken, NJ : American Geophysical Union, 2023. | Series: Geophysical monograph series | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2022054054 (print) | LCCN 2022054055 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119773849 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119773887 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119773863 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Plate tectonics. | Convergent margins. | Subduction zones. | Orogeny.Classification: LCC QE511.4 .C64 2023 (print) | LCC QE511.4 (ebook) | DDC 551.1/36–dc23/eng20230302LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022054054LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022054055
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Philippe AgardSorbonne UniversitéCNRS‐INSUInstitut des Sciences de la Terre ParisParis, France
Songjian AoState Key Laboratory of Lithospheric EvolutionInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
Guillaume BonnetSorbonne UniversitéCNRS‐INSUInstitut des Sciences de la Terre ParisParis, France
Elizabeth J. CatlosJackson School of GeosciencesDepartment of Geological SciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, USA
İbrahim ÇemenDepartment of Geological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
Ling ChenState Key Laboratory of Lithospheric EvolutionInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
Yang ChuState Key Laboratory of Lithospheric EvolutionInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
David A. FosterDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida, USA
Bibek GiriDepartment of Earth SciencesMontana State UniversityBozeman, Montana, USA
Ben D. GoscombeDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida, USAandIntegrated Terrane Analysis ResearchAdelaide, Australia
Mary HubbardDepartment of Earth SciencesMontana State UniversityBozeman, Montana, USA
Chong MaMineral Exploration Research CentreHarquail School of Earth SciencesLaurentian UniversitySudbury, Ontario, Canada
Aaron J. MartinDivision de Geociencias AplicadasInstituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y TecnológicaSan Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
Paul A. MuellerDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida, USA
Dia NinkabouSorbonne UniversitéCNRS‐INSUInstitut des Sciences de la Terre ParisParis, France
Jack C. PashinBoone Pickens School of GeologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, Oklahoma, USA
Alexis PlunderBRGM (French Geological Survey)Université d'OrléansOrléans, France
Cécile PrigentInsitut de Physique du Globe de ParisSorbonne Paris CitéUniversité Paris DiderotParis, France
Delores M. RobinsonDepartment of Geological Sciences, andCenter for Sedimentary Basin StudiesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
Mathieu SoretSorbonne UniversitéCNRS‐INSUInstitut des Sciences de la Terre ParisParis, FranceandInstitut des Sciences de la Terre d'OrléansUniversité d'OrléansOrléans, France
Morteza TalebianResearch Institute for Earth SciencesGeological Survey of IranTehran, Iran
Bo WanState Key Laboratory of Lithospheric EvolutionInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
Philippe YamatoGéosciences RennesUniversité de Rennes 1Rennes, France
Donald J. YezerskiChevron CorporationHouston, Texas, USA
Erdinç YiğitbaşDepartment of GeologyÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart ÜniversityÇanakkale, Turkey
Yücel YılmazDepartment of GeologyIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul, Turkey
Zhiyong ZhangState Key Laboratory of Lithospheric EvolutionInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
PREFACE
TECTONIC PROCESSES: A GLOBAL VIEW
Tectonic processes control the shape and structure of the Earth and these processes affect the Earth’s climate, geomorphology, magmatism, geochemistry, sedimentary environments, and economic resources. The evolution of these features through geologic times can be explained within the framework of ‘plate tectonics’ that is the overwhelmingly accepted unified theory of Earth sciences. This makes plate tectonics the central core discipline in geoscience research.
The Earth's lithosphere is divided into major plates and microplates that interact with each other along divergent (extensional), convergent (compressional), and transform (strike‐slip) plate boundaries. Within the past few decades, Earth sciences have made tremendous advances in our understanding of plate tectonics processes along these three types of plate boundaries.
The overarching objective of the three‐volume “Tectonic Processes: A Global View” is to present an up‐to‐date compendium and valuable reference for students of Earth sciences at all levels, from advanced undergraduate and graduate to doctoral and postdoctoral researchers, as well as for educators, policymakers, and research professionals in academia and industry. The collection contains three volumes:
Volume 1:
Compressional Tectonics: Plate Convergence to Mountain Building
Volume 2:
Extensional Tectonics: Continental Breakup to Formation of Oceanic Basins
Volume 3:
Strike‐Slip Tectonics: Oceanic Transform Faults to Continental Plate Boundaries
COMPRESSIONAL TECTONICS
Major mountain belts on Earth, such as the Alps, Himalayas, Cordillera, and Appalachians, have been built by compressional tectonics processes during the continent‐continent and arc‐continent collisions. They are made of two major parts: a collisional fold‐thrust belt and a peripheral foreland basin. Ever since the early field‐oriented geological studies in the Alps and Appalachians, geologists have been working on providing a better understanding of collisional mountains and associated basins. This process accelerated after the development of the Plate Tectonics Theory in the mid‐1970s.
This volume, Compressional Tectonics: Plate Convergence to Mountain Building, reviews present‐day knowledge of the tectonic evolution of the Alpine‐Himalayan and Appalachian belts. The papers in this volume are important for our scientific curiosity to understand our planet and for industrial development because collisional mountain belts contain many important economic resources, such as precious metals, rare earth elements, oil and gas, and coal. This volume will provide an essential reference for researchers and graduate students working on compressional tectonics. This volume contains three parts and 12 chapters.
Part I: Plate Convergence
Chapter 1 by Catlos and Çemen introduces compressional tectonics, including plate tectonics processes. Chapter 2 by Agard et al. look at subduction and obduction processes, which are vital for compressional tectonics along convergent plate margins. The chapter describes these processes with a close look into blueschists, eclogites, and ophiolites. Chapter 3 by Giri and Hubbard summarizes lateral heterogeneity in convergent mountain belt settings with an example along the Himalayan fold‐thrust belt. Chapter 4 by Catlos and Çemen reviews the dynamics of subduction zone initiation in the Aegean Region.
Part II: Alpine‐Himalayan Collision
Chapter 5 by Robinson and Martin summarizes the genesis of Himalayan stratigraphy and tectonic development. Chapter 6 by Catlos presents a thorough and well‐developed explanation of the recent findings on metamorphism and compressional tectonics in the central Himalayas. Chapter 7 by Yılmaz et al. provides a detailed tectonic history of the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt. Chapter 8 by Yılmaz et al. focuses on the tectonics of the Eastern Anatolian Plateau. Chapter 9 by Wan et al. presents a case study from Iran to explore when and why the Neo‐Tethyan Ocean began to subduct along the Eurasian margin.
Part III: North America Mountain Building
Chapter 10 by Pashin looks at the stratigraphic and thermal maturity evidence for a break‐backward thrust sequence in the Southern Appalachian Thrust Belt in Alabama. Chapter 11 by Çemen and Yezerski examines the subsurface geology of strain partitioning along the Ouachita fold‐thrust belt, Arkoma Basin Transition Zone in southeastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. Finally, in Chapter 12, Foster et al. review the extensional collapse of orogens with an example from the Southern Appalachian Orogen. This chapter deals with the last stages in the life of compressional orogeny, when a collisional mountain belt starts to collapse under its weight through gravitational collapse.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We appreciate the contributions of all authors to this volume, and acknowledge the time, effort, and diverse perspectives of a large number of insightful reviewers. We thank the AGU and Wiley for allowing us to work on this multivolume project to present a global view of tectonic processes. We appreciate the unwavering support provided by Noel McGlinchey, Keerthana Govindarajan and Lesley Fenske from Wiley, Jenny Lunn from AGU's Publications Department. Rituparna Bose from Wiley initiated these volumes and provided continuous support in various stages of this project.
Elizabeth J. Catlos
Jackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at Austin, USA
İbrahim Çemen
Department of Geological SciencesThe University of Alabama, USA
