Craniofacial Disorders – Orofacial Features and Peculiarities in Dental Treatment E-Book

• Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 247

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

Craniofacial Disorders – Orofacial Features and Peculiarities in Dental Treatment presents detailed information about craniofacial disorders and their features, with emphasis to the dental care.
The contents of the book cover craniofacial embryology, craniofacial genetics and teratology, and craniofacial abnormalities, explaining their etiology, systemic involvements, treatment methods and surgical steps required for dental treatment and complex dentomaxillofacial reconstruction for esthetic or functional improvements.
This book is an easy-to-read handbook for clinical dentists who wish to enhance their knowledge on the subject and offer dental care for individuals affected by craniofacial disorders.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Welcome

Table of Contents

Title Page

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FOREWORD 1

FOREWORD 2

PREFACE

acknowledgement

DEDICATION

Glossary

List of Contributors

Normal and Abnormal Oro-Facial Embryogenesis

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

NORMAL ORO-FACIAL EMBRYOGENESIS

EMBRYOGENESIS OF ORO-FACIAL CLEFTS

EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE HOLOPROSENCEPHALY SPECTRUM

SUMMARY

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Concepts of Genetics

Abstract

DIAGNOSIS IN DYSMORPHOLOGY

POPULATION GENETICS

BASIC CONCEPTS OF GENETICS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Teratology and Teratogens

Abstract

TERATOGENS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Dental Management in Rare Facial Clefts

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

CLEFT #0-14

CLEFT #1-13

CLEFT #2-12

CLEFT #3-11

CLEFT #4-10

CLEFT #5-9

CLEFT #6

CLEFT #7

CLEFT #8

CLEFT #30

ORAL FEATURES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH RARE FACIAL CLEFTS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Syndromes with Orofacial Clefts

Abstract

HOLOPROSENCEPHALY

VAN DER WOUDE SYNDROME

VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME

OROFACIODIGITAL SYNDROME

EEC SYNDROME

RAPP-HODGKIN SYNDROME

ROBIN SEQUENCE

RICHIERI-COSTA-PEREIRA SYNDROME

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Craniosynostosis Syndromes

Abstract

APERT SYNDROME

CROUZON SYNDROME

PFEIFFER SYNDROME

SAETHRE-CHOTZEN SYNDROME

JACKSON-WEISS SYNDROME

CARPENTER SYNDROME

CLOVERLEAF SKULL

SHPRINTZEN-GOLDBERG SYNDROME

ACROCRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Pharyngeal Arch Disorders

Abstract

TREACHER COLLINS SYNDROME

NAGER SYNDROME

MILLER SYNDROME

OCULOAURICULOVERTEBRAL SPECTRUM

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Syndromes with Characteristic Facies

Abstract

FRONTONASAL DYSPLASIA

CRANIOFRONTONASAL DYSPLASIA

FRONTOFACIONASAL DYSPLASIA

ACROFRONTOFACIONASAL DYSPLASIA

OPITZ SYNDROME

ROBINOW SYNDROME

KABUKI SYNDROME

CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME

MOEBIUS SYNDROME

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Surgical Treatment in Craniofacial Malformations: Distraction Osteogenesis

Abstract

DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS IN CRANIOFACIAL MALFORMATIONS

1. Principles and Stages

2. Clinical Indications

2.1. Mandibular Hypoplasias

2.1.a) Pierre Robin Sequence

2.1.b) Oculoauriculovertebral Spectrum

Clinical Findings

Treatment Objectives

2.1.c) Treacher Collins Syndrome

Clinical Findings

Treatment Objectives

Surgical Technique

2.2. Hypoplasia of the Midface

Crouzon Syndrome

Apert Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly)

Treatment Objectives

Orthognathic Surgery X Surgery for Advancement of the Midface

Le Fort III Osteotomy

Mono-bloc Frontofacial Advancement

CONCLUSION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Craniofacial Disorders – Orofacial Features

and Peculiarities in Dental Treatment

Edited by:

Gisele da Silva Dalben

&

Marcia Ribeiro Gomide

Pediatric Dentist, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies,

University of São Paulo,Bauru,Brazil

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FOREWORD 1

During my life I was assigned several missions: dentist, professor, researcher, manager; all of them were pleasant and full of challenges, with the bonus of knowing and living together with special people. I am proud to be invited to present this book to the world of Dentistry. The experience at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies (HRAC-USP) gave me the opportunity to follow the career of several professionals, from undergraduate training up to the highest levels of research and university life. Few feelings are more thorough than following the personal and professional growth of people we respect; and the better reward for a professor is to see the shine of enthusiasm and curiosity in the eyes of young professionals, thirsty for knowledge; for a manager, to follow the vibration with which the team conducts its work. I have learned more than I have taught. At HRAC-USP, the daily routine was always filled with technical and human challenges. The daily care for individuals with different disabilities provides professionals with a rich source of research inspiration, besides demands yet to be explored. It is enough to be willing. The editors Gisele da Silva Dalben, Marcia Ribeiro Gomide and the contributor Beatriz Costa are examples of this thirst for knowledge and clinical sensitivity. They are three great researchers who were shaped at the Pediatric Dentistry clinic of HRAC/USP, where they sharpened and deepened their skills on the needs of patients requiring differentiated attention and treatment, respecting their exceptional birth conditions. Part of the long years of study, investigation and practice of these three brilliant researchers is present in this book, which surely enriches the dental management of patients with craniofacial anomalies. The book gathers experiences, knowledge and tips that the contributors kindly offer to anyone interested in this field. A part of their lives, all of them built inside Pediatric Dentistry. The years have been generous for me, giving me the opportunity to publicly celebrate the scientific maturity of three great pediatric dentists – and friends: Gisele, Marcia and Beatriz. And I say with certainty that another important chapter of Dentistry was written.

Dr. José Alberto de Souza Freitas (“Tio Gastão”) Founder and former superintendent of HRAC/USP, Full Professor of University of São Paulo, Brazil

FOREWORD 2

Writing the foreword to this book “Craniofacial disorders – orofacial features and peculiarities in dental treatment” has been a reason of great joy and pride, since this is one more contribution of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of University of São Paulo, gently known as “Centrinho”, to the specialized literature.

Both editors are dental professionals graduated by FOB-USP with Master and PhD degrees and are extremely dedicated professionals who, together, add up more than 50 years of contribution to clinical activities, rehabilitating and providing smiles to individuals with craniofacial anomalies, besides actively working in the Teaching and Research scopes of the institution, valuing the scientific production.

The book is composed of nine chapters that bring valuable information for dentists and health professionals caring for individuals with syndromes associated with craniofacial anomalies. The book presents an update approach about Craniofacial Embryology, Concepts of Genetics, Teratogenesis, Dental Management in Rare Facial Clefts, as well as the alterations accompanying the diverse Syndromes with Orofacial Clefts, Craniosynostosis Syndromes, First Pharyngeal Arch Disorders, Syndromes with Characteristic Facies, and an approach about the Surgical Treatment in Craniofacial Malformations: Distraction Osteogenesis.

Further, the HRAC-USP has a strong team working on Genetics associated with craniofacial anomalies, coordinated by the medical geneticist Dr Antonio Richieri Costa, and during 50 years of work the institution concentrates a databank that is a scientific treasure. During her PhD, Dr Gisele da Silva Dalben worked with Dr Richieri Costa, analyzing individuals with Opitz G/BBB syndrome, and has several publications in the subject of craniofacial syndromes.

Since HRAC/USP is a reference center in craniofacial anomalies with participation of an interdisciplinary team, it was possible to prepare this book especially focusing the interest of dental professionals.

I consider this book a precious masterpiece, which shall fill the gap currently existing in the literature, concentrating in a single work the information on dental, skeletal and craniofacial alterations in individuals with different craniofacial disorders.

Dr. Terumi Okada Ozawa Orthodontist and former Director of Dental Division of HRAC/USP, Brazil

PREFACE

In 2003, the editors of this book noticed a lack of organized information about dental care for individuals with craniofacial disorders. Then, the editors performed a literature review about different craniofacial disorders and wrote an informal handout, which the editors made available in the local library. As years went by, that handout turned out to be widely borrowed and used as reference in their institution, which encouraged the editors to expand the information and transform that handout in the present ebook.

The editors work as pediatric dentists in a tertiary hospital and are often challenged with a wide array of disorders, frequently facing situations in which individuals and their families must travel even days to attend the institution for accomplishment of dental procedures that could be performed by professionals at their cities of origin, if only they had a little more information about craniofacial disorders. In some international experiences, the editors observed that, worldwide, there is still a lot of misconception and disinformation about when and how to treat the different disorders present in individuals with craniofacial disorders.

The organization of this book into chapters was largely based on the classic book “Syndromes of the head and neck” (Gorlin, 1990), which the editors consider fundamental for professionals who want to dive deeper into the world of craniofacial disorders.

To enhance the understanding on “hows and whys”, Chapter 1 presents rich information about craniofacial embryology. This chapter was written by the eminent embryologist Kathleen K. Sulik, who describes craniofacial development in detail with the aid of amazing scanning electron micrographs of embryos, allowing the reader to travel through the stages of normal and abnormal embryonic development.

Chapters 2 and 3 present basic concepts of genetics and teratology, enhancing the knowledge of readers so that they can better understand the information presented in following chapters.

Chapters 4 to 8 describe the different craniofacial disorders in a similar sequence as in “Syndromes of the head and neck”, presenting the disorders with their respective etiology, systemic involvement, and peculiarities in dental treatment. All contributors in these chapters have current and/or previous clinical experience in providing dental care to individuals with craniofacial malformations, and much of the information presented in these chapters were observed in investigations conducted at the editors’ institution.

Finally, in Chapter 9, the authors describe the surgical steps required for complex dentomaxillofacial reconstruction in different disorders. These surgical procedures aim at both esthetic and functional improvement, and are paramount for the thorough rehabilitation of individuals.

The aim of this ebook is to be a chairside resource for clinical dentists who wish to offer dental care for individuals with craniofacial disorders. The editors’ goal, when organizing this ebook, was to enhance the knowledge of dental professionals across the world about craniofacial disorders, their orodental features and peculiarities in dental treatment, so that individuals affected by such syndromes may have increasingly better and easier access to dental care.

We wish the readers all the best when assisting individuals with craniofacial malformations. We hope you will find the present information useful, and we wish you a rewarding experience in treating these individuals and watching them grow stronger and more self-reassured with your collaboration.

We also wish all the best to individuals with craniofacial malformations and their families, with special consideration to those attending the editors’ institution – the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo at Bauru, Brazil, who were the main driving force behind this ebook, and special thanks to individuals and their families who kindly granted permission to publish their images in this ebook. This book was inspired by you, and is dedicated to you.

acknowledgement

Chapters 2 to 9 were originally written in Portuguese and translated into English by the author Gisele da Silva Dalben. Signed informed consent was obtained from all individuals whose facial photographs that allow their identification are presented in this ebook.

All photographs presented in Chapter 1 belong to the files of the chapter author. Photographs presented in Chapters 2 through 9 belong to the files from respective chapter authors, from the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of University of São Paulo, and from Adriano Porto Peixoto, who kindly granted access to his files.

Gisele da Silva Dalben Pediatric and Community Dentistry Sector, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil &Marcia Ribeiro Gomide Pediatric and Community Dentistry Sector, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil

DEDICATION

To my dearest parents, Oswaldo and Madalena, who taught me everything that is important for a worthy life; To my husband Maurício and my precious kids Lucas and Vitor, who make my life even worthier; To the authors of chapters in this book, all of whom I consider outstanding professionals in their respective fields of work and lifelong companions in this amazing journey of caring for individuals with craniofacial malformations; Above all, to the individuals with craniofacial malformations, especially those who kindly granted permission to publish their images herein, who teach us so much about the meaning of life and who are the main reason for writing this book.

Gisele da Silva Dalben

To my family, the place chosen by God for me in the world, where I learned, besides unconditional love, honesty with my father Nilton, faith with my mother Linda, fraternity with my brothers Mariângela, Mariza and Nilton, and endless happiness with my husband Wagner and my children Camila, Fernando, Rafael and Andressa.

Marcia Ribeiro Gomide

Glossary

•Anophthalmia – absence of eye formation•Anotia – absence of ear formation•Arachnodactyly – condition in which the fingers are long, thin and curved, resembling the legs of a spider•Blepharophimosis – combination of small eyelids, reduced palpebral opening, telecanthus, ptosis, arched eyebrows and epicanthal folds•Brachydactyly – shortening of digits•Camptodactyly – deformity caused by flexure of the proximal interphalangeal joint, usually of the fifth finger•Clinodactyly – arched digits•Coloboma – congenital fissure of any structure of the eye•Craniosynostosis – premature closure of cranial sutures•Cryptorchidism – absence of the testicles in the scrotum due to persistence inside the abdomen or inguinal canal•Dysostosis – defect in ossification•Dysplasia – abnormal development of organs and tissues causing deformities•Ectrodactyly – congenital absence of one or more fingers or toes•Ectropium – eversion of an edge or margin, usually of the eyelid•Encephalocele – hernia of the brain or cerebellum through a congenital or traumatic opening in the skull•Etiology – investigation of the causes of a disease•Exotropia – strabismus in which the eye is directed outwards•Extrophy – congenital eversion of an organ or part of it•Glossoptosis – tongue retraction•Hyperteleorbitism – increased distance between the orbits•Hypertelorism – increased distance between any two symmetric structures in the body•Hypoteleorbitism – reduced distance between the orbits•Hypoacusia – reduced hearing ability•Hypogonadism – inadequate gonadal function, manifested by deficiency in gametogenesis and/or secretion of gonadal hormones•Hypohidrosis – reduction of sweat•Hypospadia – congenital and abnormal opening of the urethra on the inferior part of the penis. It may also affect females, leading the urine to flow through the vagina•Lagophthalmos – paralysis of an eyelid precluding complete closure of the eye globe when closed•Meningomyelocele – hernia of part of the spinal cord and its meninges•Microbrachycephaly – reduction and shortening of head size•Microcephaly – reduction of head size•Microphthalmia – reduction of eye size•Microtia – reduction of ear size•Nystagmus – fast and involuntary oscillation of the eye globe around its horizontal or vertical axis•Oligodactyly – reduction in the number of fingers or toes•Oligohydramnios – significant reduction in amniotic fluid volume•Pectus excavatum – depression or groove caused by more interior positioning of the sternum•Polydactyly – increase in the number of fingers or toes•Polyhydramnios – significant increase in amniotic fluid volume•Epicanthal fold – skin fold in the internal eye canthus, displacing the upper eyelid toward the internal canthus•Proptosis – anterior displacement, usually of the eye•Syndactyly – congenital union between one or more fingers or toes•Synophrys – conjunction of the eyebrows•Telecanthus – increased distance between the internal eye canthi, caused by lateral displacement of the medial canthus

List of Contributors

Adriano Porto PeixotoOrthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Sector and Craniofacial Surgery Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilAna Lúcia Pompéia Fraga de AlmeidaDepartment of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilBeatriz CostaPediatric and Community Dentistry Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilCleide Felício de Carvalho CarraraPediatric and Community Dentistry Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilCristiano TonelloCraniofacial Surgery Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilGisele da Silva DalbenPediatric and Community Dentistry Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilKathleen K. SulikBowles Center for Alcohol Studies School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USALucimara Teixeira das NevesDiscipline of Genetics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilMarcia Ribeiro GomidePediatric and Community Dentistry Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilMaurício Mitsuru YoshidaCraniofacial Surgery Sector (Former member) Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil Santa Marcelina Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil Medical School of ABC, Santo André, BrazilMelissa Zattoni AntonelliSpeech-Language Pathology Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilMichele Madeira BrandãoCraniofacial Surgery Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial AnomaliesUniversity of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilNivaldo AlonsoMedical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Craniofacial Surgery Sector Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, BrazilVivian de Agostino Biella PassosSchool of Dentistry, University of Sagrado Coração, Bauru, Brazil

Normal and Abnormal Oro-Facial Embryogenesis

Kathleen K. Sulik1,*

1 Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA

Abstract

The focus of this chapter is on normal oro-facial embryogenesis; on the developmental basis for facial defects that fall within the holoprosencephaly spectrum; and on the genesis of common and unusual oro-facial clefts. A thorough understanding of normal morphogenesis coupled with appreciation of the dysmorphogenic events underlying the defects considered in this chapter should aid the reader in also better appreciating the developmental basis for many of the other abnormalities addressed in this text. The prenatal stages considered in detail are present from the 3rd through the 8th weeks of human gestation, with emphasis being placed on description of the development of the growth centers (prominences/processes) that comprise the human oro-facies. The presence and significance of some of these oro-facial growth centers for both normal and abnormal embryogenesis have been largely overlooked in the past, due in part to the paucity of early human embryos available for careful analyses with modern techniques. To aid in resolving this problem, descriptions provided herein are largely founded on a relatively recent series of scanning electron micrographs of human embryos. Regarding clefting, knowledge of normal oro-facial morphogenesis, coupled with basic research findings, support the premise that the junctions of the various growth centers correspond to the sites of common and unusual oro-facial clefts as described by Tessier in 1976 [45]; that the embryonic period is when the vast majority of oro-facial clefts are induced; and that, in most cases, the proximate cause of clefting is failure of the normal growth and development of single or adjacent oro-facial growth centers. As for holoprosencephaly, both genetic abnormalities and environmental insults can underlie the dysmorphology.

Keywords: Cleft lip, Cleft palate, Embryology, Holoprosencephaly, Malformation, Oro-facial, Unusual facial cleft.

*Corresponding author Kathleen K. Sulik: Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States of America; Tel/Fax: [phone]; E-mail: [email protected]