Deer Veterinary Medicine E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
A guide to the care and treatment of deer for veterinary professionals
Deer Veterinary Medicine is an essential reference for veterinary professionals preparing for deer encounters. Rooted in extensive field experience, the contributions from a range of authors provide details of common conditions across multiple deer species and the knowledge required by the veterinary professionals who deal with them. The book considers the different contexts where deer are encountered, including wild populations, and deer held in captivity (as farm, park and zoo collections).
The chapters topics range from handling and sedating deer through to nutrition and postmortem examination and pathology. They cover key body systems including the gut, nervous, ocular and respiratory systems, and the skin.
Deer Veterinary Medicine readers will also find:
- Detailed consideration of the use of sedation in deer, providing analgesia and methods of euthanasia.
- Coverage of species including red, roe, fallow, water deer, Reeves’ muntjac, reindeer and white-tailed deer.
- Coverage of veterinary interventions for reproductive purposes.
- Detailed consideration of the management of parasitic diseases.
- Detailed consideration of notifiable (including TB and CWD) and zoonotic diseases (including E. coli and cryptosporidiosis).
- A detailed drug formulary including, where available, evidence from published studies.
Edited by the past president of the British Deer Veterinary Association (BDVA) this book is a fitting successor to Management and Diseases of Deer: A Handbook for Veterinary Surgeons, last published in 1994 by the Veterinary Deer Society (now the BDVA). Synthesizing key contributions by a range of experts from Europe and the US, the new Deer Veterinary Medicine is ideal for veterinarians, veterinary surgeons and veterinary students, as well as readers interested in the management of captive and wild deer.
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Seitenzahl: 979
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Tables
List of Illustrations/Images
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cervids
Introduction
History
Deer Species
Axis
Barasingha
Fallow Deer
Mule Deer
Muntjac (Reeves’)
Père David’s Deer
Red Deer
Reindeer
Roe Deer
Sika Deer
Wapiti
Water Deer
White-tailed Deer
Deer in Ireland
Further Reading
Chapter 2: Managing, Handling and Moving Deer
Introduction
Handling Pens
Farmed Deer Restraint
Transport
Housing
Further Reading/Guidance
Chapter 3: Analgesia, euthanasia, restraint and sedation in deer
Introduction
Considerations for the Restraint and Capture of Deer
Capture Myopathy or Neuropathy
Legal Considerations in the United Kingdom
Principles of Remote Chemical Injection
Chemical Restraint of Deer
Physical Capture of Deer
Analgesia in Deer Species
Euthanasia of Deer
References
Chapter 4: Surgical Interventions and Imaging Methods in Deer
Introduction
Principles Behind Surgical Interventions
Vasectomy
Castration
Surgery of Antlers
Local Anaesthetics and Nerve Blocks for Antlers
Appropriate Imaging Modalities
References
Chapter 5: Deer in Deer Parks
The Species in Deer Parks
Population Densities
Supplementary Winter Feeding
Routine Park Management
Culling
Veterinary Challenges
Trace Elements and Park Deer
Winter Die-off Syndrome
Statutory Regulation
References
Chapter 6: An Overview of Red Deer Farming in the United Kingdom
Introduction
Calving
Calf Rearing and Using Anthelmintics
Calving Groups
Herd Management Post-rut
References
Chapter 7: Wild Deer in the UK (Health and Welfare, Deer-Vehicle Collisions and Disease Surveillance)
7.1 Wild deer in Great Britain–health and welfare topics
Statutory Regulation of Wild Deer and Their Management in the United Kingdom
Deer Abundance and Distribution in the United Kingdom
Qualifications for Deer Management in the United Kingdom
Veterinary Involvement in the UK Deer Sector
Deer Management in European Countries Other than the United Kingdom
7.2 Wild Deer and Deer–Vehicle Collisions
Introduction
Driver Advice
Responding to DVCs
Legal, Welfare and Safety Issues
7.3 Wild Deer and Disease Surveillance for Pestiviruses and Schmallenberg Virus
Pestiviruses
Schmallenberg Virus
Appendix: European Roe Deer (
Capreolus capreolus
) Disease Surveillance
References
Weblinks for Legislation Relating to Wild Deer
Further Reading (for Deer–Vehicle Collisions)
Website resources and legislation related to DVCs
Legislation
Best Practice guidance
Chapter 8: Venison in the United Kingdom
Legislation
Use of Medical Substances and Consequences for the Food Chain
Slaughter
Primary Production
Game Larders and Collection Centres for Wild Game
Approvals
Export of Venison Meat, Animal By-products and Trophies to EU and Non-EU Countries
Imports of Venison
Notifiable Diseases
References
Chapter 9: Rehabilitation of Deer
Rehabilitation of Wild Deer
Legal Considerations
Medical and Surgical Interventions for Trauma Cases
Orthopaedic Injuries
Soft Tissue Trauma
Treatment of Sick Deer
Management of Orphans
Identification of Young Zoo Deer
Initial Assessment of Orphaned Deer
Failure of Passive Transfer
Neonatal Enteritis Complex
Feeding Orphans
Release of Rehabilitated Orphaned Deer into the Wild and Deer Parks
References
Chapter 10: Antlers
Antler Growth
Managing Perruques
Non-hormonal Factors Influencing Antler Growth
Orphan Male Deer Calves
Reindeer
References
Chapter 11: Reproduction in Deer
Introduction
Seasonality
Rutting Behaviour
Oestrus Cycle
Pregnancy
Parturition
Species-specific Considerations
Pregnancy Diagnosis
Semen Collection and Cryopreservation
Artificial Insemination
Embryo Transfer
In Vitro Fertilisation
Hybridisation of Deer Through Artificial Breeding
Diseases Affecting Deer Reproduction
References
Chapter 12: Nutrition of Deer
Introduction
Understanding the Beast
Nutrient Requirements
Feed Composition
Feeding Management
Nutritional Support
Nutritional Diseases
Nutritional Assessment
References
Chapter 13: Notifiable Diseases in Deer – Chronic Wasting Disease
Introduction
Cause
Clinical Signs
Genetics of Susceptibility
CWD in Europe
Zoonotic Potential of CWD
Further Reading/Selected References
Chapter 14: Notifiable Diseases in Deer –
Mycobacterium bovis
Infection
Introduction and Background
Clinical Signs
Postmortem Findings
Differential Diagnoses
Wild Deer and Livestock – Epidemiology
Diagnosis and Screening of Living Deer
Laboratory Aids to Diagnosis
Management and Treatment
A Note on
Mycobacterium bovis
Infection in Deer in Ireland – Jim Walsh
References
Further Information About Mycobacterial Infection
Chapter 15: Serological Methods and
Mycobacterium bovis
Infection in Deer
Introduction
TB Antibody Test Evaluation in Deer
DPP VetTB Lateral Flow Test
Comparative PPD ELISA
Enferplex Cervid TB ELISA
IDEXX
Mycobacterium bovis
ELISA
Study Deer
Study Results
References
Chapter 16: Notifiable Diseases in Deer
Anthrax
Aujeszky’s Disease
Bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease
Brucellosis
Foot and Mouth Disease
Rabies
References
Chapter 17: Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Deer
Introduction
Causative Agents
Clinical Signs
Pathology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Control
Future Developments
References
Chapter 18: Gastrointestinal Diseases in Deer –
Mycobacterium avium
subspecies
paratuberculosis
and Johne’s Disease
Background
Disease Progression and Clinical Signs
Gross Pathology, Histopathology and Immunology
Diagnosis
Transmission
Prevalence, Surveillance and Epidemiology
JD Management Programmes for Deer – Prevention and Control
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Parasite Diseases in Deer
Introduction to Gastrointestinal Roundworms
Introduction to Trematodes
Presenting Clinical Signs
Diagnostic Methods/Investigative Tools
Treatments
Treatment Failures
Management
References
Chapter 20: Gastrointestinal Diseases in Deer
Clostridial Diseases
Lumpy Jaw
Yersiniosis
References
Chapter 21: Zoonotic Agents and Deer (Cryptosporidiosis, Salmonellosis, Toxoplasmosis and SARS-CoV-2)
21.1
Cryptosporidium
spp.
Background and Transmission Routes
21.2 Salmonellosis
Clinical Signs
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
21.3 Toxoplasmosis
21.4 SARS-CoV-2 in Deer
References
Chapter 22: Shiga-toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
in Deer
Background
Prevalence of STEC in Deer
Disease and Transmission
Mitigation
Future Directions and Research Needs
References
Chapter 23: Neurological Diseases in Deer
Major Diseases
Minor Conditions
Further Reading
Chapter 24: Respiratory Parasite Diseases in Deer
Introduction to Pulmonary Worms
Dictyocaulus
spp.
Protostrongylid Parasites:
Protostrongylus
spp.,
Muellerius capillaris, Cystocaulus ocreatus, Neostrongylus linearis, Varestrongylus capreoli
(in Roe Deer)
Varestrongylus sagittatus
(in Red and Fallow Deer)
Further Protostrongylids:
Elaphostrongylus
spp. and
Parelaphostrongylus
spp.
Presenting Clinical Signs
Diagnostic Methods/Investigative Tools
Treatment
Management
References
Chapter 25: Respiratory Diseases in Deer – Bacterial, Fungal and Viral
Introduction
Bacterial Diseases
Viral Diseases
Fungal Diseases
Parasitic Diseases
Other Diseases
References
Chapter 26: Skin Diseases in Deer
Introduction
An Approach to Deer with Signs of Skin Disease
Major Topics – Warble, Papillomatosis and Parapox Virus
Minor Topics
A Note on Treating Ectoparasites in Deer
Case Scenario
References
Chapter 27: Deer Ophthalmology – A Practical Approach to Deer Ophthalmic Examination
Introduction
Preparation for Examination and Deer Restraint
Step-by-step Guide to the Ophthalmic Examination
Smartphone Photography
Clinical Signs and Treatment Options
Common Findings and Their Significance
References
Chapter 28: Lameness and Hoof Problems in Deer
Fractures and Dislocations
Closantel Toxicity
Necrobacillosis/Fusiformis Infection
Overgrown Hooves (Aladdin’s Slippers)
Enzootic Ataxia
Treponeme-associated Hoof Disease
Yersinia-related Septic Arthritis
References
Chapter 29: Vector-borne Infections in Deer – Threat to Deer Health and Role of Deer in Transmission of Diseases of Veterinary and Medical Importance
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Babesia
Species
Borrelia burgdorferi
Bartonella
Species
Louping ill virus
Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Further Information About Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
References
Chapter 30: Muntjac (
Muntiacus reevesi
)
Origins in England
Ireland
Muntjac in Continental Europe
Habitats
Chromosome Number
Body Size
Skull
Teeth
Antler Cycle
Scent Glands
Reproduction
Life Span
Diseases
Abnormalities Observed
Parasites
The Stomach
Faecal Pellets
Captivity
Haematology and Clinical Chemistry Values for Reeves’ Muntjac
References
Chapter 31: Reindeer
Introduction
Legislation
Nutrition
Diseases
Biochemistry, Haematology and Trace Elements
References
Chapter 32: An Overview of Diseases of Farmed White-tailed Deer
Introduction
Respiratory Diseases
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Major Diseases
Neurological Diseases
Diseases of the Skin
Toxicities
References
Chapter 33: Anatomical Pathology and Deer – A Guide to Postmortem Examination and Pathology
Postmortem Examination: Who, Where and Why?
Postmortem Examination Procedure
References
Chapter 34: Cervine Formulary
Introduction
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Axis deer in the foreground with four white fallow deer in the backg...
Figure 1.2 Axis deer (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.3 Barasingha deer (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.4 Barasingha deer (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.5 A leucistic fallow buck with a recent injury associated with rutting...
Figure 1.6a Fallow does and fawns (including common, melanistic and menil with a ...
Figure 1.6b Fallow bucks - common, melanistic and menil colour forms. (Peter Green).
Figure 1.7 Fallow deer antler (Peter Green).
Figure 1.8 Mule deer (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.9 Mule deer (US National Park Service, Jacob W. Frank).
Figure 1.10 Muntjac (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.11 Père David’s stags in velvet (Peter Green).
Figure 1.12 Père David deer (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.13 Red hind and calf (Peter Green).
Figure 1.14 Red stag (Peter Green).
Figure 1.15 Red deer antler (Peter Green).
Figure 1.16 Reindeer bull (Sam Ecroyd).
Figure 1.17 Reindeer calf (Alex Smith).
Figure 1.18 Female reindeer and their calves in winter (Alex Smith).
Figure 1.19 Reindeer antler (Peter Green).
Figure 1.20 Roe buck (Peter Green).
Figure 1.21 Roe doe (Peter Green).
Figure 1.22 Roe deer antler (Peter Green).
Figure 1.23 Sika deer (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.24 Wapiti hind (Jim Walsh).
Figure 1.25 Wapiti in Canada (Peter Green).
Figure 1.26a A water deer fawn.
Figure 1.26b A water deer buck.
Figure 1.27 White-tailed deer does (USDA. Agricultural Research Service).
Figure 1.28 White-tailed deer buck (USDA. Agricultural Research Service).
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 A view of a reindeer being prepared for a computed tomography (CT) s...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 An example of a hunter’s declaration.
Figure 8.2 (a) A well-kept game larder for deer and (b) an onward transport ....
Figure 8.3 Routes for the supply of wild game including the use of collection c...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Illustrating the terms used to describe an antler (Peter Green).
Figure 10.2 (a) Red deer with cast antler showing the pedicle from where the new...
Figure 10.3 (a) Perruque in a red deer castrate (an uncommon condition in this species).
Figure 10.4 The seasonal pattern of antler growth in male and female reindeer in...
Figure 10.5 Hyperplastic fibrous changes to velvet skin (antleroma) in a castrat...
Figure 10.6 A pair of buttons cast from a de-antlered red stag. The antler surfac...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Cumulative fetal weight for white-tailed deer fetus throughout gesta...
Figure 12.2 Wild white-tailed deer foraging in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, USA,..
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Excess salivation in an elk (
Cervus elaphus canadensis
) with CWD.
Figure 13.2 Distribution of classical and atypical cases of CWD in reindeer, moo...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Fallow buck with TB; sanginous nasal discharge (Peter Green).
Figure 14.2 Fallow buck in poor condition due to TB (Peter Green).
Figure 14.3 TB abscesses in red hind lung. Not walled off (Peter Green).
Figure 14.4 TB abscesses in mesenteric chain (Peter Green).
Figure 14.5 Miliary lesions of TB on the rumen serosa (Peter Green).
Figure 14.6 TB abscesses of bronchial lymph nodes (Peter Green).
Figure 14.7 Red hind with TB abscesses visible in the retropharyngeal/throat are...
Figure 14.8 Multiple TB abscesses in omentum (Peter Green).
Figure 14.9 TB abscesses in diaphragm and liver (Peter Green).
Figure 14.10 Encapsulated firm abscess in lung tissue (Alex Barlow).
Figure 14.11 Small firm abscess in the mesenteric lymph node (Alex Barlow).
Figure 14.12 Soft custard-like abscess material adjacent in popliteal lymph node ...
Figure 14.13 Large firm gritty abscess in an inguinal lymph node (Alex Barlow).
Figure 14.14 Brown liquid abscess in a popliteal lymph node (Alex Barlow).
Figure 14.15 Multiple firm to gritty abscess lesions in mammary gland tissue (TB ...
Figure 14.16 Multifocal variably sized soft TB lesions in the liver (Alex Barlow).
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Phylogenetic tree of MCF viruses and herpes viruses infecting deer. ...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 The life cycle of infection and transmission of Johne’s disease in deer.
Figure 18.2 Postmortem image showing the corrugated appearance of the mucosa of ...
Figure 18.3 Histological findings in the gut of sheep with Johne’s disease (infe...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Individual faecal egg counts from farmed red deer (McGregor 2024).
Figure 19.2 (a) Low power image of a faecal sample containing liver and rumen fl...
Figure 19.3 (a) Whole pluck from red deer, note marked cirrhosis with areas of a..
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1
Pilobolus
fungi with water droplets (©Moredun Research...
Figure 24.2 (a) Incised lung nodules associated with
Protostrongylus
spp...
Figure 24.3 (a)
Dictyocaulus viviparus
larvae isolated from faeces. Note ..
Figure 24.4 Posterior (Top row)* and full body (bottom row)
#
line drawings of lu...
Figure 24.5 Adult
Dictyocaulus
spp. in the opened trachea of a red deer.
Figure 24.6 Adult
Dictyocaulus eckerti
showing kidney-shaped buccal ring.
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 (a) Postmortem examination of a reindeer with extensive
Cephenemy
...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 (a–c) Warble fly lesions due to
Hypoderma diana
in a ..
Figure 26.2 (a) Papillomatous lesions in a red deer (Photo by John Fletcher)...
Figure 26.3 Low power histology image (haematoxylin & eosin) of skin,...
Figure 26.4 (a, b) Red deer hind with severe cutaneous ulceration due to cutaneo...
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 Six-year-old white-tailed deer (
Odocoileus virginianus
) buck ..
Figure 27.2 White-tailed deer buck immobilised by darting. Note the black eye co...
Figure 27.3 Distant examination of a herd of fallow deer. Image taken with an iP...
Figure 27.4 Assessment of bilateral ocular and periocular symmetry.
Figure 27.5 The meibomian gland openings are readily seen along both the upper...
Figure 27.6 Multiple periorbital skin lacerations in a young white-tailed deer...
Figure 27.7 (a–c) Series of still image screenshots from a short iPhone...
Figure 27.8 (a) Direct retroillumination being performed in a young white-tailed...
Figure 27.9 Screenshots from a short video sequence taken with an iPhone 15 Pro...
Figure 27.10 Topical application of 1% tropicamide ophthalmic solution is achieve...
Figure 27.11 Direct ophthalmoscopy being performed by one of the authors (T.P.)...
Figure 27.12 (a) Fundus images being captured using a Kowa Genesis-D handheld di..
Figure 27.13 (a) Tapetal reflex obtained by shining a Finoff transilluminator in..
Figure 27.14 (a) Schirmer tear test (STT) strips placed bilaterally within the t..
Figure 27.15 Rebound tonometry being performed on a six-year-old white-tailed de..
Figure 27.16 Two white-tailed deer fawns under sedation. The eyes are covered to..
Figure 27.17 Field recovery of a white-tailed deer buck following sedation.
Figure 27.18 Overview of a group of white-tailed deer fawns. All eyes are open a..
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Aladdin’s slipper feet in a red hind (Peter Green).
Figure 28.2 Field case of fallow deer with Treponema Associated Hoof Dermatitis ...
Figure 28.3 Field case of fallow deer with Treponema Associated Hoof Dermatitis ...
Figure 28.4 Postmortem image of a focal erosion on the palmar interdigital aspec...
Figure 28.5 Postmortem image of a focal erosion on the palmar-lateral aspect of ...
Figure 28.6 Postmortem image of a focal erosion on the dorsal-lateral aspect of ...
Figure 28.7
Yersinia
septic arthritis muntjac (Peter Green).
Figure 28.8
Yersinia
septic arthritis and carpal valgus muntjac (Peter Green).
Figure 28.9 Radiograph of
Yersinia
septic arthritis in a fallow deer (Peter Green.
Figure 28.10 Boiled out elbow joint of
Yersinia
septic arthritis in a muntjac (Pe...
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 Muntjac buck skull with pre-orbital fossa (Norma Chapman).
Figure 30.2 Muntjac buck (Photo by Arthur Rivett).
Chapter 31
Figure 31.1 Reindeer at postmortem examination with a 10-day history of corneal ...
Figure 31.2 (a and b) Postmortem examination of a pregnant reindeer with death a...
Chapter 32
Figure 32.1 Medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes from
Mycobacterium bovis
-infected...
Figure 32.2 Heart from white-tailed deer. Cause of death: epizootic haemorrhagic...
Figure 32.3 Adductor muscles from white-tailed deer. Cause of death: capture myo...
Chapter 33
Figure 33.1 Ventral view of the neck indicating the area of incision (arrow) thr...
Figure 33.2
Dictyocaulus
spp. in the trachea of a red deer.
Figure 33.3 (a) Recommended dissection lines for the heart. (b) Opened right ven..
Figure 33.4 Opened left ventricle for examination of the left atrioventricular a...
Figure 33.5 ‘Chicken-fat clot’, a common incidental postmortem finding in the heart.
Figure 33.6 Ileum of a cow with Johne’s disease. Lesions in deer may resemble th...
Figure 33.7 Suggested cuts for removal of the brain. Asterisk – the tentorium ce...
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 A taxonomy of deer species.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Space allocation for housing deer at different life stages.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Trace element ranges for park deer.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Wormer categories (for gut worms, lungworm and liver fluke; see Chap...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 A brief outline of deer management and varying statutory regulations...
Table 7.2 A summary of disease surveillance reports for roe deer in selected E...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Legislation applicable to foodstuffs in Great Britain.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Breeding and antler windows for UK deer species across the calendar year.
Table 11.2 Approximate measurements used in the fetal ageing of red deer (after...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Comparison of ruminant species relative to feeding pattern (based on...
Table 12.2 Predicted dietary energy and protein requirements (dry matter basis)...
Table 12.3 Predicted dietary calcium and phosphorus and vitamins A and E requir...
Table 12.4 Suggested dietary mineral concentrations (dry matter basis) for capt...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Prevalence of
Mycobacterium bovis
infection in English wild deer sam...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Summary of antibody test sensitivity and specificity.
Table 15.2 Antibody test comparisons using Kappa and McNemar statistical tests.
Table 15.3 Sensitivity and specificity of deer antibody tests at APHA.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Summary of findings in deer species infected with foot and mouth vir...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Deer species and location where infection with
Mycobacterium avium
s...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Species of roundworms identified in wild deer across Europe.
Table 19.2 Possible reasons for animals being underdosed.
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Species of pulmonary-associated parasites identified in wild deer (a...
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 Diagnostic tests for investigating skin disease.
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 Diagnostic instruments and supplies necessary to perform an ophthalm...
Table 27.2 Intraocular pressure (IOP) and reflex tear production values of vari...
Chapter 30
Table 30.1 Haematological values for combined free-living and captive populations.
Table 30.2 Biochemical values for the combined free-living and captive populations.
Table 30.3 Haematological values for the free-living population.
Table 30.4 Haematological values for the captive population.
Chapter 31
Table 31.1 Summary of analyses of reindeer samples for assessing selenium and v...
Chapter 33
Table 33.1 Equipment lists.
Chapter 34
Table 34.1 Antimicrobials.
Table 34.2 Anthelmintics, coccidiostats and ectoparasiticides.
Table 34.3 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Table 34.4 Glucocorticoids.
Table 34.5 Sedatives and anaesthetic agents.
Table 34.6 Sedation reversal agents.
Table 34.7 Reproductive hormones.
Table 34.8 Vitamins, minerals and trace-elements.
Table 34.9 Miscellaneous.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Tables
List of Illustrations/Images
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Deer Veterinary Medicine
Edited by Aiden P. Foster
with the British Deer Veterinary Association
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to the authors and editors of the Veterinary Deer Society book entitled Management and Diseases of Deer (1994), which was our inspiration. We are here today because we stand on the shoulders of these experts.
List of Contributors
Alex Barlow
Wildlife Network for Disease Surveillance
Rookham Cottage
Dursdon Drove, Wells
Somerset
UK
University of Bristol
Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset
UK
Dave J. Bartley
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Richard J. Birtles
School of Science, Engineering and Environment
University of Salford
Salford
UK
Paola Boggiatto
Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit
National Animal Disease Center
Ames, IA
USA
Gareth Boyes
Ark Vet Centre Limited
Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire
UK
Norma Chapman
Larkmead
The Street, Barton Mills, Bury St. Edmunds
Suffolk
UK
Jamie Cordery
Forestry Commission (Retired)
Bucks Horn Oak
Farnham, Surrey
UK
Agnieszka Dabrowska
Food Standards Agency
Foss House, Kings Pool, Peasholme Green
York
UK
Mark P. Dagleish
School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
UK
Sam Ecroyd
Tyndale Deer Vets
Lower Wick
Dursley, Gloucestershire
UK
Stephen Fitzgerald
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Aiden P. Foster
University of Bristol
Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset
UK
Peter Green
South Woolley Farm
Shirwell, Barnstaple
Devon
UK
Clare Hamilton
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Kit Heawood
Tyndale Deer Vets
Lower Wick
Dursley, Gloucestershire
UK
Maya Holding
Virology and Pathogenesis Group
UK Health Security Agency
Porton Down, Salisbury
Wiltshire
UK
Carly Kanipe
Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit
National Animal Disease Center
Ames, IA
USA
Carmen Lillo-Llopis
Food Standards Agency
Foss House, Kings Pool, Peasholme Green
York
UK
Jonas Malmsten
Swedish National Deer Health Services
Vallentuna
Sweden
Richard J. McMullen Jr.
Vetsuisse Faculty
Equine Department
University of Zurich
Zurich
Switzerland
Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
Auburn University
Auburn, AL
USA
Tom N. McNeilly
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Elena McWatt (nee Gafenco)
Food Standards Scotland
Pilgrim House, Old Ford Road
Aberdeen
UK
Ellie L. Milnes
Wildlife Health, Pathobiology and Population Sciences
Royal Veterinary College
University of London
Hertfordshire
UK
Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research
Faculty of Veterinary Science
University of Pretoria
Onderstepoort
South Africa
Sian Mitchell
Animal and Plant Health Agency
Carmarthen Veterinary Investigation Centre
Job’s Well Road
Johnstown
Carmarthen
UK
Mitchell Palmer
Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit
National Animal Disease Center
Ames, IA
USA
Thomas Passler
Department of Clinical Sciences
Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine
Auburn, AL
USA
Shelley Rhodes
APHA Weybridge
Surrey
UK
Rachel R. Richardson
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Amy L. Robinson
School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
UK
Mara Rocchi
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Molly Ruder
Watatunga Wildlife Reserve
Kings Lynn, Norfolk
UK
George C. Russell
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Philip Skuce
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Robert J. Van Saun
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science
College of Agricultural Science
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA
USA
Prerna Vohra
Institute of Immunology and Infection Research
University of Edinburgh
Ashworth Laboratories
Edinburgh
UK
Don Wagner
Department of Animal Science
College of Agricultural Science
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA
USA
Jim Walsh
Sika Lodge
Glencullen, Dublin
Ireland
Craig A. Watkins
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Beth Wells
Moredun Research Institute
Pentlands Science Park
Bush Loan, Penicuik
Midlothian
UK
Foreword
This book is a triumph and it is a great privilege to have been asked to write its foreword. That so many contributors could find motivation to write in their own time, in their busy lives, is a testament to their enthusiasm, especially to that of Aiden Foster, who has been the editor and organising force.
Its previous iteration, published in 1986, grew out of the Veterinary Deer Society, which today has been renamed as the British Deer Veterinary Association. The Society arose from a conversation that I had with Tom Alexander on the back of a trailer being pulled slowly around Studley Royal park as we tried to approach deer closely enough for me to dart them, initially with a crossbow. That crossbow was the brainchild of the inspirational and brilliant scientist Roger Short. In 1969 I had the extreme good fortune to become a member of a team from the Veterinary School at Cambridge, led by Roger, working with red deer on the Isle of Rum. As well as the wild deer, myself, Gerald Lincoln and Fiona Guinness used a group of hand-reared red deer females to elucidate their oestrous cycle and gestation length and unpick the ways in which testosterone controlled antler growth and rutting behaviour.
I cite this because it is remarkable that, until then, these basic facts were not clearly understood. In America, Caton (1877) had written a scientific treatise about deer and even speculated on their domestication and, in Scotland, Henry Evans (1890) and Fraser Darling (1937) had described the social behaviour and performance of wild red deer in the Highlands and Islands. However, it was not until our work on Rum, followed closely by that on the experimental deer farm at Glensaugh (Blaxter et al. 1974), that in-depth investigations of disease and physiology were published. It was the advent of deer farming that made such research feasible and commercially viable. This book demonstrates just how much has been learnt since that time and when at last we could get our hands on increasingly domesticated living deer.
Humans have kept deer in enclosed ‘parks’ for over two thousand years as status symbols, for sport, and sometimes for venison, but it took the development of wire fences to make actual farming possible and to create, in red deer, probably the first new domesticated livestock species for at least five thousand years (Fletcher 2001).
Most deer species are, in physiological terms, highly seasonal and adapted to northern temperate climates. Where deer and people co-exist, we have always exploited their antlers, their hides and their meat. Otzi the man preserved in ice for over 5000 years in the Austro-Italian Alps ate venison at one of his last meals, walked in deer skin shoes, wore deer hide clothing, kept his antler-tipped arrows in a quiver constructed from roe deer hide and carried an antler tool probably used to shape flints.
In fact, we talk of the Stone Age, but there was an even longer antler age. The Mesolithic flint mines at Grimes Graves in Norfolk were worked with picks made of red deer antlers. Many of these remain, discarded as worn out but still carrying handprints of the miners in the clay that covers them (Clutton-Brock 1984). Many prehistoric monuments depended on the use of antler tools and it has been calculated that each of the many mine shafts would have used up to 400 antlers each year. How were so many cast antlers found? I like to think that with good knowledge of deer behaviour stags might have been gathered by feeding them browse, such as ivy, which the deer could not reach. There is pollen evidence that ivy was being stored in human settlements (Simmons & Dimbleby 1974) and if the deer were encouraged to stay in the same area during the short period of antler casting, then collecting them before they were covered by the growth of spring vegetation would have been made very much easier. Perhaps such systems foreshadowed future deer parks.
Because deer remained largely inaccessible and only fleetingly glimpsed, they have always been fertile ground for myths and, because the antlers could be seen to regrow each year, deer became symbols of rejuvenation and longevity wherever they existed from Japan to Ireland.
And where have we come to now? The beliefs that motivated deer farming are clear: in their natural environment are not deer better adapted to seasonal climates than the alien cattle and sheep? Yet they remain wild in that they have a rut, which can be difficult to manage on farms, and they are active and carry antlers making handling and containment more expensive. However, they have not been bred and managed to the point where they are subject to the many diseases of overproduction and their meat is better suited to modern human needs than that of conventional livestock, being leaner and high in polyunsaturated fats and iron.
In the United Kingdom, most of the deer industry relates to the production of venison from farms and parks and, especially, by far the largest source, from wild shot deer. There is substantial pressure to reduce deer numbers throughout most of Britain. Notoriously difficult to count, there is no doubt that the native roe, invasive and non-native muntjac, and naturalised fallow deer, in particular, have extended their range whilst their numbers have also grown steadily for decades to reach perhaps the largest cumulative populations at any time in history. These deer are impacting agriculture, forestry and horticulture, the natural environment and causing road traffic accidents with their human toll. Several people die each year in Britain as a result of collisions with deer and many more are injured.
All the governments within the United Kingdom wish to increase woodland in order to lower net greenhouse gas emissions and reduce our dependence on timber imports. Ecologists press for the planting of native woodland to improve biodiversity. Deer of all species negatively impact on tree planting, thus venison from culled deer represents the most sustainable meat available and consumption is rising.
Wild deer provide over 95% of the venison coming to market in Britain and might be assumed to provide a much cheaper source than either farmed or park venison. However, much of this wild venison is derived from red deer in Scotland, and the costs of shooting wild deer and especially the recovery of the carcases are substantial. Across the UK market, the quality is inevitably highly variable, not least because it comes from a variety of different species as taxonomically removed from each other as cows are to sheep, yet all labelled generically, as venison. The costs of creating a hygienic, marketable product from a carcase that has been eviscerated before it has been skinned and which will usually have sustained damage from the bullet are also high. These factors combine to make farmed venison produced consistently to a uniform standard under stringent quality assurance regulations, killed humanely and processed hygienically, likely to command strong prices in a growing market.
This book wisely avoids much discussion of the worldwide industries that revolve around deer, but antlers drive much of their exploitation. To the outsider the values placed on large antlers as trophies may seem bizarre, yet for many ‘hunters’, who shoot deer in enclosures at close range in order to hang the trophy on the wall, the sky seems to be the limit. Some veterinarians have used artificial reproductive techniques to enable deer breeders to pursue their remorseless quest for ever heavier antlers, fostering the production of some white-tailed deer which can no longer lift their heads from the ground.
The trophy business is probably no larger than the extraordinary farming of deer in much of Asia for the production of the growing antlers harvested by amputation when the growth is at its maximum. In Russia and beyond, wealthy men drink, or even bathe in, the fresh blood as it spurts from the cut surface. The most widely traded commodity is slices of dried growing antler. This velvet is prized by the traditional Chinese medicine trade and is produced in New Zealand with very stringent welfare safeguards. Despite substantial investment, there is no very convincing peer-reviewed literature to substantiate claims of the medicinal value of velvet antlers. The same is true of the many other deer products that are marketed, including sinews, tails and fetuses. Within the United Kingdom and most of Europe, the amputation of growing antlers is illegal except where it may alleviate suffering.
It is the steady growth of the farmed deer industry that has provided the impetus for this book and stimulated the knowledge and veterinary science which also benefit the wild, park and zoo deer.
John Fletcher
Harthill, Reediehill Deer Farm, Auchtermuchty, Fife, KY14 7HS, Scotland
References
Blaxter KL, Kay RNB, Sharman GAM, Cunningham JMM and Hamilton WJ (1974) Farming the Red Deer – the first report of an investigation by the Rowett Research Institute and the Hill Farming Research Organisation. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Edinburgh.
Caton JD (1877) The Antelope and Deer of America. A comprehensive scientific treatise upon the natural history, including the characteristics, habits, affinities and capacity for domestication of the Antilocapra and Cervidae of North America. Cambridge, MA, USA: The Riverside Press.
Clutton-Brock J (1984) Excavations at Grimes Graves, Norfolk, 1972–1976, Fascicule 1: Neolithic Antler Picks from Grimes Graves, Norfolk, and Durrington Walls, Wiltshire: A Biometrical analysis. London, UK: British Museum Press.
Evans H (1890) Some Account of Jura Red Deer. Carter, Derby, UK.
Fletcher TJ (2001) Farmed deer: new domestic animals defined by controlled breeding.
Reproduction, Fertility and Development
13:511–516. doi: 10.1071/rd01094.
Fraser Darling F (1946)
A Herd of Red Deer
. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Simmons IG and Dimbleby GW (1974) The Possible Role of Ivy (
Hedera helix
, L.) in the Mesolithic Economy of Western Europe.
Journal of Archaeological Science
1:291–296. doi: 10.1016/0305-4403(74)90029-6.
Preface
In 1994, the Veterinary Deer Society (VDS) published the second edition of their book Management and Diseases of Deer (A Handbook for Veterinary Surgeons) edited by Tom Alexander and David Buxton. The book is out of print and was converted into a CD-ROM version, which is available from the British Deer Veterinary Association (BDVA).
In commissioning the current book, the primary aims were to build on the substantial content of the VDS book and to compile a series of chapters that would form a useful handbook for veterinary surgeons/veterinarians when dealing with deer. It is acknowledged that while the book is aimed at veterinary surgeons who may not know a great deal about deer – given that most veterinarians will have limited scope for undertaking deer work – that deer owners, managers, stalkers and others will find the book of interest and assistance.
There are 38 authors, including members of the BDVA committee, who have also read all of the chapters. The committee includes Gareth Boyes, Sam Ecroyd, Peter Green, Kit Heawood and Ken Urquhart. The authors are largely drawn from across the UK, with colleagues from Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States.
Deer are enclosed and managed within a variety of settings from farms to parks to zoological collections, with some kept in a manner akin to companion animals or pets. In the United Kingdom, there are six species of wild deer and many other species in zoological collections.
The first part of the book introduces deer species and how they can be handled, restrained and managed in farms, parks and in the wild, leading onto the submission of deer carcases into the human food chain. Subsequent chapters provide overviews of the nutritional needs of deer, dealing with antlers, reproductive interventions and the needs of wild deer with particular reference to emergency situations.
Deer are susceptible to notifiable diseases, most notably chronic wasting disease and infection with
Mycobacterium bovis
(TB). These and other notifiable conditions are discussed.
Diseases of deer are presented using a systems-based approach (including gut, nervous, respiratory and skin) and there is an associated chapter that includes some of the important zoonotic diseases and agents that they may harbour.
Given their importance, both here in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, there are specific chapters about muntjac, reindeer and white-tailed deer.
Finally, there are two key chapters on postmortem examination and a drug formulary.
The aims of the book also included the inclusion of illustrations and sources of further reading and references to help provide an evidence base for dealing with situations and disease in deer.
Given the structure of the book, it is inevitable that chapters have some overlapping content. Where possible, the overlaps have been signposted and covered in the index. Readers should treat each chapter as a separate stand-alone item, albeit with potential links to several chapters within the book.
Acknowledgements
The BDVA would like to express its appreciation for the time and effort that the authors have committed to sharing their expertise in writing their chapters. There has been considerable support from prospective authors and colleagues in terms of recruiting authors and gaining access to images. I am particularly grateful to Peter Green and Jim Walsh who have shared much of their extensive collections of deer images. I am particularly grateful to David Buxton and Tom Alexander, the editors of the 1994 Veterinary Deer Society (VDS) book, also to John Fletcher, Pete Goddard and Ranald Munro, who wrote many of the chapters; they provided lots of useful contacts and advice.
While the book was in preparation, one of the leading authors of the 1994 VDS book, Hugh Reid, passed away. Hugh made a major contribution to veterinary virology and this included important research into agents that affect deer. He worked for many years at the Moredun Research Institute and his legacy is well reflected in the large group of authors who are based at the Moredun and who have provided detailed expert chapters on a variety of diseases that affect deer (and humans potentially).
My thanks go to Dominic Alexander for commenting on parts of the text and to Alun Murphy for providing information about lead analyses.
Additional specific acknowledgements in relation to the chapters are given below, including those provided by the authors.
Chapter 10Antlers – Acknowledgements for images including Jim Walsh, Paul Rodgers, Pavel Scherer and Gemma Thorpe.
Chapter 15 Tb Serology
For the co-authors and contributors to Defra project SE3315 (Barton P, Robinson N, Middleton S, O’Brien A, Clarke J, Dominguez M, Gillgan S, Selmes J and Rhodes S). Additional thanks to Ricardo de la Rua-Domenech (APHA TB Policy Veterinary Advisor to Defra), David Harris (Wales TB Veterinary Adviser) and Martyn Blissitt (Scotland Veterinary Adviser [Notifiable Diseases]) for review of this chapter, also Patricia Touw and Charlotte Pritchard (past and present APHA veterinary advisors for TB delivery) for supporting and enabling deer testing at APHA.
Chapter 17 MCF This chapter is an update of a previous edition written by Hugh Reid, whose contribution to MCF research was considerable. The structure of the article and much of the background was Hugh’s, while the more modern aspects were added by the current authors.
Chapter 26 Skin – For the provision of images and advice Gareth Boyes, John Fletcher, Toby Floyd, Mark Fox, Peter Green, Pavel Scherer, Ken Urquhart and Richard Wall.
Chapter 30Muntjac
The late Donald Chapman initiated the field studies that gave rise to these data, setting up the project with permission of the Forestry Commission. After his untimely death in a road traffic accident in 1982, overall supervision of the field studies was undertaken by Professor Stephen Harris, who supervised several PhD students undertaking ecological research in the study area. The authors acknowledge the invaluable input of Mick Claydon, Cathy Claydon, Diane Blakely and the many volunteers who participated in the flushing, netting and processing of the deer. The authors are grateful to John Cooper and Andrew B. Forbes for their involvement with the collection of samples and to Sam Pearce for assistance with statistical analysis.
Photographs
Marc Baldwin, Alex Barlow, Suzi Bell, Matt Colson, Mark Dagleish, Sam Ecroyd, John Fletcher, Peter Green, Beckie Diston, Angie Nelson, Iain Richards, Paul Rodgers, Pavel Scherer, Alex Smith, Tilly Smith, Daniel Sproule, Gemma Thorpe, Jim Walsh. Please see figure legends for details of the permission to publish.
Disclaimer
Whist every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this book, the editor, contributors, publishers and the BDVA can accept no responsibility for any error or misleading statement which may inadvertently have been included. Neither can they accept any responsibility for the consequences of any course of action which may be followed as the result of any such error or misleading statement.
It should be noted particularly that the responsibility in the United Kingdom for prescribing or supplying medicinal products accurately and appropriately for the animals under their care remains squarely with the veterinary surgeon. In this connection the advice given by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (https://www.rcvs.org.uk/setting-standards/advice-and-guidance/code-of-professional-conduct-for-veterinary-surgeons/) and the British Veterinary Association (see for example https://www.bva.co.uk/resources-support/medicines/under-care-resources-for-veterinary-practices/) should be borne carefully in mind. In any case of doubt the licence holder of the medicinal product in question should be consulted.
List of Tables
Table 1.1
A taxonomy of deer species.
Table 2.1
Space allocation for housing deer at different life stages.
Table 5.1
Trace element ranges for park deer.
Table 6.1
Wormer categories (for gut worms, lungworm and liver fluke).
Table 7.1
A brief outline of deer management and varying statutory regulations in some European countries.
Table 7.2
A summary of disease surveillance reports for roe deer in selected European countries.
Table 8.1
Legislation applicable to foodstuffs in Great Britain.
Table 11.1
Breeding and antler windows for UK deer species across the calendar year.
Table 11.2
Approximate measurements used in fetal ageing of red deer.
Table 12.1
Comparison of ruminant species relative to feeding pattern.
Table 12.2
Predicted dietary energy and protein requirements (dry matter basis) of deer.
Table 12.3
Predicted dietary calcium and phosphorus and vitamins A and E requirements for deer at different life stages (NRC 2007).
Table 12.4
Suggested dietary mineral concentrations (dry matter basis) for captive deer diets based on modified recommendations for goats (NRC 2007).
Table 14.1
Prevalence of
Mycobacterium bovis
infection in English wild deer sampled between 2000 and 2003.
Table 15.1
Summary of antibody test sensitivity and specificity for TB in deer.
Table 15.2
Antibody test comparisons using Kappa and McNemar statistical tests for Tb in deer.
Table 15.3
Test performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity of deer antibody tests for TB at APHA.
Table 16.1
Summary of findings in deer species infected with foot and mouth virus.
Table 18.1
Deer species and premise type where infection with
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
(MAP) has been reported.
Table 19.1
Species of roundworms identified in wild deer across Europe.
Table 19.2
Possible reasons for animals being underdosed with anthelmintics.
Table 24.1
Species of pulmonary associated parasites identified in wild deer (and reindeer) across Europe.
Table 26.1
Diagnostic tests for investigating skin disease.
Table 27.1
Diagnostic instruments and supplies necessary to perform an ophthalmic examination.
Table 27.2
Intraocular pressure and reflex tear production values of various deer species using the Tono-Pen-XL applanation and TonoVet rebound tonometers and Schirmer Tear Test I (STT I), respectively.
Table 30.1
Haematological values for combined free-living and captive populations.
Table 30.2
Biochemical values for the combined free-living and captive populations.
Table 30.3
Haematological values for the free-living population.
Table 30.4
Haematological values for the captive population.
Table 31.1
Summary of analyses of deer samples for assessing selenium and Vitamin E status.
Table 33.1
Equipment lists for undertaking postmortem examination.
Table 34.1
Antimicrobials.
Table 34.2
Anthelmintics, coccidiostats and ectoparasiticides.
Table 34.3
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Table 34.4
Glucocorticoids.
Table 34.5
Sedatives and anaesthetic agents.
Table 34.6
Sedation reversal agents.
Table 34.7
Reproductive hormones.
Table 34.8
Vitamins, minerals and trace-elements.
Table 34.9
Miscellaneous.
List of Illustrations/Images
Figure 1.1
Axis deer.
Figure 1.2
Axis deer.
Figure 1.3
Barasingha deer.
Figure 1.4
Barasingha deer.
Figure 1.5
Fallow buck with recent rutting penetration of eye.
Figure 1.6a
Fallow does and fawns (various colours).
Figure 1.6b
Fallow deer bucks - showing common, melanistic and menil colour forms.
Figure 1.7
Fallow deer antler.
Figure 1.8
Mule deer.
Figure 1.9
Mule deer.
Figure 1.10
Muntjac.
Figure 1.11
Père David’s stags in velvet.
Figure 1.12
Père David deer.
Figure 1.13
Red hind and calf.
Figure 1.14
Red stag.
Figure 1.15
Red deer antler.
Figure 1.16
Reindeer stag.
Figure 1.17
Reindeer calf.
Figure 1.18
Female reindeer and their calves in winter.
Figure 1.19
Reindeer antler.
Figure 1.20
Roe buck.
Figure 1.21
Roe doe.
Figure 1.22
Roe deer antler.
Figure 1.23
Sika deer.
Figure 1.24
Wapiti hind.
Figure 1.25
Wapiti in Canada.
Figure 1.26a
Water deer fawn.
Figure 1.26b
Water deer buck.
Figure 1.27
White-tailed deer - does.
Figure 1.28
White-tailed deer buck.
Figure 4.1
A view of a reindeer being prepared for a CT scan.
Figure 8.1
An example of a hunter’s declaration.
Figure 8.2
(a) A well-kept game larder for deer. (b) An onward transport vehicle to an animal game handling establishment.
Figure 8.3
Routes for the supply of the wild game including the use of the collection centres.
Figure 10.1
Illustrating the terms used to describe an antler.
Figure 10.2
(a) Red deer with cast antler showing the pedicle from where the new antler will grow. (b) Red deer with new antler growth showing from the pedicle.
Figure 10.3
(a) Perruque in a red deer castrate - an uncommon condition in this species. (b) Perruque in a castrated roe deer.
Figure 10.4
The figure represents the seasonal pattern of antler growth in male and female reindeer in relation to their reproductive cycle.
Figure 10.5
Hyperplastic fibrous changes to velvet skin (antleroma) in a castrated reindeer.
Figure 12.1
Cumulative fetal weight for white-tailed deer fetus throughout gestation.
Figure 12.2
Wild white-tailed deer foraging in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, USA, where the population exceeded carrying capacity resulting in various stages of malnutrition.
Figure 13.1
Excess salivation in an elk (
Cervus elaphus canadensis
) with CWD.
Figure 13.2
Distribution of classical and atypical cases of CWD in reindeer, moose and red deer in Scandinavia.
Figure 14.1
Fallow buck with TB; sanginous nasal discharge.
Figure 14.2
Buck in poor condition due to TB.
Figure 14.3
TB abscesses in red hind lung.
Figure 14.4
TB abscesses in mesenteric chain.
Figure 14.5
Miliary lesions of TB on the rumen serosa.
Figure 14.6
TB abscesses of bronchial lymph nodes.
Figure 14.7
Red hind with TB abscesses visible in the retropharyngeal / throat area.
Figure 14.8
Multiple TB abscesses in omentum.
Figure 14.9
TB abscesses in diaphragm and liver.
Figure 14.10
Encapsulated firm abscess in lung tissue.
Figure 14.11
Small firm abscess in the mesenteric lymph node.
Figure 14.12
Soft custard like abscess material adjacent in popliteal lymph node adjacent to muscle tissue.
Figure 14.13
Large firm gritty abscess in an inguinal lymph node.
Figure 14.14
Brown liquid abscess in a popliteal lymph node.
Figure 14.15
Multiple firm to gritty abscess lesions in mammary gland tissue.
Figure 14.16
Multifocal variably sized soft Tb lesions in the liver.
Figure 17.1
Phylogenetic tree of MCF viruses and herpes viruses infecting deer.
Figure 18.1
The life cycle of infection and transmission of Johne’s Disease in deer.
Figure 18.2
Postmortem image showing the corrugated appearance of the mucosa of the terminal ileum in a sheep with Johne’s disease.
Figure 18.3
Histological findings in the gut of sheep with Johne’s disease (infection with
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
-MAP).
Figure 19.1
Individual faecal egg counts from farmed red deer.
Figure 19.2
(a) Low power image of a faecal sample containing liver and rumen fluke eggs stained with methylene blue. (b) Higher power images of silvery rumen fluke egg (left) and brown fluke egg (right) for comparison. (c) Mixed roundworm species eggs, including
Oesophagostomum
and
Nematodirus
.
Figure 19.3
(a) Whole pluck from red deer, note marked cirrhosis with areas of atrophy and scarring at the bottom of the picture and evidence of compensatory regeneration. (b) Liver with extensive fluke damage collected from culled roe deer with no obvious clinical signs. (c) Nodular lesions on abomasum folds resulting from
Ostertagia
infection.
Figure 24.1
Pilobolus
fungi with water droplets.
Figure 24.2
(a) Incised lung nodules associated with
Protostrongylus
spp. (b) External view of lung nodules in a roe deer with
Protostrongylus
spp.
Figure 24.3
(a)
Dictyocaulus viviparus
larvae, isolated from faeces. (b)
Dictyocaulus viviparus
larvae, isolated from faeces.
Figure 24.4
Posterior (Top row) and full body (bottom row) line drawings of lungworm first stage larvae A.
Dictyocaulus filaria
; B.
Protostrongylus rufescens
; C.
Muellerius capillaris
; D.
Cystocaulus ocreatus
; E.
Neostrongylus linearis
(posterior only); F.
Dictyocaulus viviparus
(full body only).
Figure 24.5
Adult
Dictyocaulus
spp. in the opened trachea of a red deer.
Figure 24.6
Adult
Dictyocaulus eckerti
showing kidney shaped buccal ring.
Figure 25.1
(a) Postmortem examination of a reindeer with extensive
Cephenemyia
infestation (nasal bots). (b) Postmortem examination of a moose with
Cephenemyia
infestation (nasal bots). (c)
Cephenemyia
(nasal bots) from (b).
Figure 26.1
(a) Warble fly lesions due to
Hypoderma diana
in a red deer from Scotland. (b) Warble fly lesions due to
Hypoderma diana
in a red deer from Scotland. (c) Warble fly lesions due to
Hypoderma diana
in a red deer from Scotland.
Figure 26.2
Low power histology image (haematoxylin and eosin) of skin, showing a follicle with demodex mites in the lumen and in the adjacent sebaceous gland with mild perifollicular inflammation.
Figure 26.3
