Electrochromic Materials and Devices E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1200

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Electrochromic materials can change their optical properties on the application of an electrical voltage or current. Different classes of materials show this behaviour including transition metal oxides, conjugated polymers, metal-coordinated complexes and organic molecules. As the colour change is persistent, the electric field usually needs only to be applied to effect the switching, allowing for applications such as low energy-consumption displays, light-adapting mirrors in vehicles, and 'smart windows' for which the amount of transmitted light and heat can be controlled. The first part of this book describes the different classes and processing techniques of electrochromic materials. The second part highlights nanostructured electrochromic materials and device fabrication, and the third part focuses on the applications such as smart windows, adaptive camouflage, wearable displays and fashion. The last part of the book comprises case studies and environmental impact issues. From the contents: * Part One: Electrochromic Materials and Processing * Part Two: Nanostructured Electrochromic Materials and Device Fabrication * Part Three: Applications of Electrochromic Materials * Part Four: Device Case Studies, Environmental Impact Issues and Elaborations

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

In memoriam

Preface

References

Acknowledgements

List of Contributors

Part I: Electrochromic Materials and Processing

Chapter 1: Electrochromic Metal Oxides: An Introduction to Materials and Devices

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Some Notes on History and Early Applications

1.3 Overview of Electrochromic Oxides

1.4 Transparent Electrical Conductors and Electrolytes

1.5 Towards Devices

1.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 2: Electrochromic Materials Based on Prussian Blue and Other Metal Metallohexacyanates

2.1 The Electrochromism of Prussian Blue

2.2 Metal Metallohexacyanates akin to Prussian Blue

2.3 Copper Hexacyanoferrate

References

Chapter 3: Electrochromic Materials and Devices Based on Viologens

3.1 Introduction, Naming and Previous Studies

3.2 Redox Chemistry of Bipyridilium Electrochromes

3.3 Physicochemical Considerations for Including Bipyridilium Species in ECDs

3.4 Exemplar Bipyridilium ECDs

3.5 Elaborations

References

Chapter 4: Electrochromic Devices Based on Metal Hexacyanometallate/Viologen Pairings

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hybrid (Solid-with-Solution) Electrochromic Devices

4.3 All-Solid Electrochromic Devices

4.4 Other Metal Hexacyanometallate-Viologen-Based ECDs

4.5 Prospects for Metal Hexacyanometallate-Viologen-Based ECDs

References

Chapter 5: Conjugated Electrochromic Polymers: Structure-Driven Colour and Processing Control

5.1 Introduction and Background

5.2 Representative Systems

5.3 Processability of Electrochromic Polymers

5.4 Summary and Perspective

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: Electrochromism within Transition-Metal Coordination Complexes and Polymers

6.1 Electronic Transitions and Redox Properties of Transition-Metal Complexes

6.2 Electrochromism in Reductively Electropolymerised Films of Polypyridyl Complexes

6.3 Electrochromism in Oxidatively Electropolymerised Films of Transition-Metal Complexes

6.4 Electrochromism in Self-Assembled or Self-Adsorbed Multilayer Films of Transition-Metal Complexes

6.5 Electrochromism in Spin-Coated or Drop-Cast Thin Films of Transition-Metal Complexes

6.6 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7: Organic Near-Infrared Electrochromic Materials

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Aromatic Quinones

7.3 Aromatic Imides

7.4 Anthraquinone Imides

7.5 Poly(triarylamine)s

7.6 Conjugated Polymers

7.7 Other NIR Electrochromic Materials

7.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Metal Hydrides for Smart-Window Applications

8.1 Switchable-Mirror Thin Films

8.2 Optical Switching Property

8.3 Switching Durability

8.4 Colour in the Transparent State

8.5 Electrochromic Switchable Mirror

8.6 Smart-Window Application

References

Part II: Nanostructured Electrochromic Materials and Device Fabrication

Chapter 9: Nanostructures in Electrochromic Materials

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Nanostructures of Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)

9.3 Nanostructures of Conjugated Polymers

9.4 Nanostructures of Organic-Metal Complexes and Viologen

9.5 Electrochromic Nanocomposites and Nanohybrids

9.6 Conclusions and Perspective

References

Chapter 10: Advances in Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Requirements of Polymer Electrolytes in Electrochromic Applications

10.3 Types of Polymer Electrolytes

10.4 Polymer Hosts of Interest in Electrochromic Devices

10.5 Recent Trends in Polymer Electrolytes

10.6 Future Outlook

References

Chapter 11: Gyroid-Structured Electrodes for Electrochromic and Supercapacitor Applications

11.1 Introduction to Nanostructured Electrochromic Electrodes

11.2 Polymer Self-Assembly and the Gyroid Nanomorphology

11.3 Gyroid-Structured Vanadium Pentoxide

11.4 Gyroid-Structured Nickel Oxide

11.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 12: Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Electrochromic Materials: On the Efficient Method for Immobilisation of Nanomaterials

12.1 Introduction to the Layer-by-Layer Deposition Technique

12.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly in Electrochromic Materials

12.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Metal Oxides

12.4 Layer-by-Layer and Electrophoretic Deposition for Nanoparticles Immobilisation

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 13: Plasmonic Electrochromism of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals

13.1 Introduction to Plasmonic Electrochromic Nanocrystals

13.2 History of Electrochromism in Metal and Semiconductor Nanocrystals

13.3 Doped Metal Oxide Colloidal Nanocrystals as Plasmonic Electrochromic Materials

13.4 Advanced Electrochromic Electrodes Constructed from Colloidal Plasmonic NCs

13.5 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Part III: Applications of Electrochromic Materials

Chapter 14: Solution-Phase Electrochromic Devices and Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Early History of Solution-Phase EC

14.3 The World's Most Widely Used Electrochromic Material

14.4 Commercialisation of EC Devices

14.5 Reversibility and Stability in Solution-Phase EC Systems

14.6 Thickened and Gelled Solution-Phase Systems

14.7 Nernst Equilibrium, Disproportionation and Stability

14.8 Closing Remarks

References

Chapter 15: Electrochromic Smart Windows for Dynamic Daylightand Solar Energy Control in Buildings

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Solar Radiation

15.3 Solar Radiation through Window Panes and Glass Structures

15.4 Solar Radiation Modulation by Electrochromic Windows

15.5 Experimental

15.6 Measurement and Calculation Method of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors

15.7 Spectroscopic Measurement and Calculation of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors

15.8 Commercial Electrochromic Windows and the Path Ahead

15.9 Increased Application of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors

15.10 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

15.A Appendix: Tables for Calculation of Solar Radiation Glazing Factors

15.B Appendix: Tables for Calculation of Thermal Conductance

References

Chapter 16: Fabric Electrochromic Displays for Adaptive Camouflage, Biomimicry, Wearable Displays and Fashion

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Non-Electrochromic Colour-Changing Fabric

16.3 Conclusion

References

Part IV: Device Case Studies, Environmental Impact Issues and Elaborations

Chapter 17: Electrochromic Foil: A Case Study

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Device Design and Optical Properties of Electrochromic Foil

17.3 Comments on Lifetime and Durability

17.4 Electrolyte Functionalisation by Nanoparticles

17.5 Comments and Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 18: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of Electrochromic Smart Windows

18.1 Life Cycle Analysis

18.2 Application of LCA to Electrochromic Smart Windows

18.3 LCA of Novel Plastic-Film-Based Electrochromic Devices

18.4 LCA for EC Target Applications

18.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 19: Electrochromic Glazing in Buildings: A Case Study

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Variable Transmission Glazing for Use in Buildings

19.3 Case Study: The De Montfort EC Office Installation

19.4 Summary

References

Chapter 20: Photoelectrochromic Materials and Devices

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Structure Design of the PECDs

References

Appendix: Definitions of Electrochromic Materials and Device Performance Parameters

A.1 Contrast Ratio

CR

A.2 Response Time

τ

A.3 Write–Erase Efficiency

A.4 Cycle Life

A.5 Coloration Efficiency

η

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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