Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Domestic Animals E-Book
35,66 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Domestic Animals presents information about Toxoplasma gondii and its infection in neonates and different animals cats, cattle, dogs, goats, pigs and sheep. Readers will have quick access to the pathophysiology, di
Das E-Book können Sie in Legimi-Apps oder einer beliebigen App lesen, die das folgende Format unterstützen:
Seitenzahl: 242
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018
Ähnliche
Congenital Toxoplasmosis in
Humans and Domestic Animals
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)
This is an agreement between you and Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Please read this License Agreement carefully before using the ebook/echapter/ejournal (“Work”). Your use of the Work constitutes your agreement to the terms and conditions set forth in this License Agreement. If you do not agree to these terms and conditions then you should not use the Work.
Bentham Science Publishers agrees to grant you a non-exclusive, non-transferable limited license to use the Work subject to and in accordance with the following terms and conditions. This License Agreement is for non-library, personal use only. For a library / institutional / multi user license in respect of the Work, please contact: [email protected].
Usage Rules:
All rights reserved: The Work is the subject of copyright and Bentham Science Publishers either owns the Work (and the copyright in it) or is licensed to distribute the Work. You shall not copy, reproduce, modify, remove, delete, augment, add to, publish, transmit, sell, resell, create derivative works from, or in any way exploit the Work or make the Work available for others to do any of the same, in any form or by any means, in whole or in part, in each case without the prior written permission of Bentham Science Publishers, unless stated otherwise in this License Agreement.You may download a copy of the Work on one occasion to one personal computer (including tablet, laptop, desktop, or other such devices). You may make one back-up copy of the Work to avoid losing it. The following DRM (Digital Rights Management) policy may also be applicable to the Work at Bentham Science Publishers’ election, acting in its sole discretion:25 ‘copy’ commands can be executed every 7 days in respect of the Work. The text selected for copying cannot extend to more than a single page. Each time a text ‘copy’ command is executed, irrespective of whether the text selection is made from within one page or from separate pages, it will be considered as a separate / individual ‘copy’ command.25 pages only from the Work can be printed every 7 days.3. The unauthorised use or distribution of copyrighted or other proprietary content is illegal and could subject you to liability for substantial money damages. You will be liable for any damage resulting from your misuse of the Work or any violation of this License Agreement, including any infringement by you of copyrights or proprietary rights.
Disclaimer:
Bentham Science Publishers does not guarantee that the information in the Work is error-free, or warrant that it will meet your requirements or that access to the Work will be uninterrupted or error-free. The Work is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied or statutory, including, without limitation, implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as to the results and performance of the Work is assumed by you. No responsibility is assumed by Bentham Science Publishers, its staff, editors and/or authors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products instruction, advertisements or ideas contained in the Work.
Limitation of Liability:
In no event will Bentham Science Publishers, its staff, editors and/or authors, be liable for any damages, including, without limitation, special, incidental and/or consequential damages and/or damages for lost data and/or profits arising out of (whether directly or indirectly) the use or inability to use the Work. The entire liability of Bentham Science Publishers shall be limited to the amount actually paid by you for the Work.
General:
Any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this License Agreement or the Work (including non-contractual disputes or claims) will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the U.A.E. as applied in the Emirate of Dubai. Each party agrees that the courts of the Emirate of Dubai shall have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this License Agreement or the Work (including non-contractual disputes or claims).Your rights under this License Agreement will automatically terminate without notice and without the need for a court order if at any point you breach any terms of this License Agreement. In no event will any delay or failure by Bentham Science Publishers in enforcing your compliance with this License Agreement constitute a waiver of any of its rights.You acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, and agree to be bound by its terms and conditions. To the extent that any other terms and conditions presented on any website of Bentham Science Publishers conflict with, or are inconsistent with, the terms and conditions set out in this License Agreement, you acknowledge that the terms and conditions set out in this License Agreement shall prevail.Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Executive Suite Y - 2 PO Box 7917, Saif Zone Sharjah, U.A.E. Email: [email protected]
FOREWORD
Toxoplasmosis is a disease that has, as its etiologic agent, the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii. The disease is of cosmopolitan occurrence, being prevalent in humans and animals, with infection rates that vary with the geographical region, attaining 70-80% in some ecosystems, in different herds and human populations, with infection in most cases being unapparent.
Despite the importance of clinical toxoplasmosis in adults, with a wider variety of clinical signs and symptoms, due to the species affected and/or the strain of the parasite involved, the issue that is most delicate, and of greatest preoccupation, is gestational and congenital toxoplasmosis.
Since generally, this is a silent infection in the prospective mother or pregnant females, this preoccupation extends from the difficulty to diagnose maternal and fetal infections, including the few existing methods for fetal diagnosis, where most of these are invasive and frequently place the fetus at risk.
The objective of this book is not to establish a parallel between congenital infections in the different species, but to demonstrate the implications, damages and losses for each female considering the individual and collective aspects.
This book clearly describes and demonstrates the sanitary impacts of toxoplasmosis in the fetal impairment, during gestation via transplacental transmission, with impact on livestock, which can result in elevated losses to animal production, as well as on companion animals, where the loss of young animals affects emotionally the families involved. In addition, in humans, where the sequels and clinical signs, even retarded, are extremely serious, principally when there are neurological and ocular signs.
Based on the best scientific studies available, the authors have used their vast professional experience to demonstrate procedures, including those related to the aspects of management of toxoplasmosis that are still controversial in females from several species, as well as gestating and lactating mothers, using a realistic approach.
This publication is particularly timely at the moment when toxoplasmosis has been recognized as an important problem in humans and animals, when there is need for One Health, during which human health is directly related to animal health and the environment, and vice versa.
Whenever we write books, publish articles or present a paper, we must have in our minds, as clearly as possible, the affirmation of Carlyle Guerra de Macedo, who was the Director of Pan American Health Organization, relative to the responsibility of what is being published: “It must be remembered that behind each table, every report or every material examined, there are lives, there are people, there is suffering, waiting for our efforts and human solidarity”.
Above all, this book has this concern and responsibility. The chapters within this book are not only a collection of technical information acquired from existing literature, but are additionally, the results of years of work of the team involved with patients and communities.
Many of these have served to evaluate procedures and conducts as well as to experience orientations and formed the basis of this publication. Consequently, we have the expectation to demonstrate that each chapter was also written by the hands of patients and their communities, so that these are the main actors and authors of this book.
PREFACE
This book focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, prevention and control of congenital Toxoplasma gondii infections in humans and domestic animals (pets and livestock). Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease. In humans, it is essential to aim for implementation of control programs, including preventive measures that promotes early diagnosis and appropriate indication of adequate antiparasitic treatments to pregnant women, being therefore able to diminish the seriousness of sequelae of toxoplasmosis in fetuses. Important aspects for control programs of congenital toxoplasmosis, and for maternal and neonatal screening of toxoplasmosis control programs, were reviewed. Additionally, based on this information, reproductive disorders such as abortion, neonatal mortality and prematurity due to infection by Toxoplasma gondii, may be more easily diagnosed by veterinarians, of both small and large animals medical clinics, in their routine daily care. Under the zoonotic aspect, health professionals may become aware of these clinical signs and take preventive measures for their control.
The book “Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Human and Domestic Animals” is a compilation of eight chapters, contributions of established researchers in the field, with content directed to the study of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects and control of congenital T. gondii infections in humans and domestic animals (pets and production).
In the first chapter, Dr. Ragozo has shed some light on the parasite, its life cycle, clinical signs, diagnosis and some epidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis.
In the second chapter, Dr. Navarro and his colleagues discuss the epidemiology and impact of human congenital toxoplasmosis, pathogenesis, genotypic characterization, diagnosis, therapy, prevention and control.
Then, in the third chapter, Dr. Camossi and collaborators discuss reproductive problems on female dogs and emphasize the attention, which should be paid regarding occurrence of this parasite in canine populations.
In the fourth chapter, Dr. Galvão and colleagues describe the main manifestations, prevention and treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis in cats.
In the fifth chapter, Dr. Lopes and collaborators discuss the different reproductive alterations in sheep with toxoplasmosis and reinforce the possibility of sexual transmission of T. gondii in this animal species. The same authors, in the sixth chapter, demonstrate that congenital transmission of this disease in goats can result in disorders in the offspring (regardless of pregnancy stage), which can subsequently lead to severe losses or prejudice to descendants and their owners.
In the seventh chapter, Dr. Garcia discusses aspects related to parasite-host relationship between T. gondii and pigs, such as epidemiology, natural infection (congenital) and experimental infections, diagnosis, vaccines and prevention.
Finally, in the eighth chapter, Dr. Santos and colleagues describe the various aspects of congenital form and the importance of cattle on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.
The publication of this book would not have been possible without the sincere efforts of the authors of each chapter, and especially the staff at Bentham Science Publishers, giving their continuous support. Perhaps, of greater importance than the book and its many contributions, were the remarkable people that formed a unique collaborative team to make it happen.
BIOGRAPHY
Graduated in Veterinary Medicine at Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Master’s degree in Animal Pathology and Doctor’s degree in Preventive Veterinary Medicine at Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Post-Doctoral degree in Parasitology and Scientific Writing at Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brasil; Post-Doctoral degree in Scientific Writing at Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. Associated Professor, Parasitic Diseases of Animals at Unesp, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil. Professor Graduate Program in Animal Science, Unesp Araçatuba, SP, Brasil and the Professor Graduate Program in Veterinary Medicine, Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Colaborator at the Institute of Computing (Laboratory of Image Data Science/LIDS) of UNICAMP, Professional Master Coach by Latin America Society of Coaching (SLAC). Principal Investigator of a Universal Project of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) / Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications of Brazil. Advisor of 12 Master’s dissertation, ten Doctor’s thesis and several Scientific Initiation works. Author and/or co-author in 116 papers in specialized journals, 398 abstracts of scientific works in conference proceedings and 70 book chapters. Editor of two national books about Management and Marketing in Veterinary Medicine by FUNEP Jaboticabal, UNESP, Brazil; four international open acess e-books: “Main Canine Protozoan Zoonosis”, “Major Zoonosis by Helminths and Ectoparasites in Dogs”, “Main Canine Parasitic Zoonosis” , Entrepreneurship and Social Responsibility in Veterinary Medicine: Concepts and Applications” and one international book: “Cryptosporidiosis in Human and Domestic Animals” by Nova Science Publishers, New York, United States of America.
DEDICATION
Thanks To God, for all blessings in every morning... And to all the people who somehow find themselves in our lines...
SUMMARY
This book is of outstanding interest to epidemiologists, doctors, veterinarians and public health specialists. Important aspects for control programs of congenital toxoplasmosis and for maternal and neonatal screening of toxoplasmosis control programs were discussed. Additionally, based on this information, reproductive disorders such as abortion, neonatal mortality and prematurity due to infection by Toxoplasma gondii, maybe more easily diagnosed in their routine daily care. Under the zoonotic aspect, health professionals may become aware of these clinical signs and take preventive measures for their control.
List of Contributors
Toxoplasma gondii
Alessandra M.A. Ragozo1,*Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite, and its infectious stages are: sporozoites, tachyzoites and bradyzoites in tissue cysts. The life cycle of T. gondii is a heteroxenous system that alternates between sexual and asexual stages. Ingestion of raw or undercooked meat with cysts, sporulated oocysts and congenital infections is the principal route of infection. T. gondii usually parasitizes the host without producing clinical signs. However, the infection leads to several neurological and ocular problems, and lead immunosuppressed individuals to severe clinical conditions. For livestock animals, the infection leads to abortion and neonate mortality. The prevalence of antibodies is reported worldwide in humans and animals. Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the most important parasitic infections of human. For diagnosis and epidemiologic studies, several methods are used, for instance: serology to detect antibodies anti-T.gondii, parasite isolation in laboratory animals (bioassays) or protozoan observation through direct molecular methods to detect the DNA of T. gondii. Recent studies on T. gondii virulence and genotyping using standard methods revealed different results in South America, Africa and Asia. These results were different from those observed in North America and Europe.
