Electrical and Mechanical Fault Diagnosis in Wind Energy Conversion Systems E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 250

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Wind energy conversion systems are subject to many different types of faults and therefore fault detection is highly important to ensure reliability and safety. Monitoring systems can help to detect faults before they result in downtime. This book presents efficient methods used to detect electrical and mechanical faults based on electrical signals occurring in the different components of a wind energy conversion system. For example, in a small and high power synchronous generator and multi-phase generator, in the diode bridge rectifier, the gearbox and the sensors. This book also presents a method for keeping the frequency and voltage of the power grid within an allowable range while ensuring the continuity of power supply in the event of a grid fault. Electrical and Mechanical Fault Diagnosis in Wind Energy Conversion Systems presents original results obtained from a variety of research. It will not only be useful as a guideline for the conception of more robust wind turbines systems, but also for engineers monitoring wind turbines and researchers

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Introduction

Chapter 1. Accurate Electrical Fault Detection in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and in the Diode Bridge Rectifier of a Wind Energy Conversion System

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Description of the system under study and the used fault detection method

1.3. Fundamental notions of the symmetrical components

1.4. Development of the analytical expressions of the NSV in the case of the different considered faults

1.5. Analytical study of the indicators of the different faults

1.6. Experimental validation of the proposed fault indicators

1.7. Description of the method proposed

1.8. Conclusion

1.9. References

Chapter 2. Control and Diagnosis of Faults in Multiphase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for High-Power Wind Turbines

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Wind energy conversion systems

2.3. Multiphase electric drives on WECS

2.4. Model of a six-phase PMSG drive

2.5. Control strategies

2.6. Fault diagnosis in multiphase drives

2.7. Conclusion

2.8. References

Chapter 3. Gearbox Fault Monitoring Using Induction Machine Electrical Signals

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Motor stator current signature approach

3.3. Wound rotor current signature approach

3.4. Experimental results

3.5. Conclusion

3.6. Acknowledgments

3.7. References

Chapter 4. Control of a Wind Distributed Generator for Auxiliary Services Under Grid Faults

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Description of the renewable distributed generator

4.3. Control of the distributed generator

4.4. Power management algorithm

4.5. Detection and control of the grid faults

4.6. Simulation results

4.7. Conclusion

4.8. References

Chapter 5. Fault-Tolerant Control of Sensors and Actuators Applied to Wind Energy Systems

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Objective

5.3. RFFTC of WES with DFIG

5.4. RFSFTC of WES with DFIG subject to sensor and actuator faults

5.5. RDFFTC of hybrid wind-diesel storage system subject to actuator and sensor faults

5.6. Conclusion

5.7. References

List of Authors

Index

Other titles from ISTE in Energy

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Introduction

Begin Reading

List of Authors

Index

Other titles from ISTE in Energy

End User License Agreement

Pages

v

iii

iv

ix

x

xi

xii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

Electrical and Mechanical Fault Diagnosis in Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Edited by

Monia Ben Khader Bouzid

Gérard Champenois

First published 2023 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2023The rights of Monia Ben Khader Bouzid and Gérard Champenois to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023938459

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78630-931-0

Introduction

Wind energy plays a vital role in meeting the Paris Agreement’s goal of 1.5°C global warming and to accelerate the energy transition. In fact, wind energy is a renewable and sustainable source of energy, which does not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, making it an important tool in combating climate change. As the cost continues to decrease significantly and technology improves, wind energy is becoming more competitive with other sources of energy an increasingly important part of the global energy mix.

According to the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), the cumulative capacity of wind power installed worldwide reached 841 GW at the end of 2022. The growth of wind power capacity installation is expected to continue in the coming years as more countries implement policies and invest in renewable energy to reduce their carbon footprint and combat climate change.

A wind energy conversion system is an important technology for generating clean renewable energy and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. The operating mode of this system consists on capturing the power of the wind and converts it into usable electrical energy. The system typically consists of several key components, including wind turbines composed of blades that capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into rotational motion, the generator that converts the rotational motion of the rotor blades into electrical energy, the power electronic system including inverters, rectifiers and other components that convert the AC power produced by the generator into a form that can be used by the grid or stored in batteries and the control system responsible for regulating the speed and direction of the rotor blades to optimize the efficiency of the wind turbine.

However, wind energy conversion systems are subject to various types of faults which can impact their reliability and efficiency. These faults can be electrical or mechanical faults. Electrical faults can occur in generators, transformers, power converters and cables. These faults can result in reduced power output, increased maintenance requirements and potentially dangerous situations such as electrical arcing. Mechanical faults can occur in blades, bearings and gears. These faults can result in increased vibration, noise and wear and can ultimately lead to component failure if not addressed.

Therefore, fault detection in wind energy conversion systems is of great important to ensure their reliability, safety and efficiency. Regular maintenance and monitoring can also help to detect them before they lead to downtime or major repairs. Additionally, advanced control and monitoring systems can help to optimize the performance of wind energy conversion systems and reduce the risk of faults occurring.

Thus, this book is an opportunity for readers to deepen their understanding of the theories and concepts related to the topic of electrical and mechanical fault detection and diagnosis in the different components of a wind energy conversion system, as well as to gain insight into the practical applications and the results achieved in the field. To this end, many researchers from the scientific community have contributed to this book in order to share their research results. This book is organized into an Introduction and five chapters.

Chapter 1, Accurate Electrical Fault Detection in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and in the Diode Bridge Rectifier of a Wind Energy Conversion System, written by Monia Ben Khader Bouzid and Gérard Champenois, proposes an efficient symmetrical component-based method, able to detect, locate and discriminate between an inter-turns short-circuit fault in the permanent magnet synchronous generator and an open-circuit diode fault in the diode rectifier of a small-scale wind conversion energy system. The first part of this chapter will be dedicated to an original analytical study of the negative sequence voltage under the different considered faults, where novel expressions of the negative sequence voltage are developed. Afterward, as a second part, an analytical study of the different proposed indicators of faults will be presented to investigate the behavior of the proposed indicators under the different faulty modes. Then, the third part of this chapter will be focused on the experimental validation of the behavior of the proposed indicators of fault and the novel developed expressions of the negative sequence voltage. Finally, a detailed description of the proposed method will be introduced in the fourth part of this chapter.

Chapter 2, Control and Diagnosis of Faults in Multiphase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for High-Power Wind Turbines, written by Sérgio Cruz and Pedro Gonçalves, presents a general overview of the existing control systems and diagnostic methods available for diagnosing faults in multiphase PMSM drives applied in wind energy conversion systems. After a general overview of the modelling of multiphase PMSM machines, the most common control algorithms of multiphase PMSM drives are presented, including field oriented control, direct torque control and model predictive control (MPC). Special emphasis is given to MPC algorithms due to their increasing popularity and adequacy in the control of this category of drives. Following this, recent diagnostic methods are presented to detect different types of machine and converter faults, including inter-turn short-circuits, high-resistance connections, open-phase faults in the machine and in the power switches, permanent magnet faults, mechanical faults and sensor faults.

Chapter 3, Gearbox Faults Monitoring Using Induction Machine Electrical Signals, written by Khmais Bacha and Walid Touti, first presents the theoretical basis of the AM-FM effect of gear faults on the driven machine stator current using the machine current signal analysis technique (MCSA). Then, the MCSA is compared to various recent methods such as the extended Park vector approach (EPVA) and the discrete cosine/discrete sine transform used for the gear fault diagnosis purpose. Based on the experimental results, these methods are investigated in terms of fault sensitivity to frequency levels.

Chapter 4, Control of a Wind Distributed Generator for Auxiliary Services Under Grid Faults, written by Youssef Kraiem and Dhaker Abbes, presents an intelligent control strategy based on fuzzy logic technology for a renewable distributed generator (RDG) integrated into power electrical system in order to keep the frequency and the voltage of the power grid in an allowable range, while ensuring the continuity of the power supply in the event of a grid fault. The RDG comprises a wind system, as a principal source and a hybrid storage system consisting of battery (BT) and supercapacitors (SC). RDG is associated with loads and a fluctuating power grid. The structure of the proposed control strategy is mainly composed of a fuzzy logic supervisor, a fuzzy detector of the standalone operation mode and an adaptive fuzzy droop control. The fuzzy supervisor is developed to manage the power flows between different sources by choosing the optimal operating mode, while ensuring the stability of the power grid and the continuous supply of loads by maintaining the state of charge of the BT and SC in acceptable levels to improve their lifespans. The fuzzy islanding detector is used to detect the standalone mode in the event of power grid failure. The adaptive fuzzy droop control allows for controlling active and reactive powers exchanged with the power grid, ensuring its stability by maintaining frequency and voltage within optimal margins.

Chapter 5, Fault-Tolerant Control of Sensors and Actuators Applied to Wind Energy Systems, written by Elkhatib Kamal and Abdel Aitouche, proposes an observer-based actuator or sensor detection scheme for TS (Takagi-Sugeno) type fuzzy systems subject to sensor faults, parametric uncertainties and actuator faults. The detection system provides residuals for detecting and isolating sensor faults that may affect a TS model. The fuzzy TS model is adopted for fuzzy modeling of the uncertain nonlinear system and establishing fuzzy state observers. Sufficient conditions are established for robust stabilization in the sense of Lyapunov stability for the fuzzy system. The sufficient conditions are formulated in the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI). The effectiveness of the proposed controller design method is finally demonstrated on a DFIG-based wind turbine to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Note

Introduction written by Monia BEN KHADER BOUZID and Gérard CHAMPENOIS.

1Accurate Electrical Fault Detection in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and in the Diode Bridge Rectifier of a Wind Energy Conversion System

1.1. Introduction

Nowadays, it is a necessity to combat climate change by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Reducing emissions requires essentially generating electricity from renewable energy sources non-emitting carbon. Wind energy is one of the most worldwide used renewable energy, and it is the fastest-growing energy source among the new power generation sources. Wind energy is already rapidly developing into a mainstream power source in many countries of the world, with over 841 GW of installed capacity worldwide (GWEC 2022). This has driven the rapid development and the high-capacity installation of wind energy conversion systems everywhere in the world, onshore and offshore. However, as any system, a wind energy conversion system may be subjected to various types of faults that may negatively affect the continuity of the electrical production and the reliability of such systems. Thus, the implementation of a monitoring and diagnosis system based on efficient fault detection and diagnosis methods is of great importance to ensure the safety and reliability of a wind energy conversion system.

As the generator and its associated converters are the main electrical components in the energy conversion process of a wind turbine system (Bahloul et al. 2023), this chapter is focused on the detection of the inter-turn short-circuit fault (ITSCF) in the stator windings of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and the open-circuit diode fault (OCDF) in the three-phase diode rectifier connected to the PMSG. Each type of fault can occur separately or two may occur simultaneously. In the case of a simultaneous fault, it is very difficult to discriminate between the two faults. To this end, this chapter proposes an efficient method based essentially on the symmetrical components to detect, locate and discriminate between an ITSCF and an OCDF in a small-scale, variable-speed wind energy conversion system.

This chapter will be organized as follows. The description of the system under study and the principle of the used method is given in section 1.2. The fundamental notions of the symmetrical components are presented in section 1.3 to facilitate the understanding of the presented work. In section 1.4, an original analytical study of the negative sequence voltage (NSV) under the different considered faults is elaborated where new expressions of the NSV under the different considered faults are developed. In section 1.5, the behaviors of the proposed fault indicators are studied analytically. These proposed fault indicators are experimentally validated in section 1.6. The description of the principle of the proposed method using the different fault indicators to detect, discriminate and locate the different considered faults is presented in section 1.7. Finally, a conclusion is drawn in section 1.8.

1.2. Description of the system under study and the used fault detection method

A wind energy conversion system is a cost-effective way to generate clean electricity and protect the environment. This system typically consists of large blades that capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into mechanical power. This mechanical power spins then the generator shaft, which produces electricity. Wind energy conversion systems can be conceived on a small or large scale, onshore or offshore, with fixed or variable speeds and connected or not to the main grid.

In any wind energy conversion system, the key component responsible for the conversion of wind energy to electrical energy is the generator. The typically-used wind turbine generators are a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), wound rotor synchronous generator (WRSG), squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) and permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) (Liang et al. 2022). In the last decade, due to its several advantages, the PMSG has gained significant popularity and is becoming widely used in wind energy conversion systems (Yuan et al. 2021). As it has been reported in Gliga et al. (2008), the PMSG faults represent 14.7% of all faults in a WTS, and they account for 24.42% of the downtime.

On the other hand, the wind turbine generator is interfaced with the utility grid via power electronic converters used to transfer and control the wind power into the electric grid. Typically, wind turbine converters include diode rectifier-based converter topology, two-level back-to-back converter topology, three-level neutral-point-clamped back-to-back converter topology and modular multilevel converter topology (Yang et al. 2016). It has been reported in Liang et al. (2022) that the fault of power semiconductor devices is one of the main causes responsible for converter faults. Typical faults of power semiconductor devices can be divided into short-circuit (SC) faults and open-circuit (OC) faults. The OC faults are the most common.

Based on these considerations, this work is interested in the PMSG-based wind turbine structure. However, according to this structure, there are two configurations: PMSG with back-to-back voltage source converters and PMSG with diode rectifiers and boost converters. This chapter is focused on the configuration of the PMSG connected to a diode rectifier-based converter, since this configuration is widely used to interface direct-drive wind conversion energy systems, due to its simplicity and its low cost (Yang et al. 2016). Figure 1.1 shows the block diagram of a small-scale wind conversion system based on a PMSG connected to a diode rectifier. This system is composed of a wind turbine (three blades), a PMSG, a three-phase diode bridge rectifier, a boost chopper and a DC bus. However, the system under study is limited only to the PMSG and the three-phase diode rectifier highlighted in yellow in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1.Small-scale, PMSG variable speed wind energy conversion system

To ensure the reliability and increase the safety of the system under study, this work is aimed at finding an efficient method capable of detecting, locating and discriminating between two electrical faults, which are an interturn short-circuit fault (ITSCF) in the stator of the PMSG and an OCDF in the three-phase diode bridge rectifier. This interest is justified by the fact that the ITSCF is the most frequent fault in the machine (Qiao and Lu 2015), and it is a critical and harmful one when detected in the PMSG. It shapes more than one-third of the total faults in the PMSG (Sayed et al. 2021). However, the OCDF in a diode rectifier, although it may not seriously stop the operation of the wind turbine system, can result in overstressing the other healthy diodes and cause the failure of other diodes (Huang et al. 2021).

The proposed fault detection and diagnosis method are based on the monitoring of different relevant indicators of faults extracted basically from the symmetrical components of voltages and currents. It consists first of monitoring the magnitude of the PMSG NSV V2