Ecosystem Management E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1079

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

This book is essential for anyone who wants to understand the challenges of environmental degradation and learn about the sustainable solutions needed to address these critical issues.

Today, the entire globe is suffering from various forms of environmental degradation, resource depletion, and an imbalance of natural phenomena. In this context, one of the major issues is loss of ecosystem services and proper functioning of natural ecosystems. Pollution, ecological invasion, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, and loss of productivity across various ecosystems have become the biggest challenges humankind is faced with. Considering Sustainable Development Goals 2030, the major target is to restore degraded ecosystems and their functionality, which will bring back the valuable ecosystem services of a diverse ecosystem. Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Sustainability addresses all these issues to teach a global readership the dimensions of ecosystem services and ways toward a future sustainable world.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

1 Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Global Sustainability—An Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Ecosystem Management

1.3 Key Principles Behind Ecosystem Management

1.4 Climate Change and Ecosystem Management

1.5 Issues and Challenges of Global Sustainability

1.6 Climate Change and Health

1.7 Ecosystem Management and Global Sustainability

1.8 Conclusion

1.9 Future Perspectives of Ecosystem Management, Climate Change, and Global Sustainability

References

2 Climate Change Mitigation Through Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Climate Change Risks on Global Agriculture System

2.3 The History and Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Agriculture

2.4 Climate-Smart Agriculture

2.5 Importance of Sustainable and Climate-Smart Agriculture

2.6 Various Climate-Smart Technologies Toward CC Mitigation

2.7 Policy Support and International Cooperation

2.8 Future Directives Toward Climate-Smart Practices Toward Sustainable Agriculture

2.9 Conclusion

References

3 Management of Soil Degradation: A Comprehensive Approach for Combating Soil Degradation, Food Insecurity, and Climate Change

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Soil Degradation: Causes and Extent

3.3 Management of Soil Degradation

3.4 Win-Win Strategies/Effective Resource Utilization in Management of Degraded Soils

3.5 Conclusions

3.6 Future Perspective of Combating Land Degradation

References

4 Green Approaches to Mitigate Climate Change Issues in Indian Subcontinent

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Renewable Energy Initiatives

4.3 Sustainable Agriculture Practices

4.4 Forest Conservation and Reforestation in CC Mitigation

4.5 Waste Management and Circular Economy as Green Approach

4.6 Green Transportation and Green Urban Planning

4.7 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience

4.8 Policies and Governance in Promoting Green Approaches in Indian Subcontinent

4.9 Importance of Stakeholder Collaboration and International Cooperation in India in CC Mitigation Through Green Approach

4.10 Challenges and Opportunities Faced in Implementing Green Approaches in the Indian Subcontinent

4.11 Conclusion

References

5 Management of Environmental Pollution: Hyperaccumulator Plants, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), and Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Heavy Metals and Environmental Pollution

5.3 Impact of Heavy Metals

5.4 Remediation Measures

5.5 Phytoremediation

5.6 AMF in Heavy Metal Remediation

5.7 Biochar in Heavy Metal Remediation

5.8 Mechanisms of Biochar-AMF–Aided Phytoremediation

5.9 Future Prospects and Research Needs

5.10 Conclusion

References

6 Global Climate Change and Ecosystem Services: An Indian Perspective

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Understanding Ecosystem Services and Their Importance

6.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Ecosystem Services

6.4 Policy, Governance, and Future Pathways

6.5 Conclusion

References

7 Mensurational Assessment of Partial, Total Tree, and Stand Mortality of Mangrove Dieback Amidst Climate Change in The Gambia, West Africa

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Operational Definition of Dieback

7.3 Material and Methods

7.4 Findings

7.5 Conclusions

7.6 Management of Mangrove Ecosystem Against Dieback and Future Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

8 Heavy Metal Pollution and Environmental Sustainability: Issues, Challenges, and Bioremediation Strategies

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals

8.3 Toxic Effects of Heavy Metals

8.4 Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Heavy Metal Remediation

8.5 Conclusion

References

9 Innovative Techniques for Soil and Water Conservation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Importance of Soil and Water Conservation

9.3 Emerging Technologies in Soil and Water Conservation

9.4 Innovative Techniques for Soil Conservation

9.5 Nanotechnology for Soil and Water Conservation

9.6 Innovative Techniques for Water Conservation

9.7 Challenges and Opportunities in Adopting Innovative Techniques for Water and Soil Conservation

9.8 Conclusion

9.9 Future Outlook for Innovative Water and Soil Conservation

References

10 “Green Technology”—Efficient Solution Toward Environmental Management in 21st Century

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Application of Green Technology in Different Sectors

10.3 Challenges in Adopting Green Technology

10.4 Government Initiative in Green Technology

10.5 Some Green Companies in India

10.6 Conclusion

10.7 Future Perspective of Green Technology Toward Environmental Management

References

11 Navigating Sustainability and Ecosystem Management Through a Systemic Lens: Core Principles

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Prerequisites for the Shift Toward Sustainability: A Historical and Resource-Energy Perspective

11.3 Natural and Societal Underpinnings of Sustainability

11.4 Systemic Basics of Natural and Social Object Functioning

11.5 Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Management Through the Prism of System Principles

11.6 Contours of Sustainable Economy

11.7 Key Pathways for Advancing Sustainable Economy

11.8 Principles of Natural and Social Systems’ Sustainable Development

11.9 Ecosystems’ Contributions to Maintaining Equilibrium in a Sustainable Economy

11.10 Mechanisms of Sustainability Transformation

11.11 Conclusions

References

12 A Vulnerability Study on Groundwater Arsenic Exposures and Possible Sustainable Management Options

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Toxicity of Arsenic

12.3 Origin and Mobility of Arsenic in the Environment

12.4 Arsenic in Soil and Crops

12.5 Epidemiology of Chronic Arsenicosis

12.6 Arsenic Flow in Ecosystems

12.7 Arsenic-Induced Health Risks Through Dietary Pathway

12.8 Strategic Management of Arsenic Contamination

12.9 Biological Techniques for Removal of Arsenic

12.10 Water Resource Management for Minimization of Arsenic Contamination

12.11 Conclusions

12.12 Future Research and Development Toward Management of Groundwater Contamination of Arsenic

References

13 Lessons Learned From Six Landscape Restoration Initiatives in Cameroon with Focus on the Species Selection and Women’s Involvement

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Site and Project Selection

13.3 Data Collection Device

13.4 General Characterization

13.5 Species Choice

13.6 Key Aspects and Lessons Learned

13.7 Conclusions Recommendations and Future Perspectives

References

14 Micropollutants in Environment: Sources, Ecotoxicity, and Strategies for Remediation

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Environmental Pollution as a Decade-Old Concern

14.3 Micropollutants in the Environment and Their Sources

14.4 Ecotoxicity of Micropollutants

14.5 Molecular Mechanism of Toxicity

14.6 Remedial Approaches

14.7 Future Research and Development on Micropollutants for Sustainable Ecosystem Management

14.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

15 Acid Mine Drainage: A Silent Threat to Environmental Health and Its Journey Toward Sustainable Management

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Understanding the Genesis and Characteristics of AMD

15.3 Scenario of AMD in Globe and Indian Subcontinent

15.4 Impacts of AMD

15.5 Prevention of AMD

15.6 Remediation from AMD

15.7 Sustainable Mining Practices

15.8 Conclusion

15.9 Future Researches and Development in AMD

References

16 Bio-Collage Mode of Plantation for Increase in Green Cover to Manage Ecosystem and Environment

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Background

16.3 Objective

16.4 Practices of Plantation

16.5 Recast Modality of Plantation

16.6 Elaboration of Suitable Plant Types

16.7 Statutory Precaution

16.8 Future Directive

16.9 Conclusion

References

17 The Impact of Unsustainable Development and Climate Change on Agriculture and Forestry in Nigeria: Predictions, Solutions, and Management

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Unsustainable Development: The Nigeria Perspective

17.3 Fisheries and Vegetation Resources in Nigeria

17.4 Climate Change Scenario in Nigeria

17.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal and Land Resources

17.6 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Natural Resources

17.7 Environmental Management of Natural Resources

17.8 Solutions to Present and Future Climate Change Predictions

17.9 Policy Decision and Regulation/Legal Framework

17.10 Conclusion and Recommendations

17.11 Future Perspective

References

18 Monitoring Water Quality to Support Sustainable Development: A Case Study From a Small Tropical Mountain River System, Southwest of Kerala, India

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Data and Methodology

18.3 Results and Discussion

18.4 Conclusion

18.5 Future Perspective of Water Quality Monitoring and Environmental Sustainability

Acknowledgment

References

19 Wetland Management Through Integrated Fish Farming: An Institutional Case Study

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Wetland/Water Body

19.3 Aquaculture Research and Training Unit

19.4 Management of Water Body

19.5 Future Plans

19.6 Future Research and Development in Integrated Fish Farming and Wetland Management

19.7 Conclusion

References

20 Millet-Based Food Adoption for Environmental Sustainability and Nutritional Security

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Origin of Millets

20.3 Global Distribution and Production of Millets

20.4 Distribution of Millet Cultivation in India

20.5 Millets with Their Nutritional Value

20.6 Millet Cultivation Toward Environmental Resilience and Agricultural Sustainability

20.7 Health Benefits of Millet

20.8 Effect of Millet Consumption on Gut Microbiome

20.9 Constraints of Millet Production

20.10 Millet-Based Value-Added Products

20.11 Millet as the Staple Food for Tribal Community

20.12 Millet Movement Under Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Program

20.13 Conclusion

20.14 Future Research and Development in Sustainable Millet Production and Environmental Sustainability

References

About the Editors

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Various case studies of ecosystem management across the globe.

Table 1.2 Types of ecosystem management.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 CSA adaptation strategies in various nations [58].

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Soil degradation, types, and affected area in the world.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Gross power generation from different renewable and nonconventional ...

Table 4.2 India’s position in GHG emissions worldwide in 2022.

Table 4.3 Approach of circular economy in combating climate change.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Plant species suitable for phytoremediation.

Table 5.2 Heavy metal toxicity in hyperaccumulator plant species [77].

Table 5.3 Mechanisms of heavy metal toxification by AMF.

Table 5.4 Biochar-mediated phytoremediation.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Impact of climate change on various ecosystem services in different ...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Structural characteristics of vegetation (tree species (Dbh ≥ 1 cm) ...

Table 7.2 Relative frequency, relative density, dominance, and important value...

Table 7.3 Incidence of mangrove species whole tree mortality (%) [tree species...

Table 7.4 Incidence of mangrove species partial tree mortality (%) [tree speci...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Types of heavy metals.

Table 8.2 Pedogenic sources of HMs.

Table 8.3 Anthropogenic sources of HMs.

Table 8.4 Bioaccumulation potential of organisms.

Table 8.5 Heavy metal toxicity and its impact on human health.

Table 8.6 Biosorption potential of microorganisms.

Table 8.7 Application of microbial remediation techniques of HMs and other pol...

Table 8.8 Hyperaccumulators and mechanism of phytoremediation.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Importance of soil and water conservation.

Table 9.2 Emerging technologies in soil and water conservation [30–32].

Table 9.3 Summarizing innovative soil conservation techniques.

Table 9.4 Summary of the application of polymers and biopolymers in soil conse...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Various applications of green technologies in different areas.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Comparative analysis of traditional and sustainable economies.

Table 11.2 Principles of social organization in space (“ecological republic”).

Table 11.3 Principles of organization in time (principles of the “trinity of t...

Table 11.4 Principles of environmental sustainability (the “eternal well” prin...

Table 11.5 Principles of “ecological objectives.”

Table 11.6 Principles of “ecological incentives.”

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Arsenic levels in soils.

Table 12.2 Arsenic levels in rice crop and vegetables.

Table 12.3 Arsenic removal process and techniques.

Table 12.4 Feasibility of some arsenic removal process [14].

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 List and characteristics of selected projects.

Table 13.2 List of species used in each restoration initiative.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Sources, application, and health problems induced by various microp...

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Primary and secondary sources of AMD [7].

Table 15.2 Key factors determining the amount of acid formation [7].

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 A panel of 10 befitting climbers.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Unsustainably caught fishes in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Table 17.2 Main estuaries and rivers of Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 The estimated concentration of water quality characteristics in wat...

Table 18.2 The hydrochemical parameter correlation matrix.

Table 18.3 Comparison of the monitored values against data of various standard...

Table 18.4 SAR, Na%, RSC, and permeability index of the Thuthapuzha River.

Table 18.5 Permeability index, SAR, Na%, and RSC classify river water.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Types of millets with their origin and special characteristics.

Table 20.2 Country-wise millet production in 1,000 MT in the year 2023.

Table 20.3 Millet cultivation in Indian with nutritional value.

Table 20.4 Nutrient contents of different millets (in 100 g).

Table 20.5 The millet-based food items and their nutrient value.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Dimensions of ecosystem management and sustainability.

Figure 1.2 Challenges associated with the event of climatic extremes.

Figure 1.3 Elements of sustainability.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Sustainable agriculture and its benefits.

Figure 2.2 Climate-smart agriculture.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Causes and sources of soil degradation [34].

Figure 3.2 Soil degradation type and their methods for management [48].

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Climate change mitigation initiatives through different green appro...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Plant heavy metal toxicity and their survival mechanisms [70].

Figure 5.2 Plant mechanisms in heavy metal accumulation [92].

Figure 5.3 AMF in heavy metal remediation.

Figure 5.4 Merits of biochar application in soil.

Figure 5.5 Positive effects of biochar-AMF–aided phytoremediation [124].

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Effects of climate change on ecosystem services and potential futur...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Map showing the location of permanent sample plots.

Figure 7.2 Levels of whole tree and partial tree assessments covered by the st...

Figure 7.3 Schematic layout of mangrove plots.

Figure 7.4 Illustration of diameter and height measurements on a mangrove tree...

Figure 7.5 Marked point of measurement.

Figure 7.6 Profile diagram of changes in dominant tree top height in affected ...

Figure 7.7 Profile diagram of changes in dominant tree diameter in affected an...

Figure 7.8 Size class distribution of mangrove forests in study area in affect...

Figure 7.9 Whole tree mortality in the mangrove areas distributed by tree size...

Figure 7.10 Tree size class distribution of incidence of partial tree mortalit...

Figure 7.11 Good system of tyre culverts already practiced by local farmers in...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Schematic representation of biosorption mechanism.

Figure 8.2 Mechanisms of phytoremediation.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Application of nanotechnology in agriculture [56].

Figure 9.2 Nanotechnology for soil remediation [60].

Figure 9.3 Recent innovations of nanotechnology in water treatment [89].

Figure 9.4 Different types of desalination technologies [91].

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Aims and objectives of green technology.

Figure 10.2 Some criteria for green technology.

Figure 10.3 Solid waste management hierarchy.

Figure 10.4 Common steps involved in wastewater treatment.

Figure 10.5 List of projects in solar sector.

Figure 10.6 Projects in wind energy and waste-to-energy sector.

Figure 10.7 Projects in hydrogen energy.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Conventional scheme of relationships between the processes of main...

Figure 11.2 Essential foundations of the system emergence and development.

Figure 11.3 Contours of the sustainable (green) economy.

Figure 11.4 Conceptual directions for the formation of ecologization objective...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Sources, effects, and management of arsenic.

Figure 12.2 Arsenic flow in ecosystem.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Targeted project sites.

Figure 13.2 Species selected by the projects vs. species desired by local popu...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Different routes of exposure to micropollutants in the ecosystem.

Figure 14.2 Various impacts of micropollutant contamination in the different e...

Figure 14.3 Different sub-cellular changes after exposure to various micropoll...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Generation pathway of AMD.

Figure 15.2 Dangers associated with AMD.

Figure 15.3 Methodologies adopted for management of AMD in open pit mines.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 LED strip fitted on electric post on biswa bangla sarani, Newtown,...

Figure 16.2 Blooming climbers on tree.

Figure 16.3

Hiptage

climbing on neem tree.

Figure 16.4 Tarulota crawls on a physical structure.

Figure 16.5 Plantation (simultaneous) of saplings of climbers and tree.

Figure 16.6 Blooming climbers trail on bushy hedges.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Sections of mangrove forest impacted by (a) tidal erosion due to d...

Figure 17.2 Unsustainable fishing practices for tilapia, sardine, and mullet i...

Figure 17.3 Mangroves species found in Nigeria’s Niger Delta.

Figure 17.4 Bush fire caused by oil spill from vandalized pipelines in the Nig...

Figure 17.5 The causes of wetland degradation in the Niger Delta region, Niger...

Figure 17.6 Pollution caused by oil and gas exploration devastated land and wa...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Sites showing water sample of the study area. The map also shows t...

Figure 18.2 The chemical composition of river water samples shown by a Piper d...

Figure 18.3 Changes in the weight ratios of (A) Na/(Na + Ca) and (B) Cl/(Cl + ...

Figure 18.4 (Ca + Mg) vs. HCO3 scatter plot.

Figure 18.5 TZ

+

vs. (Ca + Mg) scatter plots.

Figure 18.6 TZ

+

vs. (Na + K) scatter plots.

Figure 18.7 USSL diagram of Thuthapuzha River water.

Figure 18.8 Wilcox diagram of Thuthapuzha River water.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 (a, b) Waterbody/wetland of the institution.

Figure 19.2 Location of the Institute and the water body/wetland.

Figure 19.3 The core team is in front of the pond wetland.

Figure 19.4 Schematic representation of wetland management.

Figure 19.5 (a–c) Variety of fish species used in polyculture.

Figure 19.6 (a, b) Fingerlings of various fish species were released in the po...

Figure 19.7 (a–c) Periodic inspection and sampling of fish in the pond wetland...

Figure 19.8 (a–d) Periodical capturing of adult fishes and other aquatic anima...

Figure 19.9 (a–c) Sell captured fish and other aquatic animals in the Gushkara...

Figure 19.10 (a–c) Various education and training programs in the pond wetland...

Figure 19.11 (a, b) Different larva-eating fish species are used for the biolo...

Figure 19.12 (a, b) Release ceremony of the larvicidal fishes in the wetland.

Figure 19.13 (a–d) Different dengue awareness programs and services.

Figure 19.14 (a–d) Different community works and awareness programs through th...

Figure 19.15 (a–c) Institutional waste-water management through natural phytor...

Figure 19.16 (a–c) Conservation of the ecosystem through wetland management.

Figure 19.17 (a–c) Conservation of the natural habitat through wetland managem...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Different types of millet.

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

Begin Reading

About the Editors

Index

Also of Interest

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Ecosystem Management

Climate Change and Sustainability

Edited by

Arnab Banerjee

Manoj Kumar Jhariya

Abhishek Raj

and

Taher Mechergui

This edition first published 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-394-23121-8

Front cover images supplied by Adobe FireflyCover design by Russell Richardson

List of Contributors

Arnab Banerjee, Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

Abhishek Raj, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, India

Taher Mechergui, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte-Laboratory of Forest-Pastoral Resources (Tabarka) Jarzouna, Tunisia

Saikat Mondal, Department of Zoology, Raghunathpur College, Purulia, West Bengal, India

Debnath Palit, Principal, Durgapur Government College, J.N. Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Muhammad Sohail, Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Hussein Alserae, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq

Ayesha Abdul Qadir, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Tajammal Hussain,Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Predrag Ilic, PSRI Institute for Protection and Ecology of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sobia Riaz Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

Zikria Zafar Institute of Forest Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

Jayati Chakraborti Department of Zoology, Sreegopal Banerjee College, Magra, India

Tareq A. Madouh Desert Agriculture and Ecosystems Program, Environment and Life sciences Research Centre, PO Box 24885, Kuwait City, Kuwait

Merlin K. Davidson Desert Agriculture and Ecosystems Program, Environment and Life sciences Research Centre, PO Box 24885, Kuwait City, 13109, Kuwait

Niladri Sekhar Mondal Department of Environmental Science, School of Sciences, Netaji Subhas Open University, DD-26, Sector-I, Salt Lake City, Kolkata

Apurba Ratan Ghosh Professor &HoD, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India

Gordon N. Ajonina Department of Aquatic Ecosystems Management Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, Yabassi, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701 Douala, Cameroun

J-Hude E. Moudingo Lab. of Plant Science, Department of Biology of Plant Organisms, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroun

Sudeshna Mitra State Aided College Teacher, Department of Microbiology, B.B. College Asansol, West Bengal, India

Prosanta Saha Asst. Professor, Department of Botany, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Maghchiche Abdelhak Pharmacy department, University Batna 2-Algeria

Sangeeta Banerjee SACT, Department of Botany, Kanchrapara College

Leonid Melnyk Department of Economics, Entrepreneurship, and Business Administration, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine

Inna Koblianska Department of Economics, Entrepreneurship, and Business Administration, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine

Iryna Dehtyarova Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management, Department of Marketing, Tilburg, The Netherlands

Oleksandr Kubatko Department of Economics, Entrepreneurship, and Business Administration, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine

Alok Chandra Samal Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Piyal Bhattacharya Department of Environmental Science, Kanchrapara College, West Bengal, India

Anusaya Mallick EIACP PC RP on Environmental Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Manoj Kumar Kar Department of Botany, Dhamnagar College, Bhadrak, Odisha, India

Subhas Chandra Santra Department of Environmental Science, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Abhratanu Ganguly Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal

Sayantani Nanda Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal

Kanchana Das Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India

Siddhartha Ghanty Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal

Gopal Biswas Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India

Moutushi Mandi Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India

Sagarika Mukherjee Department of Zoology, Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol, West Bengal, India

Manas Paramanik Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India

Prem Rajak Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India

Sudip Paramanik Epidemiology, Vector biology and Environmental monitoring Research Units, Entomology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India

Suman Dasmodak Epidemiology, Vector biology and Environmental monitoring Research Units, Entomology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India

Subhra Bandopadhyay Research Scholar, Department of Conservation Botany, Durgapur Government College, Kazi Nazrul University Bardhaman, West Bengal, India

Aroloye O. Numbere Department of Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science and Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt

Keayiabarido Jude Department of Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science and Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt

Sobomate B. Chuku Department of Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science and Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt

Miracle C. Uzoma Department of Biology and Biotechnology, School of Science and Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt

Chinedu Obanye African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR) University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria

Peace Ohia Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323 Choba

Udi Emoyoma African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR) University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria

Ibiene W. Dick-Abbey Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323 Choba

Shabna Sherin Department of PG Studies and Research in Geology MES Ponnani College (Calicut University) South Ponnani P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, India

Arunkumar K.S. Department of PG Studies and Research in Geology MES Ponnani College (Calicut University) South Ponnani P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, India

Sreechitra Suresh Department of PG Studies and Research in Geology MES Ponnani College (Calicut University) South Ponnani P.O., Malappuram, Kerala, India

Saurabh Sarkar Aquaculture Research & Training Unit, Science Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, West Bengal, India

Sukhendu Roy Aquaculture Research & Training Unit, Science Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, West Bengal, India

Aparnita Nandi Roy Aquaculture Research & Training Unit, Science Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, West Bengal, India

Ankit Kumar Bhagat Research & Development Cell, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, West Bengal, India

Hemanta Mukhopadhyay Aquaculture Research & Training Unit, Science Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, West Bengal, India

Uday Chand Mete Aquaculture Research & Training Unit, Science Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, West Bengal, India

Kumar Rajnish EIACP Programme Cell, EIACP Division, Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change, Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi, India

Kausik Mondal DESKU EIACP PC Resource Partner on Environmental Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Rasmani Hazra Biology and Environmental Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT, USA

Preface

The entire globe is suffering from various forms of environmental degradation, resource depletion, and imbalance of natural phenomena. One of the major issues is the loss of ecosystem services and proper functioning of the natural ecosystem. Pollution, ecological invasion, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, as well as productivity of various ecosystems have become the biggest challenges for humankind. Considering 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs), the major target is to restore degraded ecosystems and their functionality. This new volume addresses all these issues and helps to bring awareness to the dimensions of ecosystem services and ways toward a future sustainable world.

The global ecosystem is undergoing several challenges, leading to its alteration in structure, composition, and ecosystem services. One of the major issues is alteration of the ecosystem structure through ecological invasion of species and thereby affecting the functioning of the ecosystem. With sustainable development issues being top of mind, the function of our ecosystem is a key issue that needs to be addressed with the utmost priority. The rate of degradation of diverse ecosystems is significantly high, and that is hampering overall global sustainability. As a consequence of that, the earth is suffering from a crisis in terms of maintenance of human and other living beings’ survivability. This volume will help readers understand the problems associated with the ecosystem along with the mitigatory and adaptive measures to combat them. Further, it addresses various policy initiatives and management mechanisms to deal with such issues.

Arnab Banerjee

Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

Manoj Kumar Jhariya

Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

Abhishek Raj

Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India

Taher Mechergui

Jarzouna, Tunisia

1Ecosystem Management: Climate Change and Global Sustainability—An Introduction

Arnab Banerjee1*, Manoj Kumar Jhariya2, Abhishek Raj3 and Taher Mechergui4

1University Teaching Department, Department of Environmental Science, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalya, Chhattisgarh, India

2University Teaching Department, Department of Farm Forestry, Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalya, Chhattisgarh, India

3Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture & Forestry, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India

4Faculty of Sciences Bizerte - Laboratory of Forest-Pastoral Resources (Tabarka), Bizarte, Tabarka, Tunisia

Abstract

At the present context, global climate change is a mega event that is the biggest challenge for the mankind to face with. It is causing severe impacts over the existing ecosystem over the earth surface in the form of environmental degradation and challenging global sustainability. At this context, proper management of the ecosystem is the biggest challenge in front of the humankind. Ecosystem management is such a process that is linked with the decision-making process, planning, and strategy formulation that would help to build climate resiliency for the ecosystem as well as addressing global sustainability in social, economic, and environmental perspective. Therefore, ecosystem management encompasses management of natural resource, pollution control, checking environmental degradation, and move toward a sustainable and greener economy. Global sustainability is a broader term from the perspective of climate change as it hampers the various sustainability goals and well-being of mankind. There should a proper harmony between the ecosystems, their behavior, and services along with use of natural resources, which would govern the fate of future sustainability toward a greener or cleaner economy.

Keywords: Sustainability, climate change, ecosystem, management, conservation

1.1 Introduction

Ecosystem health is an important aspect that promotes the conservation of bioresources as well as provides sustainability in ecosystems. Bioresources are important aspect of life, which provides livelihood support and helps in adapting toward changing environmental scenario [1–3]. Even the economic system of the country is dependent upon the particular ecosystem and their services [4]. At present times, more focus on growth and productivity has led to unsustainable development with gradual loss of ecosystem services. Under the process of rapid economic growth, lack of proper funding process followed by overexploitation of resources has led to disruption of ecosystem service and functions on global basis [5]. As a consequence of all these, loss of biodiversity and habitat and irreversible change in the ecosystem structure were observed across the various countries across the world. These events are found to be more prominent in the developing world. Hence, to achieve sustainable development, proper formation of eco-friendly strategy for ecosystem management is the need of the hour [6, 7]. The negative consequences in terms of loss of biodiversity, habitat fragmentation, and alteration in ecosystem structure and function would create mass negative impact over the existence of future generation. Hence, to achieve the goals of sustainable development, proper strategy formulation is required for conservation and management of ecosystem. In this connection, agencies should focus on societal development as well as economic benefit, giving emphasis on development of key ecosystem components as well as ecosystem services [8–10]. On global basis, various forms of practices exist in terms of ecosystem management that includes traditional system as well as modernized system which has been shown in Table 1.1.

Human beings are the integral component of nature, and, hence, the survivability of us very much depends upon various natural ecological processes as well as on the sustainable production and services that we procure from the natural ecosystem [17]. Proper functioning of the ecosystem depends upon interaction between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Ecosystem management is a concept that aims toward sustainable use of ecosystem and their services along with natural resources as well reduce the impact over ecosystems [18, 19]. Therefore, essential ecosystems services need to be maintained in order to properly manage ecosystem as well fulfill the sustainable development goals. Across the time span, it was observed that depletion of natural resources results due to failure in the existing development policies. Further, there is gradual loss of biodiversity as well as degradation of the environment. Since, the last two decades number of approaches has been attempted to promote sustainable practices for conservation and management of ecosystem. Hence, the resolution of Agenda 21 under Rio conference has mentioned some key features for ecosystem management. Major key features include identification of deficiencies that lead to degradation of the environmental systems as well as find out suitable alternatives and approaches for sustainable use of ecosystem services without hampering the overall environmental quality. As per United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity [20], one seeks to find a harmony between natural resource use along with maintaining the biological integrity, structure, function and diversity of the particular ecosystem concern. Setting of proper goals and activities through adequate monitoring followed by R&D activities to fulfill the aims and objectives is required.

Table 1.1 Various case studies of ecosystem management across the globe.

S. no.

Event

References

1.

Burning of pine forest with long leaves in USA

[

11

]

2.

Legal ban on the harvesting of excreta of seabird species during the period of breeding as recommended by the then existing Inca

[

12

]

3.

Harvesting of the eggs of seabird through sustainable mode

[

13

]

4.

Intercropping approach under farming system of Maya milpa

[

14

]

5.

Management of Malpai Borderland

[

15

]

6.

Biosphere reserve of Helge å River and Kristianstads Vattenrike

[

16

]

Ecosystem is the largest biological unit that comprises the biota and non-living component as well as the underlying relationship between them. The major aspect of ecosystem includes variation at the species and ecosystem level. Now, the important aspect of nature is its goods and services that govern the existence of life on earth. Gradual degradation of various ecosystem components across the globe has caused loss of ecosystem services [21]. For example, various forms of degradation of forest land has caused decline in the availability of plant and food medicinal resources [22]. Hence, ecosystem management demands the conservation of the biological resources that surrounds us. Significant level of variation was observed in biodiversity level depending upon the climate, habitat condition, and other associated features. For isolated habitat patches, usually, they are low in diversity but enriched with endemism. However, it was observed that an ecosystem devoid of inappropriate species diversity may perform and provide diverse ecosystem services and functions. However, low species diversity would make the species more vulnerable to catastrophic hazards or associated forms of environmental degradation. Therefore, proper management of ecosystem monitoring and review of biodiversity trends and patterns become highly important [23, 24].

1.2 Ecosystem Management

Ecosystem is a functional unit that provides a diversified form of goods and services upon which existence and well-being of human civilization is dependent. The centralized theme of ecosystem management includes establishing a balance between positive outputs from ecosystem and its services followed by capacity building for producing these positive outputs on sustainable basis. Some examples of effective ecosystem management include the establishment of national park, conservation areas, and protection biomes. At a broader level, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN) is performing the task with bioregional approach that encompasses more than one ecosystem at landscape level. Apart from this, developmental projects such as sustainable fisheries, agriculture and forest management, and coastal zone regulation activities, are aimed for their positive outputs in terms of goods and services given by them. Proper association of these developmental projects with policies and programs both at the national and regional levels is yet to be functional properly.

Ecosystem management is a broad term that encompasses sustainability approach in natural resource conservation as well as maintaining ecosystem structure and functioning with due care of the needs of the local community stakeholders. Major environmental processes such as ecorestoration and reforestation activities come under the arena of ecosystem management to reduce the hazards associated with natural disasters. Nature-based solution to reduce the flood water are very much effective management strategy to reduce the negative consequences of natural calamities. Ecosystem management aims to utilize environmentally friendly approaches to address the mega events of habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, climate change, and food security issues. Therefore, it has diverse form of dimension starting from natural resource to pollution control to checking of environmental degradation (Table 1.2). However, it comprises five major aspects as follows:

Marking of ecological boundaries of ecosystem on temporal and spatial scale basis.

Consideration of existing complexity within the ecosystem in terms of process, social perspective, and implementation of suitable strategies for mitigation of problems.

Try to fulfill the social and biological goals at various levels with focus on ecological integrity and long terms sustainability.

Develop a collaborative framework for a particular habitat that is actually governed by values and interest of diverse individuals and organization.

Adaptive management toward the uncertainty in future trends, leading to effective ecosystem management.

Table 1.2 Types of ecosystem management.

S. no.

Name

Area

1.

Adaptive management

Develop adaptability and resiliency in the ecosystem to combat the external changes and ecosystem perturbations

2.

Management of natural resource

Strategy planning for managing the existing natural resources through their sustainable use and conservation

3.

Strategic management

Development of best strategy for effective management of ecosystem and its problem through involvement of local community stakeholders

4.

Conservation and management at the landscape level

Aims in understanding the requirements of wildlife for their existence at the landscape level

5.

Command and control management

Unidirectional problem-solving approach through legal and policy framework

1.3 Key Principles Behind Ecosystem Management

1.3.1 Importance of Species as a Tool for Ecosystem Management

Species happens to be the central point of biodiversity as well as the ecosystem. Hence, identification of suitable species in terms of flagship species, umbrella species, and endemic species holds the key for success for biodiversity conservation. Flagship species tends to become highly important for the purpose of education and awareness among people regarding conservation efforts. Bio-indicating species and ecological indicator species also are the key aspects in biodiversity conservation. For example, lack of occurrence of migratory birds reflects the degenerative nature of the wetland areas as these are staging areas for migratory birds [25].

A change in the ecosystem through successional process not only changes the species composition but also has impact over the existing food web and food chain. Hence, both the inter-specific and intra-specific completion between species becomes affected through such perturbations and alterations. Various disturbances and natural calamities also do have significant influence over the ecosystem. Since the prehistoric time, human beings imposed significant influence over various ecosystems through alteration of the landscape structure and function. Various activities such as deforestation, dam construction, alteration of the river network, and altered land-use system have caused significant level of degradation of diverse ecosystem types. Cultivation of exotic species and monoculture practice are some of the most disastrous events for ecosystem degradation [26].

Another mega event such as climate change was caused due to rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission followed by sea level rise. An increase in earth’s temperature of up to 2°C would lead to alteration in the Earth’s hydrological cycle and associated weather pattern. Such irreversible changes would also affect the ecosystem managers toward adapting with such changes rather than prevent them to occur. Hence, ecosystem management requires promoting such changes that will benefit the humankind or else help to cope up with changing climate [27].

1.3.2 People are the Integral Part of Ecosystem

Another major aspect of ecosystem management is to consider people as a part of global earth ecosystem not the superior authority to enjoy the benefits of nature by jeopardizing the other living and non-living components. The concept of superiority of human beings in comparison to other living beings has caused all the irreversible changes in the globe. But for the very existence on nature, human beings are very much dependent upon it for fuel food, fodder, etc. Very few places over the earth surface are devoid of people due to ever rising human population. The most important part is that, in most of the human decisions, ecosystem has been considered as a gift to exploit. Further, they are governed politically or from social perspective not from the questions of our human existence [28].

Therefore, ecosystem-based management projects would explore the suitable alternatives by integrating the people as a component of the ecosystem under study. Now, the integration may be done on the basis of their interest for benefit that they would be getting for the particular ecosystem service, giving importance to the traditional knowledge that they have regarding the particular ecosystem. Further, they are integrated in terms of social, cultural, and spiritual belief to a particular ecosystem as well as they have modified their lifestyle or behavior focusing on particular ecosystem management objectives. Considering all these facts, people need to be integrated in the ecosystem management program, as, without their active participation, success achievement would not be possible. Another major aspect of ecosystem management is to identify the interest of local community stakeholders who are integrated in the ecosystem [29]. The stakeholder’s satisfaction is the key for any approach of ecosystem management. In this connection, sustainable forest management, forest dwelling rights, and recognition of land ownership would bring additional benefits. Hence, coupling the rights over natural resource would lead to development of adequate responsibilities for conservation and management of natural resource among the local community stakeholders [30]. Hence, proper recognition of land right is the key component for ecosystem management.

1.3.3 Recognizing the Need for Knowledge-Based Adaptive Ecosystem Management

For management of ecosystem recognition of knowledge regarding the structure, function of the ecosystem along with the interaction of biotic and abiotic components is another important aspect of ecosystem management. This includes information regarding recognition of traditional knowledge and socioeconomic factors of the local community people. On the basis of all these information, a conceptual model is formulated, and course of action is determined on case-to-case basis. Under this approach, user-friendly alternatives were given the top most priority. Recognizing and incorporating the traditional knowledge and developing adaptability are the key to achieve success in the ecosystem management process [31].

1.3.4 Application of Precautionary Principle in Ecosystem Management

Under the concept of precautionary principle ecosystem management and sustainability issues are based upon stakeholder’s choice to use ecosystem on the basis of their traditional knowledge. On the other hand, the ecosystem managers need to practice sustainable management considering the constraints associated with the ecosystem without hampering the structure and functions. Under the concept of precautionary principle, the major theme includes avoiding activities having negative consequences over the ecosystem. Proper monitoring and evaluation is required to assess the changes in ecosystem over time. At the every movement change, detection has been done immediate action needs to be taken for proper adjustment, and attempt should be made for restoring the system to its earlier conditions [32].

1.3.5 Inter Sectoral Collaboration for Ecosystem Management and Sustainability

At present time, when we are considering the mega event such as global warming, climate change, and ecosystem management, one needs to have a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approach for fulfilling the demands and desires of local community stakeholders. For effective management of ecosystem, one needs to understand the goods and services offered by it along with their sustainable use. At the global level, the problem is that when we talk about ecosystem management, it provides an insight of sectoral approach and mostly exploitative in nature. Not a single person is ready to consider the entire ecosystem as a unit and hence work with broader information in order to manage the entire ecosystem holistically. Hence, the importance of collaboration comes in front at various levels for effective management [33]. Ecosystem is a diverse unit comprising of biotic and abiotic component, and hence interrelationship among them needs to be understood at a significant level. It may happen that alteration in one component would lead to have some negative consequences on the other component. Now, for environmental managers, they should have a broad database from diverse sources for properly assessing the interrelationship among the biotic and abiotic components. Further, they should properly interpret the structure of ecosystem followed by risk associated with each of the component that may create problem in the functionality and ecosystem services in near future. Sectoral approach, to some extent, may provide some benefit for effective management of a particular ecosystem. Examples are sustainable forest management for conservation and management of forest and sustainable fish farming for management of water resource. Separate sectoral approaches have separate mandates for development and sustainability along with their own knowledge base. However, this sectoral approach is limited and may overlook the other aspects of ecosystem management [22]. Multi-sectoral and multilateral approach for ecosystem management and sustainability has been represented in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 Dimensions of ecosystem management and sustainability.

1.3.6 Making Ecosystem-Based Management a Mainstream Development Approach

At present times, ecosystem management is an important aspect and should be incorporated in the main development process to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at 2030. The main focus should be to maintain a harmony between life quality along with sustainability in structure and functionality of ecosystem. The major focus of sustainable development is to maintain the integrity and function of the global earth ecosystem. Hence, ecosystem management acts as a tool for global sustainability, and more and more environment-friendly and ecosystem-based developmental project should be adopted for betterment of the global earth ecosystem [34]. On a global basis, action plans regarding development across various sectors, environmental action plan, and conservation of biological diversity become the major theme for achieving sustainability. Formulation of such activities incorporates the concept of ecosystem management into the mainstream developmental projects. Such activities also fulfill the goal of sustainable development by solving the problems at the local, regional, and national levels. It would also boost up the economy and society at various levels. Implementation of developmental project aiming toward ecosystem-based management should be under taken at the grass root level followed by up gradation of socio-economic condition of the stakeholders. Policies and planning at the national level must be incorporated in these local projects for effectivity in the management process [35].

1.4 Climate Change and Ecosystem Management

Climate change has significantly influenced the most of the major ecosystems across the globe that exits over the earth surface. Thus, it is a big challenging task that appears in front of us for our near upcoming future. The entire biota undergoes drastic change with an accelerated rate of species composition. Ecosystem has provided various forms of services to the mankind. Changing climate is a mega event that includes alteration in the climatic pattern, leading to events of climatic extremes and natural disturbances. This is having severe impact over the global biodiversity along with overall alteration in the composition of the sea ecosystem. Various other forms of negative consequences are environmental pollution, alteration in the land-use and land-cover classes, and ecological invasion along with depletion of resources. These overall changes lead to hamper the services obtained from the different natural ecosystems. Now, from the solution part, natural ecosystem has enriched indigenous diversity and has the capability to adapt and change that may be attributed toward its better health. This aspect can be suitably used to facilitate the management of these ecosystems through ecological wisdom and traditional knowledge. In this connection, nature-based solution could be a good option in developing climate resiliency and reduction of the negative consequences. Ecosystem has an inherent capability to reduce the emission of GHGs by trapping into vegetation, soil, or in the oceanic environment. From societal perspective, the impact of climate change can be combated through specific ecosystem benefits such as presence of mangrove swamps and increase of forest cover. For effective management of ecosystem under the vagaries of climate change, expansion of nature-based solution along with interconnectedness of the various component of environment is very much necessary. Further, various stakeholders across various sectors are working to develop an integrated unit for effective ecosystem management under the climatic extremes.

The global earth ecosystem is rapidly changing under various forms of biotic and abiotic stresses. There was rapid increase in the earth surface temperature since 1970s, which was assumed to cross the threshold limit till 2030 [36, 37]. Hence, climate change has imposed malfunctioning in the structure and function of diverse ecosystems along with the impact over the biota. The species extinction event both under aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem is indicating the drastic change of the ecosystem. According to one estimate, almost 60% of vertebrates have shown a declining trend in their population within a span of 44 years (1970–2014) [38]. The largest impact was observed in the tropics. Therefore, all these cumulative events are posing a serious challenge for the ecosystem managers to properly manage and conserve the existing ecosystems. For effective management, the plan should focus at the individual level or as an ecosystem level. For instance, biodiversity conservation focus is given on endangered species rather than maintaining or conservation of the local population. Ecosystem managers may develop a suitable strategy through an integrated approach, but it may create problem involving individuals with different priorities and objectives. This problem is most severe when it is involving the multiple jurisdictions such as the oceanic environment. Consider the fact that changing climate is a global event integrating adaptability along with ecosystem services and action is a big challenge and its consequences is yet to be explored properly at the management level. Sometimes, it may happen that one form of intervention may lead to hamper the well-being of the ecosystem and their total mismanagement. For execution of a management plan, one needs to determine the cost of the management plan with that of the benefits obtained from ecosystem services. Considering the vegetal cover as the effective carbon sink, various researchers across the globe are attempting this potential of green plants to explore as much as they can. Hence, increasing the vegetal cover for increase GHG uptake is a suitable management strategy for combating changing climate. In the agriculture sector, better management of nutrient would be a most effective strategy or practice to improve the carbon uptake and storage of soil carbon [39–41