Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The Sun, our star, has inspired the research of many scientists and engineers and brings hope to many of us for a paradigm shift in energy. Indeed, the applications of solar energy are manifold, primarily because it concerns both light and heat. Photovoltaic (PV) conversion is the most well-known among these, but other modes of conversion include photochemical, photobiological, photoelectrochemical, thermal and thermochemical. This book covers the entire chain of conversion from the Sun to the targeted energy vector (heat, electricity, gaseous or liquid fuels). Beginning with the state of the art, subsequent chapters address solar resources, concentration and capture technologies, the science of flows and transfers in solar receivers, materials with controlled optical properties, thermal storage, hybrid systems (PV-thermal) and synthetic fuels (hydrogen and synthetic gas). Written by a number of experts in the field, Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy provides an insightful overview of the current landscape of the knowledge regarding the most recent applications of concentrating technologies.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
1 Solar Power Plants: State of the Art
1.1. Introduction
1.2. History
1.3. Various configurations of solar power plants
1.4. Paradigm of solar power plants, optimum temperature – concentration factor
1.5. Parabolic trough solar power plants
1.6. Solar power plants with linear Fresnel concentrators
1.7. Tower power plants
1.8. Dish–Stirling modules
1.9. Perspectives: deployment, capacity factor, costs, environmental impact and new concepts
1.10. Conclusion
1.11. References
2 Solar Resource Management, Assessment and Forecasting
2.1. Measurement and assessment of the solar resource
2.2. Forecasting of direct normal irradiance
2.3. Conclusion
2.4. Nomenclature
2.5. References
3 Optics of Concentrating Systems
3.1. Introduction
3.2. History
3.3. Performances and limitations
3.4. Optical qualification of parabolic trough concentrators
3.5. The heliostat fields of tower power plants
3.6. Conclusion
3.7. References
4 Solar Receivers
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Absorber tubes for linear concentrators
4.3. Solar receivers for tower power plants
4.4. Conclusion
4.5. References
5 Heat Transfer Fluids for Solar Power Plants
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Review of thermal transfer physics
5.3. Fluids, stability and properties
5.4. Fluid–wall heat transfer coefficients
5.5. Solutions being developed
5.6. Conclusion
5.7. References
6 Numerical Simulations of Flows and Heat Transfers of Solar Receivers
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Modeling approaches
6.3. Direct numerical simulation and thermal large-eddy simulation
6.4. Dynamic and thermal couplings – physical approach
6.5. Conclusion
6.6. References
7 Materials for Concentrated Solar Power
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Optical properties of materials
7.3. Reflective components: solar mirrors
7.4. Transparent components: protective glass
7.5. Absorbing components: solar absorbers
7.6. Conclusion
7.7. References
8 Thermal Energy Storage
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Two-tank molten salt storage
8.3. Thermocline storage
8.4. Processes with steam accumulator
8.5. Solar power plant with particle receiver
8.6. Research and development of latent heat processes
8.7. Thermochemical storage
8.8. Comparison of the cost of stored solar power
8.9. Conclusion
8.10. References
9 Hybrid PV–CSP Systems
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Hybrid strategies
9.3. Non-compact hybrid strategies
9.4. Compact hybrid strategies
9.5. Innovative hybrid systems
9.6. Conclusion
9.7. References
10 Synthetic Fuels from Hydrocarbon Resources
10.1. Introduction to solar fuels
10.2. Conversion of carbonaceous materials using solar energy
10.3. Conclusion and perspectives
10.4. References
11 Solar Fuel Production by Thermochemical Dissociation of Water and Carbon Dioxide
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Direct H2O and CO2 thermolysis
11.3. Thermochemical cycles
11.4. Conclusion
11.5. References
List of Authors
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1. Specificities of SPA, SG, MICH, ENEA and SG2 algorithms
Table 2.2. Synthesis of the most successful formulas (Rapp-Arrarás and Domingo-S...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1. List of parameters employed
Table 3.2. Golden rule of solar concentration
Table 3.3. Characteristics of the collector used for the optical qualification (...
Table 3.4. Non-exhaustive list of tools available for the optical modeling of co...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1. Technical characteristics of the absorber tubes commercialized by Rio...
Table 4.2. Main characteristics of Gemasolar (Burgaleta et al. 2011)
Table 4.3. Parameters involved in the net radiation method
Chapter 5
Table 5.1. Working temperature of liquid heat transfer fluids
Table 5.2. Variation with the temperature of physical properties of heat transfe...
Table 5.3. Chemical composition of various nitrate-based salts according to Li e...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1. Standard tests for mirror aging
Chapter 8
Table 8.1. Characteristics of several storage materials (Esence 2017)
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
1 Solar Power Plants: State of the Art
List of Authors
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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SCIENCES
Energy, Field Directors – Alain Dollet and Pascal Brault
Renewable Energies, Subject Head – Abdelilah Slaoui
Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy
Fundamentals and Applications
Coordinated by
Gilles Flamant
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
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UK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2022
The rights of Gilles Flamant to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022940279
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78945-079-8
ERC code:
PE8 Products and Processes Engineering
PE8_6 Energy processes engineering
Introduction
Gilles FLAMANT
PROMES-CNRS, Font-Romeu, France
Why a book on concentrated solar power?
Renewable energies play an important or even dominant role in the medium- and long-term energy strategy of most countries. In this context, any solution that may contribute to the emergence of a low-carbon world should be carefully considered. France, a country with a strong nuclear energy deployment, has also conducted groundbreaking research in the field of solar power, particularly concentrated solar power, which was not developed to the same level as nuclear power. Sixty-five years ago, at the end of World War II, Félix Trombe reversed the path of light on the parabolic spotlights of the anti-aircraft defense deployed by the German army around Paris and transformed them into solar concentrators. This is a magnificent symbol of revival, which in itself is sufficient to justify this book. However, it is obviously not the only reason. As a result of research and development, this technology reached the commercial stage for certain architectures of solar power plants, but concentrated solar power is still struggling to find its place next to wind power and photovoltaics. There are three main reasons for this delay, namely modularity, financing mechanisms and deployment area. Even though wind power and photovoltaics benefit from a positive scale effect, the latter is far more significant for concentrated solar power. Consequently, on the one hand, the manufacturing cost of small solar power plants (< 10 MW) is not competitive unless cogeneration can be considered, and, on the other hand, building large power plants requires significant capital, therefore heavy financial expenses. The only modular systems adapted to small installation markets (for private consumers, for example) are the dish–Stirling systems whose operation and maintenance are more expensive than those of a PV system of equivalent power. This observation is related to a second point. The implementation of an attractive feed-in tariff for private consumers, then for ground power units, enabled the development of photovoltaics (accompanied by cost reduction) for a wide range of power and users. Equivalent mechanisms (negotiated feed-in tariff) were established for concentrated solar power in certain countries, but for a far narrower market. Indeed, the geographical area that is favorable to the deployment of this technology is smaller than that of PV. No one would consider installing solar thermal power plants in Germany, which was at the forefront of the introduction of photovoltaics on its territory! Finally, the multiplicity of possible configurations in which a solar power plant can be assembled from basic components is not only a strength, but also a weakness when considering the cost reduction associated with series production.
However, in this seemingly unfavorable context, concentrated solar power has its own place, in addition to wind power and photovoltaics. It offers solutions for low-cost bulk heat storage and can be deployed in fields of applications beyond electricity, such as industrial process heat and synthetic fuels (hydrogen, syngas, etc.). This book focuses on a presentation of various aspects of this solar technology, from components to the full system. It was written by researchers, professors, assistant professors (University of Perpignan Via Domitia – UPVD) and PhD alumni of PROMES (Processes, Materials and Solar Energy Laboratory) of CNRS, successors of Félix Trombe and Marc Foex, founders of the solar furnace of Odeillo- Font-Romeu. This book is structured into 11 chapters:
After a brief history, Chapter 1 presents the various existing technologies and their evolution perspectives in technical and economic terms.
Chapter 2 introduces the physical processes that condition the evolution of radiation intensity at the ground level, the measurement instruments (total and direct normal irradiation, DNI) and DNI prediction models.
Chapter 3 presents the physical laws of mirror-based concentration and the influence of associated defects on the performance of concentrators. It presents parabolic trough concentrators (linear concentration) and solar power towers (point concentration) as illustrations.
Echoing Chapter 3, Chapter 4 describes the receivers for parabolic trough and tower power plants. It details a physical model of a receiver for a tower power plant.
After a refresher of heat transfer physics, Chapter 5 presents fluid–wall heat transfer properties and coefficients of the main heat transfer fluids.
Chapter 6 is dedicated to the physical bases of transfers in turbulent flows and to the numerical developments required for the comprehension of complex interactions between the dynamic and thermal aspects of fluid flow.
Chapter 7 presents the spectral properties of bodies. Then, it describes materials adapted to various components of a solar power plant, and approaches the techniques for the evaluation of their service life.
Chapter 8 describes the storage technologies and the recent progress in thermocline storage, a key component of a modern solar thermal power plant. It also proposes a comparison of the costs of heat storage and electrochemical storage.
Chapter 9 analyzes and compares various concepts of hybridization between photovoltaic and heat converters, designed as combined solar energy conversion modes.
Chapter 10 describes the processes for the thermochemical production of hydrogen and synthetic gas from carbonaceous materials. This analysis is accompanied by technical and economic considerations.
Chapter 11 presents various cycles for thermochemical decomposition of H2O and CO2, as well as their development level. It analyzes the progress in terms of materials and processes.
