Electrical Machines E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 601

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

Electrical Machines is essential for anyone in the engineering field, as it provides comprehensive coverage of electrical machines and practical skills in analysis and simulation, making it an invaluable resource for students, educators, and industry professionals alike.

This outstanding new volume covers the basics of electrical machines, including analysis and simulation using Automation Studio and Multisim software. Written by an expert in the field, this is a must-have for any mechanical engineer’s library, covering three-phase power, electromagnetic circuits, transformers, DC generators and DC motors, three-phase induction motors, synchronous generators and motors, single-phase induction motors, special motors, controls, and much more. Not just for the practicing engineer, this is a valuable reference work for the student, teacher, or other industry professional.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgement

1 Analysis of Electrical Power

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Power

1.3 Average Power and Reactive Power

1.4 Apparent Power

1.5 Complex Power

1.6 Complex Power Balance

1.7 Power Factor and Reactive Factor

1.8 Power Factor Correction

1.9 Three-Phase Voltage Generation

1.10 Phase Sequence

1.11 Wye Connection

1.12 Analysis of Wye Connection

1.13 Delta Connection

1.14 Analysis of Delta Connection

1.15 Analysis of Three-Phase Power

1.16 Basic Measurement Equipment

Exercise Problems

2 Magnetic Circuits

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Magnetic Force and Field

2.3 Magnetic Circuit

2.4 Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

2.5 Magnetomotive Force

2.6 Magnetizing Force

2.7 Permeability and Relative Permeability

2.8 Reluctance

2.9 Permeance

2.10 Fleming’s Rules

2.11 Analogy of Magnetic and Electric Circuits

2.12 Ampere’s Circuital Law

2.13 Magnetic Flux Density of a Long Straight Wire

2.14 Toroidal Coil

2.15 Series Magnetic Circuit

2.16 Parallel Magnetic Circuit

2.17 Air Gap

2.18 Analysis of Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap

2.19 Electromagnetic Force on a Conductor

2.20 Force Between Two Parallel Conductors

2.21 Faraday’s Laws

2.22 Magnetic Materials and B-H Curve

2.23 Inductance and Mutual Inductance

2.24 Hysteresis Curve and Losses

Exercise Problems

3 Transformer

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Working Principle of Transformer

3.3 Transformer Flux

3.4 Construction of a Transformer

3.5 Ideal Transformer

3.6 E.M.F. Equation of Transformer

3.7 Turns Ratio of Transformer

3.8 Analysis of No-Load Phasor Diagram

3.9 Analysis of Load Phasor Diagram

3.10 Rules for Referring Impedance

3.11 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

3.12 Exact Equivalent Circuit

3.13 Approximate Equivalent Circuit

3.14 Polarity of a Transformer

3.15 Three-Phase Transformer

3.16 Transformer Vector Group

3.17 Voltage Regulation of a Transformer

3.18 Efficiency of a Transformer

3.19 Iron and Copper Losses

3.20 Maximum Efficiency

3.21 Transformer Tests

3.22 Autotransformer

3.23 Parallel Operation of a Single-Phase Transformer

3.24 Three-Phase Transformer Connections

3.25 Instrument Transformers

3.26 Transformer Oil Testing and Cooling

3.27 All-Day Efficiency of Transformer

Exercise Problems

4 Direct Current Generators

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Electromagnetic Induction

4.3 Motional Voltage

4.4 Lenz’s Law

4.5 Working Principle

4.6 Construction of a DC Generator

4.7 Armature Coils and Windings

4.8 Induced EMF of a DC Generator

4.9 Classification of a DC Generator

4.10 Separately Excited DC Generator

4.11 Self-Excited DC Generator

4.12 Series Generator

4.13 Shunt Generator

4.14 Compound Generator

4.15 Saturation Curve of a DC Generator

4.16 Generator Build-Up Process

4.17 Voltage Build-Up Failure Reasons

4.18 Field Circuit Resistance Lines

4.19 Theory of Commutation

4.20 Armature Reaction

4.21 Demagnetizing and Cross-Magnetizing

4.22 Cancellation of Armature Reaction

4.23 Series Generator Characteristics

4.24 Shunt Generator Characteristics

4.25 Compound Generator Characteristics

4.26 Applications of a DC Generator

4.27 Voltage Regulation of DC Generator

4.28 Losses of a DC Generator

4.29 Efficiency of a DC Generator

4.30 Parallel Operation of a DC Generator

Exercise Problems

5 Direct Current Motors

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Working Principle

5.3 Construction

5.4 Back EMF

5.5 Necessity of Back EMF

5.6 Classification of a DC Motor

5.7 Mechanical Power of a DC Motor

5.8 Torque of a DC Motor

5.9 Speed of a DC Motor

5.10 Speed Regulation of a DC Motor

5.11 Losses in a DC Motor

5.12 Efficiency of a DC Motor

5.13 Characteristics of a DC Motor

5.14 Characteristics of a Shunt Motor

5.15 Characteristics of a Series Motor

5.16 Characteristics of a Cumulative Compound Motor

5.17 Comparison Between Generator and Motor

5.18 Application of DC Motors

Exercise Problems

6 Control and Starting of DC Motors

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Speed Controlling Parameters

6.3 Flux Control Method

6.4 Armature Control Method

6.5 Armature Voltage Control Method

6.6 Speed Control of a Series Motor

6.7 Ward Leonard System

6.8 Semiconductor Devices

6.9 Half-Wave Rectifier

6.10 Full-Wave Rectifier

6.11 Speed Control by Thyristor and Diode

6.12 Braking of a DC Motor

6.13 DC Motor Starter

6.14 Three-Point Starter

6.15 Four-Point Starter

6.16 Grading of Starting Resistance

Exercise Problems

7 Three-Phase Induction Motor

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Construction

7.3 Working Principle

7.4 Rotating Field

7.5 Synchronous Speed and Slip Speed

7.6 Rotor Frequency and Speed

7.7 Rotor Voltage and Rotor Reactance

7.8 Rotor Torque

7.9 Starting Torque

7.10 Running Torque

7.11 Relationship Between Torques

7.12 Equivalent Circuit

7.13 Power Relationships

7.14 Approximate Equivalent Circuit

7.15 Condition for Maximum Mechanical Power

7.16 Power Stages

7.17 Torque-Slip Characteristics

7.18 Linear Induction Motor

7.19 Classification of Induction Motor by Properties

Exercise Problems

8 Starting and Control of an Induction Motor

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Direct Starting

8.3 Variable Resistance Starter

8.4 Autotransformer Starter

8.5 Star-Delta Starter

8.6 Simple Magnetic Starter

8.7 Forward-Reverse Starter

8.8 Cogging and Crawling

8.9 Importance of Deep Bar and Double Cage Rotor

8.10 Double Squirrel Cage Motor

8.11 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters

8.12 Speed Control of Induction Motor

8.13 Automatic Star-Delta Starter

Exercise Problems

9 Synchronous Generator

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Construction

9.3 Pole and Frequency

9.4 Working Principle

9.5 Full-Pitch and Short-Pitch Windings

9.6 Pitch or Chording Factor

9.7 Distribution Factor

9.8 Effect of Harmonics on Pitch and Distribution Factors

9.9 EMF Equation of an Alternator

9.10 Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous Generator

9.11 Phasor Diagrams

9.12 Voltage Regulation

9.13 Tests of a Synchronous Generator

9.14 Power and Torque Expressions

9.15 Salient Pole Synchronous Generator

9.16 Power of a Salient Pole Generator

9.17 Parallel Operation of an Alternator

9.18 Load Sharing of Alternators

9.19 Synchronization of Alternators

9.20 Capability Curve of Alternators

Exercise Problems

10 Synchronous Motor

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Construction

10.3 Working Principle

10.4 Starting of Synchronous Motor

10.5 Equivalent Circuit

10.6 Phasor Diagrams

10.7 Synchronous Impedance Diagrams

10.8 Effect of Different Field Excitations

10.9 Power of Cylindrical Rotor

10.10 Various Conditions of Power

10.11 Phasor Diagrams of Salient Pole Motor

10.12 Power Expression of Salient Pole Motor

10.13 V-Curves of a Synchronous Motor

10.14 Power Factor Correction

10.15 Hunting of a Synchronous Motor

10.16 Applications of Synchronous Motor

10.17 Comparison of Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor

Exercise Problems

11 Single-Phase Induction Motors

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Construction and Synchronous Speed

11.3 Double Revolving Field Theory

11.4 Working Principle

11.5 Slip

11.6 Equivalent Circuit

11.7 Classification of a Single-Phase Motor

11.8 Starting of Single-Phase Motors

11.9 AC Series Motor

11.10 Reluctance and Hysteresis Motors

11.11 Test of a Single-Phase Motor

11.12 Stepper Motor

11.13 Step Angle of Stepper Motor

11.14 Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor

11.15 Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motor

11.16 Hybrid Stepper Motor

Exercise Problems

References

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Analogies of magnetic and electric circuits.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Representation of insulation levels (IEEE Std 62-1995).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Data for DC machine wound field.

Table 4.2

Data for prime mover motor-rated.

Table 4.3

Generated voltage across the armature terminals.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Truth table for wave stepping with one-phase ON of PMSM.

Table 11.2

Truth table for wave stepping with one-phase ON of VRSM.

Table 11.3

Truth table for full stepping with two-phase ON of VRSM.

Table 11.4

Truth table for half-stepping of VRSM.

List of Figures

Chapter 1

Fig. 1.1

A circuit with an impedance.

Fig. 1.2

Circuit for example 1.2.

Fig. 1.3

Circuit for practice problem 1.2.

Fig. 1.4

Power triangles.

Fig. 1.5

A simple AC circuit.

Fig. 1.6

Impedance triangle.

Fig. 1.7

Power triangle.

Fig. 1.8

Circuit for example 1.4.

Fig. 1.9

Circuit for practice problem 1.4.

Fig. 1.10

Circuit with two parallel impedances.

Fig. 1.11

Circuit with series impedances.

Fig. 1.12

Circuit for example 1.6.

Fig. 1.13

Circuit for practice problem 1.6.

Fig. 1.14

A single-phase inductive circuit.

Fig. 1.15

A capacitor is in parallel with inductive load.

Fig. 1.16

A vector diagram with different currents.

Fig. 1.17

Power triangles for inductive load and capacitor.

Fig. 1.18

Circuit for example 1.7.

Fig. 1.19

Circuit for example 1.8.

Fig. 1.20

Circuit for practice problem 1.7.

Fig. 1.21

Circuit for practice problem 1.8.

Fig. 1.22

Schematic of AC generator and phase voltages.

Fig. 1.23

Three-phase voltage waveforms.

Fig. 1.24

Phase sequence identification.

Fig. 1.25

Wye-connected generator and load.

Fig. 1.26

Wye-connected generator.

Fig. 1.27

Phasor diagram with line and phase voltages.

Fig. 1.28

A vector diagram.

Fig. 1.29

Circuit for example 1.10.

Fig. 1.30

Circuit for practice problem 1.10.

Fig. 1.31

Delta-connected generator and load.

Fig. 1.32

Delta-connected load.

Fig. 1.33

Phasor diagram using line and phase currents.

Fig. 1.34

Wye-wye system for power calculation.

Fig. 1.35

Single-phase and three-phase systems with loads.

Fig. 1.36

Circuit for example 1.11.

Fig. 1.37

Circuit for practice problem 1.11.

Fig. 1.38

Symbols of basic electrical meters.

Fig. 1.39

Digital multimeters courtesy of Fluke Corporation.

Fig. P1.1

Circuit for problem 1.3.

Fig. P1.2

Circuit for problem 1.4.

Fig. P1.3

Circuit for problem 1.5.

Fig. P1.4

Circuit for problem 1.6.

Fig. P1.5

Circuit for problem 1.7.

Fig. P1.6

Circuit for problem 1.11.

Fig. P1.7

Circuit for problem 1.12.

Fig. P1.8

Circuit for problem 1.13.

Fig. P1.9

Circuit for problem 1.14.

Fig. P1.10

Circuit for problem 1.15.

Chapter 2

Fig. 2.1

Velocity of charge moves with an angle ϕ.

Fig. 2.2

Velocity of charge moves with an angle of 90º.

Fig. 2.3

Charge moves parallel to the magnetic fields.

Fig. 2.4

Magnetic field lines travel.

Fig. 2.5

Magnetic field lines for like and unlike poles.

Fig. 2.6

Schematic of a magnetic circuit.

Fig. 2.7

Flux lines with a cross-sectional area.

Fig. 2.8

Magnetic flux with a cross-sectional area.

Fig. 2.9

Rectangular core wound with coils.

Fig. 2.10

Rectangular and toroidal cores wound with coils.

Fig. 2.11

Circuit for example 2.3.

Fig. 2.12

Circuit for example 2.4.

Fig. 2.13

Circuit for practice problem 2.4.

Fig. 2.14

Circuit for example 2.5.

Fig. 2.15

Circuit for practice problem 2.5.

Fig. 2.16

Fleming’s right-hand rule.

Fig. 2.17

Fleming’s left-hand rule.

Fig. 2.18

A wire with a closed path.

Fig. 2.19

A wire with a radial distance

r

.

Fig. 2.20

Toroid with N turns.

Fig. 2.21

Toroid coil for example 2.7.

Fig. 2.22

Toroid coil for practice problem 2.7.

Fig. 2.23

Magnetic circuit with different materials.

Fig. 2.24

Equivalent series magnetic circuit.

Fig. 2.25

Magnetic circuit for example 2.8.

Fig. 2.26

Magnetic circuit for example 2.9.

Fig. 2.27

Magnetic circuit for practice problem 2.8.

Fig. 2.28

Magnetic circuit for practice problem 2.9.

Fig. 2.29

Parallel magnetic circuit.

Fig. 2.30

Equivalent circuit of parallel magnetic.

Fig. 2.31

Magnetic circuit for example 2.10.

Fig. 2.32

Magnetic circuit for practice problem 2.10.

Fig. 2.33

Magnetic circuit with fringing.

Fig. 2.34

Magnetic circuit with an air gap.

Fig. 2.35

Equivalent circuit of Fig. 2.33.

Fig. 2.36

Circuit for example 2.11.

Fig. 2.37

Circuit for example 2.12.

Fig. 2.38

Circuit for practice problem 2.11.

Fig. 2.39

Circuit for practice problem 2.11.

Fig. 2.40

Magnetic field with a current-carrying conductor.

Fig. 2.41

Magnetic a horseshoe magnet with sliders and a current-carry...

Fig. 2.42

Magnetic force direction identification.

Fig. 2.43

Magnetic force of parallel conductors.

Fig. 2.44

Materials atomic path.

Fig. 2.45

Diamagnetic material.

Fig. 2.46

Paramagnetic material.

Fig. 2.47

Ferromagnetic material.

Fig. 2.48

BH curve.

Fig. 2.49

Inductor symbols.

Fig. 2.50

Simple magnetic circuit.

Fig. 2.51

First coil is energized and the second coil is left open.

Fig. 2.52

Coil 2 is energized and coil 1 is left open.

Fig. 2.53

Hysteresis curve.

Fig. E2.1

Circuit for problem 2.10.

Fig. E2.2

Circuit for problem 2.11.

Fig. E2.3

Circuit for problem 2.15.

Fig. E2.4

Circuit for problem 2.16.

Fig. E2.5

Circuit for problem 2.17.

Fig. E2.6

Circuit for problem 2.18.

Fig. E2.7

Circuit for problem 2.19.

Fig. E2.8

Circuit for problem 2.20.

Chapter 3

Fig. 3.1

Schematic of a core-type transformer.

Fig. 3.2

Schematic of a shell-type transformer.

Fig. 3.3

Schematic of power and distribution transformers.

Fig. 3.4

Schematic of a single-phase transformer.

Fig. 3.5

Mutual and leakage fluxes.

Fig. 3.6

Parts of a transformer.

Fig. 3.7

Ideal transformer with phasor diagram.

Fig. 3.8

Transformer with a sinusoidal flux waveform.

Fig. 3.9

Phasor diagram at no load.

Fig. 3.10

Phasor diagram at no load.

Fig. 3.11

Transformer with a load impedance.

Fig. 3.12

Two windings transformer.

Fig. 3.13

Exact equivalent circuit is referred to as the primary.

Fig. 3.14

Exact equivalent circuit is referred to as the secondary.

Fig. 3.15

Approximate equivalent circuit referred to primary.

Fig. 3.16

Approximate equivalent circuit referred to secondary.

Fig. 3.17

Additive polarity of a transformer.

Fig. 3.18

Subtractive polarity of a transformer.

Fig. 3.19

Testing of additive polarity.

Fig. 3.20

Testing of subtractive polarity.

Fig. 3.21

Three windings on a common core and wye-delta connection.

Fig. 3.22

Three single-phase transformers.

Fig. 3.23

Representation of vector groups with the clock.

Fig. 3.24

Connection of Y-y-0.

Fig. 3.25

Connection of D-d-0.

Fig. 3.26

Connection of D-z-0.

Fig. 3.27

Connection of Y-d-1.

Fig. 3.28

Connection of D-y-1.

Fig. 3.29

Connection of Y-z-1.

Fig. 3.30

Connection of D-y-11.

Fig. 3.31

Connection of Y-d-11.

Fig. 3.32

Connection of Y-z-11.

Fig. 3.33

Connection of Y-y-6.

Fig. 3.34

Connection of D-d-6.

Fig. 3.35

Connection of D-y-6.

Fig. 3.36

Approximate equivalent circuit referred to secondary.

Fig. 3.37

Phasor diagram for different power factors.

Fig. 3.38

Open circuit test with a no-load circuit.

Fig. 3.39

Connection diagram for short circuit test.

Fig. 3.40

Connection diagram for an autotransformer.

Fig. 3.41

An autotransformer with a specific voltage.

Fig. 3.42

An autotransformer with a specific voltage.

Fig. 3.43

Parallel connection diagram of two transformers with equal v...

Fig. 3.44

Equivalent circuit.

Fig. 3.45

Parallel connection diagram of two transformers with unequal...

Fig. 3.46

Y-Y connection diagram.

Fig. 3.47

Wye-delta connection diagram.

Fig. 3.48

Delta-wye connection diagram.

Fig. 3.49

Delta-delta connection diagram.

Fig. 3.50

Open delta or V-V connection diagram.

Fig. 3.51

Connection diagram of the current transformer.

Fig. 3.52

Connection diagram of the potential transformer.

Fig. P3.1

A autotransformer circuit for problem 3.44.

Chapter 4

Fig. 4.1

Motor-generator action.

Fig. 4.2

Conductor in a magnetic field.

Fig. 4.3

Rotating conductor with an angle.

Fig. 4.4

Conductor with the current.

Fig. 4.5

Coil with a ring metal.

Fig. 4.6

Coil in a magnetic field.

Fig. 4.7

Different positions of a conductor in a magnetic field.

Fig. 4.8

Pulsating DC output.

Fig. 4.9

Parts of a DC generator.

Fig. 4.10

Turn, coil and winding.

Fig. 4.11

Schematic of coil span.

Fig. 4.12

Schematic of full-pitch and short-pitch coil.

Fig. 4.13

Types of pitches.

Fig. 4.14

Connection diagram of a wave winding.

Fig. 4.15

Connection diagram of a lap winding.

Fig. 4.16

Separately excited DC generator.

Fig. 4.17

Connection diagram of a series generator.

Fig. 4.18

Connection diagram of a shunt generator.

Fig. 4.19

Connection diagram of a short shunt generator.

Fig. 4.20

Connection diagram of a long shunt generator.

Fig. 4.21

A long shunt generator for example 4.8.

Fig. 4.22

A short shunt generator for example 4.8.

Fig. 4.23

Circuit for example 4.9.

Fig. 4.24

Separately excited generator for saturation curve.

Fig. 4.25

Formation of the saturation curve.

Fig. 4.26

Saturation curve.

Fig. 4.27

Simulation circuit.

Fig. 4.28

Generated voltage versus field circuit.

Fig. 4.29

Generator voltage build-up process.

Fig. 4.30

Field resistance lines.

Fig. 4.31

Coils under commutation.

Fig. 4.32

Commutation process of the coil

x

.

Fig. 4.33

Distribution of field flux under no-load condition.

Fig. 4.34

Distribution of field flux and armature flux.

Fig. 4.35

Distribution of field flux and armature flux.

Fig. 4.36

Conductors under cross-magnetizing and demagnetizing.

Fig. 4.37

Application of compensating winding.

Fig. 4.38

Position of interpoles.

Fig. 4.39

Series generator characteristics.

Fig. 4.40

Shunt generator with a resistive load.

Fig. 4.41

Shunt generator characteristics.

Fig. 4.42

Schematics of a compound generator.

Fig. 4.43

Degree of a compound.

Fig. 4.44

Shunt generators in parallel.

Fig. 4.45

Series generators in parallel.

Chapter 5

Fig. 5.1

Schematic of a DC motor.

Fig. 5.2

DC motor components.

Fig. 5.3

DC motor with back emf.

Fig. 5.4

Connection diagram of a DC shunt motor.

Fig. 5.5

Connection diagram of a DC series motor.

Fig. 5.6

Connection diagram of a short shunt compound motor.

Fig. 5.7

Connection diagram of a long shunt compound motor.

Fig. 5.8

Connection diagram of a shunt motor.

Fig. 5.9

DC shunt motor with mechanical power.

Fig. 5.10

Force on a conductor.

Fig. 5.11

Different stages of power flow diagram.

Fig. 5.12

Torque-current characteristics.

Fig. 5.13

Speed-current characteristics.

Fig. 5.14

Speed-torque characteristic.

Fig. 5.15

Torque-current characteristic.

Fig. 5.16

Speed-current characteristic.

Fig. 5.17

Speed-torque characteristic.

Fig. 5.18

Torque-current characteristic.

Fig. 5.19

Speed-current characteristic.

Chapter 6

Fig. 6.1

Shunt motor with variable field resistance.

Fig. 6.2

Shunt motor with a variable resistance.

Fig. 6.3

Connection diagram of armature voltage control method.

Fig. 6.4

Series field with diverter resistance.

Fig. 6.5

Series field with series resistance.

Fig. 6.6

Armature with diverter resistance.

Fig. 6.7

Four series field resistors are in series.

Fig. 6.8

Two series field resistors are in parallel.

Fig. 6.9

Connection diagram of Ward Leonard system.

Fig. 6.10

Basic structure and symbol of a diode.

Fig. 6.11

Connection diagram.

Fig. 6.12

Current-voltage characteristic of a diode.

Fig. 6.14

Input and output voltage waveforms.

Fig. 6.13

Connection diagram of a half-wave rectifier.

Fig. 6.15

Connection diagram of a center tap rectifier.

Fig. 6.16

Input and output voltage waveforms.

Fig. 6.17

Connection diagram of a bridge rectifier.

Fig. 6.18

Connection diagram of a bridge rectifier when point A is positive.

Fig. 6.19

Connection diagram of a bridge rectifier when point B is positive.

Fig. 6.20

Input and output voltage waveforms.

Fig. 6.21

Basic structure and symbol of SCR.

Fig. 6.22

Basic structure and symbol of SCR.

Fig. 6.23

Semi-converter with a symmetrical configuration.

Fig. 6.24

Connection diagram of plugging.

Fig. 6.25

Connection diagram of dynamic braking.

Fig. 6.26

Connection diagram of regenerative braking.

Fig. 6.27

Connection diagram of a three-point starter.

Fig. 6.28

Connection diagram of a four-point starter.

Fig. 6.29

Connection diagram of starting resistance.

Chapter 7

Fig. 7.1

Components of a three-phase induction motor.

Fig. 7.2

Schematic of a stator.

Fig. 7.3

Squirrel cage type rotor.

Fig. 7.4

Wound-type rotor.

Fig. 7.5

Part of stator and rotor conductors.

Fig. 7.6

Representation of the windings.

Fig. 7.7

Three-phase waveforms.

Fig. 7.8

Phasor diagrams of the fluxes at different positions.

Fig. 7.9

Rotor circuit with the impedance triangle at a standstill.

Fig. 7.10

Rotor circuit with the impedance triangle at any slip

s

.

Fig. 7.11

Equivalent circuit of an induction motor.

Fig. 7.12

Rotor equivalent circuit.

Fig. 7.13

Modified rotor equivalent circuit with load resistance.

Fig. 7.14(a)

Complete equivalent circuit referred to stator.

Fig. 7.14(b)

Complete equivalent circuit referred to stator.

Fig. 7.15

IEEE recommended equivalent circuit.

Fig. 7.16

Thevenin equivalent circuit.

Fig. 7.17

Approximate equivalent circuit.

Fig. 7.18

Power flow diagram.

Fig. 7.19

Power flow diagram in a real induction motor.

Fig. 7.20

Torque-slip characteristics curve.

Fig. 7.21

Normal and cut-way view of linear induction motor.

Fig. 7.22

Schematic of linear induction motor.

Chapter 8

Fig. 8.1

Connection diagram of DOL starter.

Fig. 8.2

Connection diagram for variable resistance starter.

Fig. 8.3

Connection diagram of an autotransformer starter.

Fig. 8.4

Connection diagram of star-delta starter.

Fig. 8.5

Simple star-delta connection.

Fig. 8.6

Connection diagram of a simple magnetic starter.

Fig. 8.7

Coil energized when pressing the start push button switch.

Fig. 8.8

Coil de-energized when pressing the stop push button switch.

Fig. 8.9

A simple magnetic starter with the real devices.

Fig. 8.10

Connection diagram of a forward-reverse starter.

Fig. 8.11

Connection diagram of a forward-reverse starter.

Fig. 8.12

Connection diagram of a forward starting.

Fig. 8.13

Connection diagram of a reverse starting.

Fig. 8.14

Harmonic effect on torque.

Fig. 8.15

Deep rotor bar with the parallel layers.

Fig. 8.16

Deep cage rotor bar with the distribution of leakage flux.

Fig. 8.17

Part of double squirrel cage rotor.

Fig. 8.18

Equivalent circuit with a no-load branch.

Fig. 8.19

Equivalent circuit without no-load branch.

Fig. 8.20

Equivalent circuit under block rotor test.

Fig. 8.21

Connection diagram of block rotor test.

Fig. 8.22

Connection diagram of a star-delta circuit.

Fig. 8.23

No-load equivalent circuit.

Fig. 8.24

Schematic for frequency control.

Fig. 8.25

Schematic of cascade connection.

Fig. 8.26

Main wiring diagram of a star-delta starter.

Fig. 8.27

Main wiring diagram of a star-delta starter.

Fig. 8.28

Simulation circuit by an automation studio software.

Chapter 9

Fig. 9.1

Connection diagram of a generator and turbine.

Fig. 9.2

Schematic of a stator.

Fig. 9.3

Schematic of a salient pole-type rotor.

Fig. 9.4

Non-salient pole-type rotor.

Fig. 9.5

Connection diagram of rotor and stator.

Fig. 9.6

Synchronous generator with load.

Fig. 9.7

Coil sides with endpoints.

Fig. 9.8

Schematic of full-pitch coil.

Fig. 9.9

Schematic of short-pitch and full-pitch coils.

Fig. 9.10

Phasor diagram for the full-pitch coil.

Fig. 9.11

Phasor diagram for the short-pitch coil.

Fig. 9.12

Side voltages and resultant voltage.

Fig. 9.13

Phasor diagram of a loaded alternator.

Fig. 9.14

Equivalent circuit with armature reactance and leakage reactance.

Fig. 9.15

Equivalent circuit with synchronous reactance.

Fig. 9.16

Phasor diagram with unity power factor.

Fig. 9.17

Phasor diagram with lagging power factor.

Fig. 9.18

Phasor diagram with leading power factor.

Fig. 9.19

Wye and delta connection.

Fig. 9.20

Connection for open circuit test.

Fig. 9.21

OCC curve of a synchronous generator.

Fig. 9.22

Connection for open circuit test.

Fig. 9.23

OCC and SCC curves.

Fig. 9.24

Circuit for resistance measurement.

Fig. 9.25

Per phase equivalent circuit and phasor diagram.

Fig. 9.26

Phasor diagram without armature resistance.

Fig. 9.27

Power and torque characteristics curves.

Fig. 9.28

Direct axis and quadrature axis components.

Fig. 9.29

Direct axis and quadrature axis inductances.

Fig. 9.30

Different fluxes in a salient pole generator.

Fig. 9.31

Armature current lags the induced voltage.

Fig. 9.32

Armature current leads the induced voltage.

Fig. 9.33

Phasor diagram of a salient pole generator.

Fig. 9.34

Approximate phasor diagram of a salient pole generator.

Fig. 9.35

Phasor diagram of a salient pole generator with a leading po...

Fig. 9.36

Two generators are in parallel.

Fig. 9.37

Equivalent circuit when two generators are in parallel.

Fig. 9.38

Alternators share an equal load.

Fig. 9.39

Alternators share an unequal load.

Fig. 9.40

Three lamps dark and bright method.

Fig. 9.41

One dark and two bright lamps method.

Fig. 9.42

Synchroscope connection diagram.

Fig. 9.43

Schematic of synchronoscope.

Fig. 9.44

Phasor diagram.

Fig. 9.45

Generator capability curve.

Chapter 10

Fig. 10.1

Stator and rotor of a synchronous motor.

Fig. 10.2

Different positions of stator and rotor.

Fig. 10.3

Damper windings with end rings.

Fig. 10.4

External motor to start the synchronous motor.

Fig. 10.5

Per phase equivalent circuit.

Fig. 10.6

Phasor diagram with a unity power factor.

Fig. 10.7

Phasor diagram with a lagging power factor.

Fig. 10.8

Phasor diagram with a leading power factor.

Fig. 10.9

Impedance phasor diagrams.

Fig. 10.10

Phasor diagram with normal excitation.

Fig. 10.11

Phasor diagram with under-excitation.

Fig. 10.12

Phasor diagram with over-excitation.

Fig. 10.13

Phasor diagram with different field excitation.

Fig. 10.14

Phasor diagram for example 10.1.

Fig. 10.15

Phasor diagram for example 10.2.

Fig. 10.16

Phasor diagram for example 10.2.

Fig. 10.17

Impedance phasor diagram.

Fig. 10.18

Impedance diagram.

Fig. 10.19

Impedance diagram with δ= β.

Fig. 10.20

Phasor diagram with lagging power factor.

Fig. 10.21

Phasor diagram with leading power factor.

Fig. 10.22

Phasor diagram with a unity power factor.

Fig. 10.23

Modified phasor diagrams.

Fig. 10.24

Lagging power factor phasor diagram for v-curve.

Fig. 10.25

Unity power factor phasor diagram for v-curve.

Fig. 10.26

Leading power factor phasor diagram for v-curve.

Fig. 10.27

V-curves of a synchronous motor.

Fig. 10.28

Inverted v-curves.

Fig. 10.29

Synchronous motor with load.

Fig. 10.30

Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of synchronous motor...

Fig. 10.31

Reactive power versus real power for power factor correction.

Fig. 10.32

Position of a rotor with different loads.

Chapter 11

Fig. 11.1

Components of a single-phase motor.

Fig. 11.2

Schematic view of a single-phase motor.

Fig. 11.3

Sequence operation of two magnetic fields.

Fig. 11.4

Resultant flux waveform.

Fig. 11.5

Main and starting winding.

Fig. 11.6

Two fluxes oppose each other.

Fig. 11.7

Rotor equivalent circuit due to forward and backward fields.

Fig. 11.8

Equivalent circuit of a single-phase motor.

Fig. 11.9

Torque-speed characteristics.

Fig. 11.10

Connection and vector diagrams of a split-phase motor.

Fig. 11.11

Torque-speed characteristics of a split-phase motor.

Fig. 11.12

Connection and vector diagrams of a capacitor start motor.

Fig. 11.13

Torque-speed characteristics of a capacitor start motor.

Fig. 11.14

Schematic of a capacitor start and capacitor run motor.

Fig. 11.15

Vector diagrams of a capacitor start and capacitor run motor.

Fig. 11.16

Torque-speed characteristics of a capacitor start and capac...

Fig. 11.17

Schematic of a capacitor run motor.

Fig. 11.18

Torque-speed characteristics of a capacitor run motor.

Fig. 11.19

Connection of a shaded pole motor.

Fig. 11.20

Torque-speed characteristics of a shaded pole motor.

Fig. 11.21

Unidirectional torque for positive half-cycle.

Fig. 11.22

Unidirectional torque for a negative half-cycle.

Fig. 11.23

Schematic of an AC series motor.

Fig. 11.24

Performance of a universal motor.

Fig. 11.25

Performance of a universal motor.

Fig. 11.26

Schematic of a reluctance motor.

Fig. 11.27

Performance of a reluctance motor.

Fig. 11.28

Schematic of a hysteresis motor.

Fig. 11.29

Schematic of a hysteresis motor.

Fig. 11.30

Torque characteristics of a hysteresis motor.

Fig. 11.31

Connection diagram of a blocked rotor test.

Fig. 11.32

Approximate equivalent circuit for blocked rotor test.

Fig. 11.33

Connection diagram of a no-load test.

Fig. 11.34

Approximate equivalent circuit for no-load test.

Fig. 11.35

Pulse input with discrete rotation of the stepper motor.

Fig. 11.36

Pulse input with discrete rotation of the stepper motor.

Fig. 11.37

Permanent magnet stepper motor operation steps.

Fig. 11.38

Permanent magnet stepper motor switching circuit.

Fig. 11.39

Steps of a 6-pole stator and 2-pole rotor variable-reluctan...

Fig. 11.40

Switching circuit of variable-reluctance stepper motor.

Fig. 11.41

Steps of a 6-pole stator and 4-pole variable reluctance ste...

Fig. 11.42

Steps of a one- and two-phase variable reluctance stepper motor.

Fig. 11.43

Remaining steps of a one and two-phase variable reluctance...

Fig. 11.44

Rotor construction of a hybrid stepper motor.

Fig. 11.45

Stator and rotor arrangement of a hybrid stepper motor.

Fig. 11.46

Stator and rotor arrangement of a hybrid stepper motor in d...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgement

Begin Reading

References

Index

Also of Interest

Wiley End User License Agreement

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Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Electrical Machines

Fundamentals and Analysis

Md. Abdus Salam

This edition first published 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-394-23117-1

Front cover images supplied by Adobe Firefly Cover design by Russell Richardson

Dedication

To my parents, my wife (Asma Ara Bagum), my children (Syeed Hasan, Yusra Salam, and Sundus Salam), and my daughter-in-law (Naomi Hoque) for their kindness and endless support.

Additionally, I would like to thank my instructors and well-wishers who have supported my professional development over the years.

Md. Abdus Salam

Preface

Electrical machines such as DC motors, DC generators, induction motors, synchronous machines, and special motors are widely used in different applications including the manufacturing industry. As technology continues to advance, the importance of understanding the principles and applications of electrical machines becomes increasingly critical. Electrical machines play a pivotal role in numerous aspects of our daily lives, from powering our homes and industries to driving innovations in renewable energy. Therefore, the basic principles of electrical machines along with their characteristics need to be known to proceed to higher semesters as well as to work in the practical field.

Welcome to a new textbook, Electrical Machines: Fundamentals and Analysis. This textbook has been thoroughly written to provide students, professors and engineers with a comprehensive, hands-on and accessible guide to the fascinating scope of electrical machines.

In addition, this textbook is designed to offer a balanced blend of theoretical concepts and practical applications, ensuring that readers not only grasp the underlying principles but also develop the skills necessary to apply them in real-world scenarios and applications, especially in the manufacturing industry.

Key Features Fundamentals ConceptsThe book begins with a solid foundation in the fundamentals of electrical circuits which will help readers gain a clear understanding of the essential theories that govern electrical machines’ operation and characteristics.

Problem-Solving ApproachA step-by-step problem-solving approach is incorporated into each theory, encouraging active engagement and reinforcing knowledge. A variety of examples and exercises are included to enhance problem-solving skills.

Emerging TrendsRecognizing the dynamic and vibrant nature of the field, this textbook explores emerging trends and advancements in electrical machines, including discussions on the integration of smart technologies and software to start and control electrical machines.

Visual LearningRich and coloured illustrations, diagrams, and practical examples are employed to facilitate visual learning and enhance the clarity of complex concepts.

Practical ApplicationsIllustrations, diagrams, and practical examples are employed to facilitate visual learning. Real-world applications are included throughout the textbook, illustrating how electrical machines are used in different industries and inspiring engineers to see the direct impact of their knowledge.

Supplementary ResourcesBased on adoption of this textbook, additional online resources, including tutorials, simulations, and supplementary materials will be made available to further support the learning process.

In the undergraduate course curriculum, universities normally offer two courses in electrical machines, each three credit hours. Most universities have already been evaluated or are in the process of evaluating their undergraduate programs in electrical and computer engineering to meet the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) requirements.

This textbook strives to be your thorough companion, whether you are a student starting your journey into electrical engineering, a practicing engineer looking for a refresher, or just someone who is intrigued about the inner workings of the machines that power our modern world. Accept the fascinating realm of electrical machinery and start your educational journey now!

Aids for Instructors

Instructors who adopt this book as a text may obtain the solution manual as a supplement copy by contacting the publishers.

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge the initial support of my former colleagues at the Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, California. I also acknowledge with gratitude Danielle Wilken, President, Senior Vice Presidents, Vice Presidents, Dr. Manyul Im, Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, Administration, Professor Dr. Khaled Elleithy, Dean School of Engineering, Professor Dr. Navarun Gupta, Chair, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty members and staff for their kind inspiration during the time I was writing this textbook.

The improvement of the book is an ongoing process. Therefore, I would be grateful to academicians, students and professional engineers for their constructive comments on this edition of the book through my email: [email protected].

Finally, I would like to thank all staff of Scrivener Publishing House for their help in bringing this book project to a successful completion.

Md. Abdus Salam, PhD

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

School of Engineering

University of Bridgeport

126 Park Avenue

Connecticut, USA