Digital Convergence in Antenna Design E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Digital Convergence in Engineering Systems
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 337

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

DIGITAL CONVERGENCE in ANTENNA DESIGN The latest addition to this series presents high-quality original research contributions on analytical and practical models and ideas in the field of antennas, including a thorough look at RF techniques like antennas, RFID, and filters with special emphasis on real-time applications like e-health, RADAR, and mobile and satellite communications. This book is intended to disseminate recent trends in antenna designs for real-time applications that leverage digital convergence. The book intends to report the latest research findings, as well as the state-of-the-art RF techniques related to antennas, RFID, filters, etc., with special emphasis on real-time applications like e-health, RADAR, and mobile and satellite communications. The book can be used as a reference for researchers who want to explore the convergence of AI/ML/DL, big data, and IoT in the areas of antenna and advanced communication technologies for real-time applications. These real-time applications can include e-healthcare, intelligent transportation, aerospace, retail, manufacturing, industrial plants, and defense products where communications play a major role.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Section 1: 5G AND ITS APPLICATIONS

1 5G and Cognitive Radio

1.1 Introduction

1.2 5G System Architecture

1.3 An Overview of Network Elements

1.4 Design Problems

1.5 5G Infrastructure Needs

1.6 Features

1.7 5G Network Slicing

1.8 Pros of 5G

1.9 Cons of 5G

1.10 5G Applications

1.11 Cognitive Radio

1.12 Cognitive Radio Network

1.13 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs

1.14 Classification of CR Spectrum Sensing

1.15 Methods of Spectrum Sensing

1.16 Routing in Cognitive Radio Network

1.17 Terminal Capability of CRN

1.18 Reconfigurable Capability

1.19 Architecture of CRN

1.20 Primary System and CR System

1.21 Routing Challenges in CRNs

1.22 SDR Architecture

1.23 Physical Architecture of CR

1.24 Operation of CR

1.25 Benefits of CR

1.26 Challenges Faced by CR

1.27 Techniques of Spectrum Sensing

1.28 Cooperative SS Techniques

Conclusions

References

2 A Single-Ring SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole Antenna for ISM, WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G Application

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Design of SRR Loaded Slot Engraved Rectangular Monopole

2.3 Parametric Analysis

2.4 Results and Discussion

2.5 Conclusion

References

3 Compact Wideband 6-GHz Different Radiating Elements MIMO Antenna with Dual-Band for the 5G/WLAN/C-Band Application

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Designing of Two-Element and Four-Element MIMO Antenna

3.3 Comparison

3.4 Conclusions

References

Section 2: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

4 Compact Fractal Wearable Antenna with and without Defected Ground Structure for Wireless Body Area Communications

Introduction

Design and Methodology of Proposed Antenna

Design Process

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

5 A Novel Defected Ground Structure Based Analysis of Micro Strip Patch Antenna for Modern Radar Application

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Conclusion

References

6 A Reconfigurable Antenna for C Band Applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Structure of Antenna

6.3 Results and Discussions

6.4 Conclusion

References

7 Split-Ring Resonator–Inspired Polygonal-Shaped Printed Antenna for Wireless Application

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Design of SRR-Inspired Polygonal Antenna

7.3 Parametric Analysis

7.4 Result and Discussion

7.5 Conclusion

References

Section 3: MIMO TECHNIQUES

8 Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Multiple Input Multiple Output Applications

8.1 Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRA)

8.2 Multiple Inputs and Multiple Outputs (MIMO)

8.3 Comparative Study of Different DRA Antennas for MIMO Applications

8.4 H-Shaped DRA MIMO Antenna

8.5 Results

8.6 Conclusion

References

9 A Circular Waveguide Polarizer Based on Periodic Metallic Structure Loading

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Design Principle and Structure

9.3 Result and Discussion

9.4 Conclusions

References

10 A Metamaterial-Inspired Monopole Antenna for Multi-Resonance Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Reduction of Electrical Size

10.3 Reduction of Coupling Effects

10.4 Shaping of Aperture Field – Directivity and Gain Enhancement

10.5 Scanning of Main Beam Direction

10.6 Design of Rectangular Split-Ring Metamaterial Unit Cell

10.7 Design of Metamaterial-Loaded Monopole Antenna

10.8 Design of Monopole Antenna with Metamaterial

10.9 Conclusion

References

11 Energy-Efficient Technique to Improve the System Using MIMO

Introduction

Antenna Node Construction

System Specifications

Practical Requirements

Software Environment and Instrument

C++ Language

OTCL Script

AWK Characters

Structure Architecture Design

Implementation

System Component

Power Component

Node Power Estimate

Testing

Results and Analysis

Conclusions

References

About the Editors

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Probable uni-directional connections in CRNs.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Parameters values in mm.

Table 2.2 Resonant frequency and bandwidth comparison of evolved antenna.

Table 2.3 Comparison of various evolved antenna.

Table 2.4 Comparison proposed antenna vs. literature.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 The geometrical structure of patches.

Table 3.2 Characteristics of substrate.

Table 3.3 Characteristics of substrate.

Table 3.4 Geometrical structure of DGS in GP.

Table 3.5 RL (S

11

) and isolation (S

12

).

Table 3.6 RL (S

22

) and isolation (S

21

).

Table 3.7 VSWR of MA (RPE-1 and RPE-2).

Table 3.8 CC, ECC and TARC value of MA.

Table 3.9 Geometrical structure of cut slot in patch.

Table 3.10 GS of GP with DGS CS.

Table 3.11 RL (S

11

) and isolation (S

12

, S

13

and S

14

).

Table 3.12 RL (S

22

) and isolation (S

21

, S

23

and S

24

).

Table 3.13 RL (S

33

) and isolation (S

31

, S

32

and S

34

).

Table 3.14 RL (S

44

) and isolation (S

41

, S

42

and S

43

).

Table 3.15 CC, ECC and TARC value of MA.

Table 3.16 VSWR of MA.

Table 3.17 Comparison of two-element MIMO antenna with other works.

Table 3.18 Comparison of four-element MIMO antenna with other works.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 The proposed antenna’s dimensions.

Table 4.2 Results of SAR simulations.

Table 4.3 Comparison of results.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Comparative performance of antenna-1, antenna-2 & antenna-3.

Table 5.2 A comparative overview of the proposed antenna (antenna-3).

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Comparison of PIN diodes with other diodes.

Table 6.2 Measurements of the antenna.

Table 6.3 Summary of intermediate design steps.

Table 6.4 Comparison of simulated and antenna prototype results.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Dimensions of the SRR-inspired polygonal antenna.

Table 7.2 Comparison of antenna evolved in the design.

Table 7.3 Simulated vs. measured results.

Table 7.4 Proposed antenna vs. literature.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Dimensions of the proposed antenna.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Comparison between previously published circular waveguide polarizer...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Comparison between proposed and literature work.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Initialization testing.

Table 11.2 Functional testing.

Table 11.3 Simulation parameters required for performance evaluation.

Table 11.4 Performance table for self-adaptive algorithm.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 5G system architecture.

Figure 1.2 Architecture of transmitter part of SDR.

Figure 1.3 Architecture of receiver part of SDR.

Figure 1.4 Illustration of functions of CR.

Figure 1.5 Radio frequency front-end of a CR.

Figure 1.6 Illustration of CR cognitive cycle.

Figure 1.7 Methods used for SS in CR.

Figure 1.8 Block diagram of MFD SS method.

Figure 1.9 Flow diagram illustrating EDSS method.

Figure 1.10 Block diagram of CFD SS method.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Evolution of proposed design.

Figure 2.2 Geometry of the proposed design.

Figure 2.3 s11 comparison graph.

Figure 2.4 Return loss plot of antenna A vs. antenna E.

Figure 2.5 Parametric analysis of feed width (wf).

Figure 2.6 Parametric analysis of strip width (x).

Figure 2.7 Parametric analysis of slot width (y).

Figure 2.8 Surface current distribution of the proposed structure.

Figure 2.9 E-plane and H-Plane pattern at various operating frequency.

Figure 2.10 Fabricated antenna.

Figure 2.11 Gain of the proposed structure.

Figure 2.12 Simulated vs. measured - return loss plot.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Two different-shaped element MIMO antenna.

Figure 3.2 Geometrical structure of two-different-shaped antenna with cut slot...

Figure 3.3 Ground plane with DGS.

Figure 3.4 Ground plane with DGS CS dimensions.

Figure 3.5 Equivalent circuit model for patch-1 and patch-2.

Figure 3.6 Equivalent circuit model for ground plane with DGS cut slot.

Figure 3.7 Graph of return loss (RL) and isolation of patch-1.

Figure 3.8 Graph of RL and MC of RPE-2.

Figure 3.9 VSWR of MA (RPE-1 and RPE-2).

Figure 3.10 Gain of MA.

Figure 3.11 Directivity of MA.

Figure 3.12 RP of MA.

Figure 3.13 4-different-shaped element MA.

Figure 3.14 Four-different-shaped element antenna with cut slot dimensions.

Figure 3.15 Ground plane with DGS.

Figure 3.16 GP with DGS CS dimensions.

Figure 3.17 RL and isolation of RPE-1.

Figure 3.18 RL and isolation of patch-2.

Figure 3.19 VSWR of MA.

Figure 3.20 Directivity of MA.

Figure 3.21 Gain of MA.

Figure 3.22 RP of MA.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Various antenna iterations using a triangular Sierpinski gasket.

Figure 4.2 Front and back views of a proposed antenna (a) without DGS (b) with...

Figure 4.3 S

11

Vs frequency simulation for the antenna (a) with DGS (b) withou...

Figure 4.4 3D view radiation patterns at 3.7 GHz (a) without DGS and (b) with ...

Figure 4.5 Simulation of an antenna radiation pattern without the use of DGS (...

Figure 4.6 Simulation of an antenna radiation pattern with the use of DGS (a) ...

Figure 4.7 Gain of the antenna (a) without DGS and (b) with DGS.

Figure 4.8 The proposed antenna’s 3D SAR distribution at 3.7 GHz.

Figure 4.9 (a) Antenna with VNA, (b) Calibration kit, (c) Antenna front view, ...

Figure 4.10 Measurement of return loss (a) without DGS (b) with DGS.

Figure 4.11 Return loss vs. Frequency (a) without DGS (b) with DGS.

Figure 4.12 Far-field measurement setup of the proposed antenna.

Figure 4.13 A comparison of the radiation patterns observed and those simulate...

Figure 4.14 A comparison of the radiation patterns observed and those simulate...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Top (green color) and bottom (yellow color) view layout of the prop...

Figure 5.2 Simulated return loss versus frequency curve of the Antenna-1, Ante...

Figure 5.3 Simulated gain versus frequency curve of the Antenna-1, Antenna-2 &...

Figure 5.4 Simulated return loss & gain versus frequency curve of the proposed...

Figure 5.5 Simulated VSWR & group delay versus frequency curve of the proposed...

Figure 5.6 Simulated three-dimensional (3D) gain at 8.80 GHz of the Antenna-3 ...

Figure 5.7 Simulated three-dimensional (3D) gain at 11.53 GHz of the Antenna-3...

Figure 5.8 Simulated surface current distributions at 8.80 GHz of the Antenna-...

Figure 5.9 Simulated surface current distributions at 11.53 GHz of the Antenna...

Figure 5.10 Simulated radiation efficiency of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

Figure 5.11 Simulated far-field radiation pattern at 8.80 GHz of the Antenna-3...

Figure 5.12 Simulated far-field radiation pattern at 11.53 GHz of the Antenna-...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 (a). Forward bias of BAP65-03 (b). Reverse bias of BAP65-03.

Figure 6.2 Front view.

Figure 6.3 Back view.

Figure 6.4 S

11

in off mode of diode.

Figure 6.5 S

11

in on mode of diode.

Figure 6.6 VSWR during OFF mode of p-i-n diode.

Figure 6.7 VSWR during ON mode of p-i-n diode.

Figure 6.8 S

11

of antenna.

Figure 6.9 Ground plane current distribution at 5.4GHz.

Figure 6.10 S

11

of antenna with rectangular slots.

Figure 6.11 Return loss for L-shaped slot antenna.

Figure 6.12 Return loss of antenna with U-shaped slot.

Figure 6.13 Gain plots in OFF condition.

Figure 6.14 Gain plots in ON condition.

Figure 6.15 Pattern at 4.7GHz.

Figure 6.16 Pattern at 5.6GHz.

Figure 6.17 Pattern at 7.2GHz.

Figure 6.18 Fabricated reconfigurable antenna.

Figure 6.19 Measured return loss of antenna during off condition of diode.

Figure 6.20 Measured return loss of antenna during on condition of the diode.

Figure 6.21 Return loss during on and off mode of diode - simulated.

Figure 6.22 S-parameter comparison (measured and simulated) - off state.

Figure 6.23 S-parameter comparison (measured and simulated) - on state.

Figure 6.24 Return loss comparison (measured) - on and off mode of the diode.

Figure 6.25 Overall result comparison.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 SRR-inspired polygonal antenna - design stages.

Figure 7.2 Front and back view of the proposed antenna with its parameters.

Figure 7.3 Antenna A, B, C & D – S

11

comparison.

Figure 7.4 S

11

comparison – various feed width (wf).

Figure 7.5 S

11

comparison – various ground length (lg).

Figure 7.6 S

11

comparison – SRR rings.

Figure 7.7 Fabricated antenna.

Figure 7.8 E-plane & H-plane pattern (measured and simulated) at resonating fr...

Figure 7.9 SRR-inspired polygonal antenna - surface current distribution.

Figure 7.10 Gain of the SRR-inspired polygonal antenna.

Figure 7.11 Simulated vs. measured s11 plot of SRR-inspired polygonal antenna.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 H-shaped DRA MIMO antenna.

Figure 8.2 Complementary meander-line geometry.

Figure 8.3 Reflection coefficient vs. frequency for MIMO DRA.

Figure 8.4 Gain and directivity of H-shaped DRA at 3.5 GHz.

Figure 8.5 Gain and directivity of H-shaped DRA at 5.8 GHz.

Figure 8.6 Radiation pattern of H-shaped DRA in the H-plane.

Figure 8.7 Radiation pattern of H-shaped DRA in the E-plane.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Block diagram of high-power microwave system.

Figure 9.2 Linear and circular polarization.

Figure 9.3 Perspective view and side view of the circular waveguide polarizer.

Figure 9.4 Conversion of linear to TE

11

mode circularly polarized output.

Figure 9.5 Parametric analysis of the polarizer design.

Figure 9.6 Parametric analysis of metallic strip at different angles.

Figure 9.7 Simulated axial ratio plot with periodicity of metallic structure.

Figure 9.8 Simulated S parameter (S

11

) for proposed waveguide polarizer.

Figure 9.9 Simulated electric field distribution of the circular waveguide pol...

Figure 9.10 Simulated radiation pattern E plane and H plane.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Geometry of simulated single RSRR.

Figure 10.2 Equivalent circuit of single RSRR.

Figure 10.3 S-parameter plot.

Figure 10.4 Permittivity plot of metamaterial unit cell.

Figure 10.5 Permeability plot of metamaterial unit cell.

Figure 10.6 Design process for three stages.

Figure 10.7 S11 vs. frequency plot for all three stages.

Figure 10.8 Monopole antenna with MTM.

Figure 10.9 S11 vs. frequency plot.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Working of wireless sensor networks.

Figure 11.2 Organization of sensor node.

Figure 11.3 Flow chart.

Figure 11.4 Network analysis.

Figure 11.5 Architecture of adaptive sleep/awake scheduling.

Figure 11.6 Detail design.

Figure 11.7 Flow chart.

Figure 11.8 Sequence diagram.

Figure 11.9 Random node operation.

Figure 11.10 Node deployment algorithm for energy calculation.

Figure 11.11 Self-adaptive sleep/awake approach for energy efficiency.

Figure 11.12 Flow chart to compute performance metric.

Figure 11.13 Sleep-awake terminal.

Figure 11.14 Self-adaptive sleep/awake algorithm at time 0.0 ms.

Figure 11.15 At time 2.54 ms: source node – 9 and destination node - 23.

Figure 11.16 At time 3.46 ms, path node between source node 9 and destination ...

Figure 11.17 At time 4.53 ms, source node – 18 and destination node - 12.

Figure 11.18 At time 4.72 ms, problem node 16.

Figure 11.19 At time 6.38 ms, new path selected.

Figure 11.20 At time 2.54 ms: source node – 9 and destination node – 23.

Figure 11.21 At time 2.56 ms, path node between source node 9 and destination ...

Figure 11.22 At time 4.56 ms, source node – 18 and destination node – 12.

Figure 11.23 At time 4.88 ms, problem node 16.

Figure 11.24 At time 6.62 ms, new path selected.

Figure 11.25 XGraph: average throughput.

Figure 11.26 X-Graph: average end-to-end delay.

Figure 11.27 X-Graph: packet delivery ratio/fraction.

Figure 11.28 X-Graph: overhead.

Figure 11.29 X-Graph: average energy.

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Begin Reading

About the Editors

Index

Also of Interest

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Pages

ii

iii

iv

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

xv

xvii

xviii

xix

xx

xxi

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

265

266

267

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Digital Convergence in Engineering Systems

Series Editors

Rathishchandra R Gatti is currently Professor and head, Department of Mechanical and Robotics Engineering at SCEM. Previously, he worked in Curtin University as academic and patent analyst, General Electric as new product development engineer, SVI as manufacturing supervisor, Meritor Automotive as Automotive designer, and Trainee Engineer at Rapsri Engineering. He has PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Curtin University, MBA Operations from IGNOU and BE in mechanical engineering from NITK, Suratkal. He has 18+ patents, 40+ publications and edited/coauthored 8+ SCOPUS Indexed books.

Chandra Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Sahyadri College of Engineering & Management. He has Obtained B E and M. Tech from Srinivas School of Engineering, Mukka and NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte. He is pursuing his PhD from VTU Belagavi, India. He has 10+ patents, 25+ publications. He has also received many awards and accolades during his short carrier He has 8+ books published by Scopus recognised publishers.

Steven Fernandes, currently an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Creighton University, specializes in extracting patterns from big data using advanced AI techniques. With a postdoctoral background at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the University of Central Florida—working on projects funded by NIH, DARPA, NSF, and RBC—he has contributed to artificial intelligence research through publications in selective venues and applications in computer vision, natural language processing, and medical image processing.

Srividya P., currently working as Associate Professor in the department of electronics and communication engineering, RVCE, Bangalore, India. Has 20 years of teaching experience. Has 2 patents published and nearly 22 papers in international conferences, 18 papers in International journals and 7 book chapters in different books published by CRC press. Guided around 30 UG projects and 20 PG projects. Is editor for 2 books published by renowned publishers. Areas of interest include Analog VLSI design, Digital VLSI design and embedded systems.

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Digital Convergence in Antenna Designs

Applications for Real-Time Solutions

Edited by

P. Srividya

S. Ramya

Anitha Peram

and

Ashish Singh

This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyWhile the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119879701

Front cover images supplied by Pixabay.comCover design by Russell Richardson

List of Figures

1.1 5G system architecture.

1.2 Architecture of transmitter part of SDR.

1.3 Architecture of receiver part of SDR.

1.4 Illustration of functions of CR.

1.5 Radio frequency front-end of a CR.

1.6 Illustration of CR cognitive cycle.

1.7 Methods used for SS in CR.

1.8 Block diagram of MFD SS method.

1.9 Flow diagram illustrating EDSS method.

1.10 Block diagram of CFD SS method.

2.1 Evolution of proposed design.

2.2 Geometry of the proposed design.

2.3 s11 comparison graph.

2.4 Return loss plot of antenna A vs. antenna E.

2.5 Parametric analysis of feed width (wf).

2.6 Parametric analysis of strip width (x).

2.7 Parametric analysis of slot width (y).

2.8 Surface current distribution of the proposed structure.

2.9 E-plane and H-Plane pattern at various operating frequency.

2.10 Fabricated antenna.

2.11 Gain of the proposed structure.

2.12 Simulated vs. measured - return loss plot.

3.1 Two different-shaped element MIMO antenna.

3.2 Geometrical structure of two-different-shaped antenna with cut slot.

3.3 Ground plane with DGS.

3.4 Ground plane with DGS CS dimensions.

3.5 Equivalent circuit model for patch-1 and patch-2.

3.6 Equivalent circuit model for ground plane with DGS cut slot.

3.7 Graph of return loss (RL) and isolation of patch-1.

3.8 Graph of RL and MC of RPE-2.

3.9 VSWR of MA (RPE-1 and RPE-2).

3.10 Gain of MA.

3.11 Directivity of MA.

3.12 RP of MA.

3.13 4-different-shaped element MA.

3.14 Four-different-shaped element antenna with cut slot dimensions.

3.15 Ground plane with DGS.

3.16 GP with DGS CS dimensions.

3.17 RL and isolation of RPE-1.

3.18 RL and isolation of patch-2.

3.19 VSWR of MA.

3.20 Directivity of MA.

3.21 Gain of MA.

3.22 RP of MA.

4.1 Various antenna iterations using a triangular Sierpinski gasket.

4.2 Front and back views of a proposed antenna (a) without DGS (b) with DGS.

4.3 S

11

Vs frequency simulation for the antenna (a) with DGS (b) without DGS.

4.4 3D view radiation patterns at 3.7 GHz (a) without DGS and (b) with DGS.

4.5 Simulation of an antenna radiation pattern without the use of DGS (a) Y-Z plane (Phi=90°), (b) X-Y plane (Phi=°), (c) X-Z (Theta=90°).

4.6 Simulation of an antenna radiation pattern with the use of DGS (a) Y-Z plane (Phi=90°), (b) X-Y plane (Phi=0°), (c) X-Z (Theta=90°).

4.7 Gain of the antenna (a) without DGS and (b) with DGS.

4.8 The proposed antenna’s 3D SAR distribution at 3.7 GHz.

4.9 (a) Antenna with VNA, (b) Calibration kit, (c) Antenna front view, (d) Antenna back view.

4.10 Measurement of return loss (a) without DGS (b) with DGS.

4.11 Return loss vs. Frequency (a) without DGS (b) with DGS.

4.12 Far-field measurement setup of the proposed antenna.

4.13 A comparison of the radiation patterns observed and those simulated in (a) XY, (b) YZ, and (c) XZ planes without a DGS antenna.

4.14 A comparison of the radiation patterns observed and those simulated in (a) XY, (b) YZ, and (c) XZ planes with a DGS antenna.

5.1 Top (green color) and bottom (yellow color) view layout of the proposed antenna (Antenna-3).

5.2 Simulated return loss versus frequency curve of the Antenna-1, Antenna-2 & Antenna-3.

5.3 Simulated gain versus frequency curve of the Antenna-1, Antenna-2 & Antenna-3.

5.4 Simulated return loss & gain versus frequency curve of the proposed antenna (Antenna-3).

5.5 Simulated VSWR & group delay versus frequency curve of the proposed antenna (Antenna-3).

5.6 Simulated three dimensional (3D) gain at 8.80 GHz of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

5.7 Simulated three dimensional (3D) gain at 11.53 GHz of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

5.8 Simulated surface current distributions at 8.80 GHz of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

5.9 Simulated surface current distributions at 11.53 GHz of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

5.10 Simulated radiation efficiency of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

5.11 Simulated far-field radiation pattern at 8.80 GHz of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

5.12 Simulated far-field radiation pattern at 11.53 GHz of the Antenna-3 (proposed).

6.1 (a). Forward bias of BAP65-03 (b). Reverse bias of BAP65-03.

6.2 Front view.

6.3 Back view.

6.4 S

11

in off mode of diode.

6.5 S

11

in on mode of diode.

6.6 VSWR during OFF mode of p-i-n diode.

6.7 VSWR during ON mode of p-i-n diode.

6.8 S

11

of antenna.

6.9 Ground plane current distribution at 5.4GHz.

6.10 S

11

of antenna with rectangular slots.

6.11 Return loss for L-shaped slot antenna.

6.12 Return loss of antenna with U-shaped slot.

6.13 Gain plots in OFF condition.

6.14 Gain plots in ON condition.

6.15 Pattern at 4.7GHz.

6.16 Pattern at 5.6GHz.

6.17 Pattern at 7.2GHz.

6.18 Fabricated reconfigurable antenna.

6.19 Measured return loss of antenna during off condition of diode.

6.20 Measured return loss of antenna during on condition of the diode.

6.21 Return loss during on and off mode of diode - simulated.

6.22 S-parameter comparison (measured and simulated) - off state.

6.23 S-parameter comparison (measured and simulated) - on state.

6.24 Return loss comparison (measured) - on and off mode of the diode.

6.25 Overall result comparison.

7.1 SRR-inspired polygonal antenna - design stages.

7.2 Front and back view of the proposed antenna with its parameters.

7.3 Antenna A, B, C & D – S

11

comparison.

7.4 S

11

comparison – various feed width (wf).

7.5 S

11

comparison – various ground length (lg).

7.6 S

11

comparison – SRR rings.

7.7 Fabricated antenna.

7.8 E-plane & H-plane pattern (measured and simulated) at resonating frequencies.

7.9 SRR-inspired polygonal antenna - surface current distribution.

7.10 Gain of the SRR-inspired polygonal antenna.

7.11 Simulated vs. measured s11 plot of SRR-inspired polygonal antenna.

8.1 H-shaped DRA MIMO antenna.

8.2 Complementary meander-line geometry.

8.3 Reflection coefficient vs. frequency for MIMO DRA.

8.4 Gain and directivity of H-shaped DRA at 3.5 GHz.

8.5 Gain and directivity of H-shaped DRA at 5.8 GHz.

8.6 Radiation pattern of H-shaped DRA in the H-plane.

8.7 Radiation pattern of H-shaped DRA in the E-plane.

9.1 Block diagram of high power microwave system.

9.2 Linear and circular polarization.

9.3 Perspective view and side view of the circular waveguide polarizer.

9.4 Conversion of linear to TE

11

mode circularly polarized output.

9.5 Parametric analysis of the polarizer design.

9.6 Parametric analysis of metallic strip at different angles.

9.7 Simulated axial ratio plot with periodicity of metallic structure.

9.8 Simulated S parameter (S

11

) for proposed waveguide polarizer.

9.9 Simulated electric field distribution of the circular waveguide polarizer.

9.10 Simulated radiation pattern E plane and H plane.

10.1 Geometry of simulated single RSRR.

10.2 Equivalent circuit of single RSRR.

10.3 S-parameter plot.

10.4 Permittivity plot of metamaterial unit cell.

10.5 Permeability plot of metamaterial unit cell.

10.6 Design process for three stages.

10.7 S11 vs. frequency plot for all three stages.

10.8 Monopole antenna with MTM.

10.9 S11 vs. frequency plot.

11.1 Working of wireless sensor networks.

11.2 Organization of sensor node.

11.3 Flow chart.

11.4 Network analysis.

11.5 Architecture of adaptive sleep/awake scheduling.

11.6 Detail design.

11.7 Flow chart.

11.8 Sequence diagram.

11.9 Random node operation.

11.10 Node deployment algorithm for energy calculation.

11.11 Self-adaptive sleep/awake approach for energy efficiency.

11.12 Flow chart to compute performance metric.

11.13 Sleep-awake terminal.

11.14 Self-adaptive sleep/awake algorithm at time 0.0 ms.

11.15 At time 2.54 ms: source node – 9 and destination node - 23.

11.16 At time 3.46 ms, path node between source node 9 and destination node 23.

11.17 At time 4.53 ms, source node – 18 and destination node - 12.

11.18 At time 4.72 ms, problem node 16.

11.19 At time 6.38 ms, new path selected.

11.20 At time 2.54 ms: source node – 9 and destination node – 23.

11.21 At time 2.56 ms, path node between source node 9 and destination node 23.

11.22 At time 4.56 ms, source node – 18 and destination node – 12.

11.23 At time 4.88 ms, problem node 16.

11.24 At time 6.62 ms, new path selected.

11.25 XGraph: average throughput.

11.26 X-Graph: average end-to-end delay.

11.27 X-Graph: packet delivery ratio/fraction.

11.28 X-Graph: overhead.

11.29 X-Graph: average energy.

List of Tables

1.1 Probable uni-directional connections in CRNs.

2.1 Parameters values in mm.

2.2 Resonant frequency and bandwidth comparison of evolved antenna.

2.3 Comparison of various evolved antenna.

2.4 Comparison proposed antenna vs. literature.

3.1 The geometrical structure of patches.

3.2 Characteristics of substrate.

3.3 Characteristics of substrate.

3.4 Geometrical structure of DGS in GP.

3.5 RL (S

11

) and isolation (S

12

).

3.6 RL (S

22

) and isolation (S

21

).

3.7 VSWR of MA (RPE-1 and RPE-2).

3.8 CC, ECC and TARC value of MA.

3.9 Geometrical structure of cut slot in patch.

3.10 GS of GP with DGS CS.

3.11 RL (S

11

) and isolation (S

12

, S

13

and S

14

).

3.12 RL (S

22

) and isolation (S

21

, S

23

and S

24

).

3.13 RL (S

33

) and isolation (S

31

, S

32

and S

34

).

3.14 RL (S

44

) and isolation (S

41

, S

42

and S

43

).

3.15 CC, ECC and TARC value of MA.

3.16 VSWR of MA.

3.17 Comparison of two-element MIMO antenna with other works.

3.18 Comparison of four-element MIMO antenna with other works.

4.1 The proposed antenna’s dimensions.

4.2 Results of SAR simulations.

4.3 Comparison of results.

5.1 Comparative performance of antenna-1, antenna-2 & antenna-3.

5.2 A comparative overview of the proposed antenna (antenna-3).

6.1 Comparison of PIN diodes with other diodes.

6.2 Measurements of the antenna.

6.3 Summary of intermediate design steps.

6.4 Comparison of simulated and antenna prototype results.

7.1 Dimensions of the SRR-inspired polygonal antenna.

7.2 Comparison of antenna evolved in the design.

7.3 Simulated vs. measured results.

7.4 Proposed antenna vs. literature.

8.1 Dimensions of the proposed antenna.

9.1 Comparison between previously published circular waveguide polarizers.

10.1 Comparison between proposed and literature work.

11.1 Initialization testing.

11.2 Functional testing.

11.3 Simulation parameters required for performance evaluation.

11.4 Performance table for self-adaptive algorithm.

Preface

It is indeed a great pleasure for us to present a new book to our esteemed readers, titled on Digital Convergence in Antenna Designs. The main objective of the book is to present, in sufficient depth, analytical and practical models and ideas in the field of antennas.

The book is divided into three sections. The first section gives a detailed description of 5G and its applications; the second section deals with wireless communication and its applications, and the third section discusses the various MIMO techniques.

Chapter 1 presents an insight into 5G technology along with cognitive radio that helps in optimum usage of radio resources by providing an efficient way of communication. The technology offers higher speed, lower latency, higher coverage and higher spectral efficiency. 5G provides a great transformation during our lifetime with unlimited possibilities. 5G system architecture, the network elements, design problems, infrastructure needs, features, 5G slicing and pros and cons of 5G are described in detail in this chapter.

A metamaterial-inspired slot antenna with defected ground structure is proposed for the wireless medical device and other wireless applications in Chapter 2. The results are simulated using CST software. The entire structure is characterized with the help of return loss, gain, current distribution, and radiation pattern. The initial design of a rectangular patch antenna has a single-band operation and by introducing slots in the radiating patch and metamaterial at the back of the substrate, the structure is proven suitable for multiband operation.

Chapter 3 suggests an insight on wideband antenna applications. The antenna consists of rectangular radiating components with slots carved out for operation in two or more bands. On an FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a height of 1.6mm, both antennas have been built. The radiating patches are excited by the inset feed line. Due to the radiating components’ close proximity, high isolation is attained. The simulation results show that the two proposed antennas have a wide bandwidth, better isolation, return loss, correlation coefficients, envelope correlation coefficients, and total active reflection coefficients across the resonating frequency.

Chapter 4 describes the creation of a dumpy-shaped, condensed fractal antenna by conformal characteristics, which is necessary to meet the demands of 5th-generation wireless wearable and flexible device practise. A Computer Simulation Technologies (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) 3D electromagnetic simulation tool is used to build and analyze the portable antenna. To enable wireless body parts data transmission, the proposed antenna is developed and configured for a wearable wearer.

Chapter 5 presents a compact (32 × 32 × 1.6 mm3), microstrip line-fed, dual-frequency X-band (8-12 GHz) application and is largely suitable for modern radar applications. The group delay time of the proposed antenna ranges from -0.90 ns to 0. 0 ns (0.5 ns) and the VSWR of the proposed antenna is close to 1 and obtained below 2. The proposed structure and model of the antenna were analyzed using ANSOFT-HFSS simulation tool version 13.

Chapter 6 focuses on compact reconfigurable antenna for multiband frequencies. The designed patch antenna has been designed on FR 4 glass epoxy substrate. A diode is placed into the U-slot at ground to switch the frequency. The frequency switching from 7.2 to 4.7 GHz is noticed between the pin diode’s OFF and ON periods. The antenna resonated at the same frequency during the ON and OFF periods of the diode. The designed antenna has obtained reasonable gain in both the bands.

Chapter 7 focuses on a simple printed antenna with polygonal radiating element feed with a microstrip line feed for the tri-band applications. The polygonal radiating element has five sides, made up of thin copper of thickness 0.0035 mm. The antenna is designed and fabricated on an FR4 substrate. The structure has a pentagonal printed patch as the seed element and is followed by four stages of evolution. The structure with a split-ring resonator can achieve tri-band operation at 3.01 GHz, 3.3 GHz, and 5 GHz. The performance of the antenna, such as return loss, VSWR, surface current density, gain, directivity, 3D radiation pattern, E-plane, and H-plane radiation pattern are presented. Compact size, stable radiation pattern, good gain, tri-band application with good impedance matching makes this antenna more suitable for the WiMAX and WLAN applications.

A dielectric resonator antenna has been proposed in Chapter 8 and is excited with aperture coupled feeding. A slot has been created on the substrate to excite the antenna and a microstrip feed line is connected. The gap between the two elements is 7 mm which is a very minimum. Complementary meander line which is used here works like a stop band filter. The results are satisfying applications of C-band uplink and C-band downlink frequency range and also it satisfies the WiMAX band. After placing the complementary meander-line in high frequency it was found that the electric field distribution is variable.

Chapter 9 presents a circular waveguide polarizer with periodic metallic structure loading. The designed structure consists of a thick metallic structure, periodically placed in a circular waveguide to produce CP TE11 mode output. In the proposed design, TE11