Elements of Reproduction and Reproductive Diseases of Goats E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Specialist reference and practical guidebook on goat reproductive health, emphasizing reproductive diseases, their clinical management, and production management
Elements of Reproduction and Reproductive Diseases of Goats discusses the reproductive system and various reproductive diseases of goats, with coverage of pathogenesis of diseases, disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment via drugs and other methods, along with general best management of goats. To aid in reader comprehension and practical application, the book includes colored figures, lined figures, and tables visualizing key concepts.
The book explains reproductive anatomy of both males and females in a systematic way. The main topics in this book include breeding characteristics, pregnancy detection, diagnosis, and treatment, management of infertility, obstetrics, abortion, surgery of the reproductive tract, and care and management of kids. The book emphasizes state-of-the-art research on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in regulation of reproduction.
Edited by a highly qualified practitioner and contributed to by a wide variety of contributors, each with specialized knowledge in their respective area of knowledge, Elements of Reproduction and Reproductive Diseases of Goats covers sample topics such as:
- Puberty and sexual maturity, selection criteria, nutrition, parasitic infection, seasonal perspectives, and estrus synchronization
- Preparation for breeding season, gestation and parturition, lactation, reproductive failures, and postpartum care
- Diseases of the glans penis and prepuce, urethra, scrotum and inguinal lymph nodes, prostate, and testis
- Infectious abortive diseases, including chlamydiosis, toxoplasmosis, q fever, brucellosis, and campylobacteriosis, along with non-infectious abortive diseases
- Ketosis and pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, uterine and rectal prolapse, retained placenta and fetal membranes, metritis and endometritis, pyometra, and mastitis
Elements of Reproduction and Reproductive Diseases of Goats is a highly comprehensive resource on the subject ideal for veterinary practitioners, small ruminant researchers, veterinary students, farm managers, industrialists, and all professionals involved in the raising, care, and breeding of goats, along with students and instructors in related programs of study.
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Seitenzahl: 1698
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
Section 1: Goat Reproductive Health
1 Anatomy of the Reproductive System in the Buck and Doe
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Male Reproductive System
1.3 Female Reproductive System
Acknowledgment
References
2 Puberty and Sexual Maturity in the Buck and Doe
2.1 Puberty
2.2 Seasonal Breeding
2.3 Puberty in Bucks
2.4 Puberty in Does
2.5 Estrous Cycle
2.6 Pregnancy
2.7 Measures to Increase Reproductive Performance in Goats
References
Further Reading
3 Reproductive Biology of the Buck and Doe
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reproduction in Goats
3.3 Male Reproductive Tract
3.4 Female Reproductive System
3.5 Seasonal Sexual Activity
3.6 Estrous Cycle
3.7 Pregnancy
3.8 Kidding
3.9 Lactation
3.10 Female with Newborn Kids
3.11 Control of Sexual Activity and Optimization of Fertility Results
3.12 Estrus and Male Mating Behavior
References
Further Reading
4 Selection Criteria for the Buck and Doe
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why Selection is Important
4.3 Setting a Breeding Objective
4.4 Breeding and Selection Tools
Further Reading
5 Impact of Nutrition on Reproduction in Goats
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Goat Feeding
5.3 Nutritional Health Problems
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Effect of Parasitic Infection on Reproductive Health
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parasitic Diseases and Reproductive Health
6.3 Conclusion
References
7 Seasonal Perspectives on Reproduction of the Buck and Doe
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Influence of Photoperiod on Reproductive Seasonality
7.3 Circadian Rhythm and Reproduction in Mammals
7.4 Other Factors That Influence Reproductive Seasonality
7.5 Melatonin
7.6 Control of Sexual Activity
References
8 The Buck Effect: A Management Tool for Improving Reproductive Efficiency in Goats
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Buck Effect
8.3 Synchronization of Estrus by Hormonal Protocol
8.4 Behavior of Goats During Estrus
8.5 Hormones Related to Estrus and Their Changes in Goats
8.6 Conclusion
References
9 Estrus Synchronization and Mating Systems in Goats
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Estrous Cycle
9.3 The Male Effect
9.4 Applications of Synchronization of Estrus
9.5 Female Mating Systems
References
10 Preparation for the Breeding Season
10.1 Purpose of Goat Breeding
10.2 Establishing a Reproducing/Breeding Flock
10.3 Examination for Breeding Soundness in Goats
10.4 Onset of Puberty
10.5 Breeding During Puberty
10.6 Preparation of Males for Breeding
10.7 Preparation of Females for Breeding
10.8 Estrous Cycle
10.9 Goat Nutrition During Breeding
10.10 Breeding Systems
10.11 Mating Methods
10.12 Goat Gestation Period
10.13 Pregnancy Diagnosis
10.14 Separating Male and Female Goats
References
11 Gestation and Parturition
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Gestation
11.3 Parturition or Kidding
11.4 Problems of Caprine Gestation
11.5 Pharmacological Induction of Kidding
References
12 Lactation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mammary Glands are Sophisticated Sweat Glands
12.3 Colostrogenesis
12.4 Lactogenesis
12.5 Involution of Mammary Gland
12.6 Lactation Curve
12.7 Heat Stress
12.8 Dry Period for Cell Proliferation
12.9 Conclusion
References
13 Reproductive Techniques
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Reproductive System of the Doe
13.3 Reproductive Techniques in Goats
References
14 Reproductive Failure in Does
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ovarian Dysfunction
14.3 Disorders of Fertilization
14.4 Pregnancy Wastage
14.5 Perinatal and Neonatal Mortality
15 Postpartum Care of the Doe
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Puerperium
15.3 Factors Influencing the Puerperium
References
Section 2: Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
16 Diseases of the Glans Penis and Prepuce
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Comparative Anatomy of the Glans Penis
16.3 Anatomy of the Glans Penis in Goats
16.4 Physiology of the Glans Penis and Prepuce in Goats
16.5 Diseases of the Glans Penis and Prepuce in Goats
16.6 Trauma and Injuries
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 Diseases of the Urethra
17.1 Introduction
17.2 General Function of the Goat's Urethra
17.3 Anatomy and Function of the Male Urethra
17.4 Anatomy and Function of the Female Urethra
17.5 Diseases of the Urethra
17.6 General Management and Prevention
17.7 Conclusion
References
18 Diseases of the Inguinal Lymph Nodes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Lymphatic System Overview
18.3 Role of Inguinal Lymph Nodes
18.4 Location and Structure
18.5 Immune Function
18.6 Common Infectious Diseases Affecting Inguinal Lymph Nodes in Goats
18.7 Noninfectious Causes of Inguinal Lymph Node Enlargement
18.8 Diagnosis of Inguinal Lymph Node Diseases
18.9 Treatment Strategies
18.10 Prevention and Control Measures
18.11 Conclusion
References
19 Diseases of the Prostate
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Cell Biology
19.3 Prostatic Secretions
19.4 Diseases of the Prostrate
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Diseases of the Scrotum
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Structure and Anatomy
20.3 Diseases of the Scrotum of Bucks
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Diseases of the Testes
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Epididymis
21.3 Ductus Deferens
21.4 Effect of Season on Buck Puberty and Reproduction
21.5 Diseases of the Testes
21.6 Infectious Diseases Causing Orchitis and Epididymitis
References
Section 3: Diseases of Pregnancy
22 Abortion: General Considerations
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Common Causes of Abortion
22.3 Noninfectious Causes of Abortion
22.4 Infectious Causes of Abortion
22.5 Conclusion
References
23 Infectious Abortive Diseases: Chlamydiosis
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Etiology
23.3 Epidemiology
23.4 Developmental Cycle
23.5 Transmission
23.6 Pathogenesis
23.7 Clinical Signs
23.8 Histopathology
23.9 Differential Diagnosis
23.10 Laboratory Diagnosis
23.11 Prevention and Control
23.12 Economic and Zoonotic Importance
References
24 Infectious Abortive Diseases: Toxoplasmosis
24.1 Introduction
24.2 History
24.3 Taxonomy
24.4 Epidemiology
24.5 Toxoplasma gondii: An Apicomplexan Parasite
24.6 Pathogenesis
24.7 Clinical Signs
24.8 Pathological Findings
24.9 Differential Diagnosis
24.10 Diagnosis
24.11 Treatment
24.12 Prevention and Control
24.13 Public Health Importance
References
25 Infective Abortive Diseases: Q Fever
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Transmission and Spread
25.3 Routes of Infection
25.4 Pathogenesis
25.5 Clinical Signs
25.6 Diagnosis
25.7 Control Methods and Vaccination
25.8 Perspectives for the Future
25.9 Conclusion
References
26 Infectious Abortive Diseases: Brucellosis
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Etiology
26.3 Geographical Distribution
26.4 Zoonotic Importance
26.5 Transmission of B. melitensis
26.6 Pathogenesis and Immune Response
26.7 Clinical Signs
26.8 Postmortem Lesions
26.9 Diagnosis
26.10 Biomarkers of Brucella and Brucellosis
26.11 Treatment
26.12 Control
References
27 Infectious Abortive Diseases: Campylobacteriosis
27.1 Etiology
27.2 The Genus Campylobacter
27.3 Detection, Isolation, and Confirmation
27.4 Clinical Signs
27.5 Pathology
27.6 Epidemiology and Transmission
27.7 Occurrence and Distribution
27.8 Diagnostic Tests and Specimens
27.9 Zoonotic Potential
27.10 Campylobacteriosis and Abortion Storms in Goats
27.11 Treatment, Prevention, and Control
References
28 Noninfectious Abortive Diseases: Toxic Plants, Nutritional, and Genetic
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Toxic Plants
28.3 Nutritional Effects on Reproduction
28.4 Genetic Effects
28.5 Conclusion
References
29 Management of Abortive Diseases
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Causes of Abortion in Goats
29.3 General Approach for the Management of Abortion in Goats
29.4 Conclusion
References
Section 4: Metabolic Diseases
30 Ketosis/Pregnancy Toxemia
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Etiology
30.3 Risk Factors for Pregnancy Toxemia in Goats
30.4 Risk Factors for Ketosis in Goats
30.5 Epidemiology
30.6 Pathophysiology
30.7 Clinical Findings
30.8 Diagnosis
30.9 Treatment
30.10 Prevention
30.11 Conclusion
References
31 Hypocalcemia
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Calcium in Goats
31.3 Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis
31.4 Factors Influencing Absorption of Calcium
31.5 Calcium Deficiencies
31.6 Epidemiology of Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.7 Predisposing Factors for Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.8 Etiology for Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.9 Pathogenesis of Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.10 Clinical Signs of Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.11 Diagnosis of Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.12 Differential Diagnosis of Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.13 Treatment of Hypocalcemia in Goats
31.14 Prevention and Control
References
Section 5: Postpartum Disorders
32 Uterine and Rectal Prolapse
32.1 Uterine Prolapse
32.2 Rectal Prolapse
References
33 Retained Placenta and Fetal Membranes
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Structural Components of Placenta
33.3 Basic Features of Placenta
33.4 Physiology of Expulsion of Placenta
33.5 Clinical Signs
33.6 Therapeutic Management
33.7 Discussion
33.8 Preventive Measures
33.9 Conclusion
References
34 Metritis
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Definition
34.3 Diagnosis
34.4 Treatment
34.5 Conclusion
References
35 Pyometra
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Incidence
35.3 Pathogenesis of Postpartum Uterine Infection
35.4 Etiology
35.5 Clinical Signs
35.6 Diagnosis
35.7 Prognosis
35.8 Treatment
35.9 Managing Female Goats to Prevent Uterine Diseases
35.10 Conclusion
References
36 Mastitis
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Etiology
36.3 Udder Immunity
36.4 Risk Factors Associated with Mastitis
36.5 Clinical Signs
36.6 Diagnosis
36.7 Treatment and Control
References
37 General Preparations for the Newborn Kid
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Care of Newborn Kids
37.3 General Preparations to Ensure the Kid's Well‐being
37.4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
38 Feeding of Kids
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Colostrum – Gold Standard for Goat Kids
38.3 Tube Feeding in Kids
The following steps should be taken to tube feed a kid (Smith 2021)
38.4 General Kid Nutrition
38.5 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Section 6: Early Diseases of Kids
39 Stillborn, Weak or Dead Kid
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Biological Variables that Affect Lamb and Kid Survival
39.3 Neonatal Survival
39.4 Early Embryonic Death vs Abortion vs Stillbirth
39.5 General Patterns of Kid Survival from Birth and Post Weaning
39.6 Conclusion
References
40 Hypothermia and Hypoglycemia
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Hypothermia
40.3 Hypoglycemia
References
41 Bacteria and Toxins
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Bacillus anthracis
41.3 Clostridium Species
41.4 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
41.5 Escherichia coli
41.6 Fusobacterium necrophorum
41.7 Listeria monocytogenes
41.8 Mannheimia haemolytica
41.9 Staphylococcus aureus
41.10 Trueperella pyogenes
41.11 Conclusion
References
42 Pneumonia
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Classification of Pneumonia
42.3 Bronchopneumonia
42.4 Interstitial Pneumonia
42.5 Embolic Pneumonia
42.6 Granulomatous Pneumonia
42.7 Transmission Routes
42.8 Clinical Signs
42.9 Diagnosis
42.10 Treatment
42.11 Prevention and Control
References
43 Scours (Diarrhea)
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Etiology
43.3 Infectious Agents Causing Scours
43.4 Noninfectious Agents Causing Scours
43.5 Conclusion
References
44 Navel and Joint Ill
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Navel Ill
44.3 Joint Ill
44.4 Conclusion
References
Section 7: Late Diseases of Kids
45 Coccidiosis
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Classification
45.3 Epidemiology and Immunology
45.4 Life Cycle and Mode of Transmission
45.5 Pathogenesis
45.6 Clinical Signs
45.7 Postmortem Lesions
45.8 Diagnosis
45.9 Differential Diagnosis
45.10 Treatment
45.11 Prevention
45.12 Conclusion
References
46 White Muscle Disease
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Pathophysiology
46.3 Additional Factors Contributing White Muscle Disease
46.4 Clinical Signs
46.5 Diagnosis
46.6 Prevention
46.7 Control
46.8 Conclusion
References
47 Enterotoxemia
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Etiology
47.3 Epidemiology
47.4 Economic Impact
47.5 Pathogenesis
47.6 Clinical Signs
47.7 Diagnosis
47.8 Treatment and Control
47.9 Conclusion
References
48 Acidosis
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Subacute Ruminal Acidosis
48.3 Etiology
48.4 Predisposing Factors
48.5 Pathogenesis
48.6 Clinical Signs
48.7 Diagnosis
48.8 Treatment
48.9 Complications
48.10 Preventive Measures
48.11 Conclusion
References
49 Urolithiasis
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Etiology
49.3 Clinical Signs
49.4 Diagnosis
49.5 Pathology
49.6 Treatment
49.7 Prevention
References
50 Polioencephalomalacia
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Etiology
50.3 Clinical Signs
50.4 Pathology
50.5 Diagnosis
50.6 Treatment
50.7 Prevention
References
51 Salmonellosis
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Etiology
51.3 Distribution
51.4 Transmission
51.5 Clinical Signs of Salmonellosis in Goats and Humans
51.6 Diagnosis
51.7 Treatment
51.8 Prevention and Control
References
52 Rectal Prolapse in Kids
52.1 Introduction
52.2 Prevalence and Etiology
52.3 Classification of Rectal Prolapse
52.4 Pathophysiology
52.5 Treatment
52.6 Aftercare and Complications
52.7 Conclusion
References
53 Copper Deficiency
53.1 Introduction
53.2 Effects of Copper Deficiency on Goat Reproductive Performance
53.3 Signs and Diagnosis of Copper Deficiency in Goats
53.4 Copper Supplementation and Management
53.5 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Reproductive organs and functions of male goats.
Table 3.2 Reproductive organs and functions of female goats.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Commonly used terms for male and female goats.
Table 4.2 Kid preweaning and weaning weight adjustment factors.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Small breeds (slaughter weight 20–25 kg).
Table 5.2 Large breeds (slaughter weight 30–35 kg).
Table 5.3 Doe: nonlactating pregnant (first 15 weeks of gestation).
Table 5.4 Doe: nonlactating pregnant (last six weeks of gestation).
Table 5.5 Doe: lactating (first half of lactation period).
Table 5.6 Doe: lactating (latter half of lactation period).
Table 5.7 Bucks (breeding adult and yearling).
Table 5.8 Cheap concentrate mixture (percentage).
Table 5.9 Mineral mixture for goats.
Table 5.10 Daily nutrient requirements of goats (maintenance, growth, and ea...
Table 5.11 Starter/creep rations.
Table 5.12 Concentrate mixtures for lactating goats.
Table 5.13 Nutrient requirements of goats for general feeding practice.
Table 5.14 Acceptable quantities of macro‐ and microminerals in a goat's die...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Species variation in estrous cycle characteristics.
Table 9.2 Timeline of different agents used for synchronization of estrus i...
Table 9.3 How AI will be helpful.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Time of production and agents of maternal recognition of pregnan...
Table 11.2 Gestation length in different goat breeds.
Table 11.3 Reproductive traits associated with gestation and parturition in...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Causes of embryonic mortality.
Table 14.2 Noninfectious causes of pregnancy wastage in farm animals.
Table 14.3 Summary of diseases causing pregnancy wastage in sheep and goats...
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Common causes of abortion.
Table 22.2 Noninfectious causes of abortion.
Table 22.3 Minerals and their deficiency symptoms.
Table 22.4 Effect of toxic plant ingestion during pregnancy in goats.
Table 22.5 Infectious causes of abortion and their symptoms.
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Treatment of toxoplasmosis in small ruminants.
Chapter 32
Table 32.1 Clinical features of uterine prolapse in goats.
Table 32.2 Classification of rectal prolapse by tissue layer.
Table 32.3 Classification of rectal prolapse by severity.
Chapter 36
Table 36.1 Different groups of pathogens as causative agents of caprine mas...
Table 36.2 Scores from the California Mastitis Test on goat milk.
Table 36.3 Interpretation of somatic cell count (SCC) from individual goat ...
Chapter 37
Table 37.1 The process of kidding in goats.
Table 37.2 Feeding of goat kids (0–90 days).
Table 37.3 Vaccination schedule for goats.
Table 37.4 Deworming in goat kids.
Chapter 38
Table 38.1 Method of feeding milk replacer diet.
Table 38.2 Feeding of goat kids (0–90 days).
Table 38.3 Compositions of various creep mixtures for goat kids.
Table 38.4 Composition of concentrate mixture for growing kids (3–12 months...
Table 38.5 Feeding schedule of growing kids 3–12 months.
Chapter 41
Table 41.1 Details of toxins produced by bacterial organisms affecting goat...
Chapter 43
Table 43.1 List of infectious pathogens of scours with zoonotic potential....
Chapter 45
Table 45.1 Valid Eimeria species in goats.
Table 45.2 Merogony, gametogony, prepatent and patent period of different s...
Chapter 47
Table 47.1 Clinical signs in goats affected by enterotoxemia.
Chapter 50
Table 50.1 Main causes of polioencephalomalacia in ruminants.
Table 50.2 Some thiaminase‐containing plant species (Cebra and Cebra 2004; ...
Table 50.3 Some thiamine antagonists (Tylicki et al. 2018; Hrubša et al. 20...
Table 50.4 Some sulfur‐rich dietary ingredients (Cebra and Cebra 2004; Cebr...
Chapter 52
Table 52.1 Classification of rectal prolapse based on rectal tissue involve...
Table 52.2 Classification of rectal prolapse based on rectal layer involved...
Chapter 53
Table 53.1 Effects of copper deficiency on goat reproductive performance.
Table 53.2 Mechanisms and effects of copper deficiency on goat reproductive...
Table 53.3 Laboratory tests for copper deficiency in goats.
Table 53.4 Recommended copper supplementation for goats.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Diagrammatic presentation of the male reproductive system.
Figure 1.2 Photograph showing the organs of the male reproductive system.
Figure 1.3 Photograph showing the testis and tunica vaginalis.
Figure 1.4 Photograph (sagittal section) showing the septula testis.
Figure 1.5 Diagrammatic presentation of the female reproductive system.
Figure 1.6 Photograph showing the organs of the female reproductive system....
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of the different physiological events oc...
Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of the estrous cycle of the goat.
Figure 2.3 Evolution of sexual behavior during the estrous cycle.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Anatomy of the buck's reproductive tract.
Figure 3.2 Anatomy of the doe's reproductive tract.
Figure 3.3 Buck exhibiting the curled lip and wrinkled nose typical of the F...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Body parts of the goat. 1 Tail. 2 Hip. 3 Rump. 4 Loin. 5 Rib. 6 B...
Figure 4.2 The importance of selection.
Figure 4.3 A healthy buck.
Figure 4.4 Dentition of the goat.
Figure 4.5 The scrotum and its measurement.
Figure 4.6 A goat flock.
Figure 4.7 Udder of a doe.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Feeding of poor‐quality feed.
Figure 5.2 Feeding of growing goats.
Figure 5.3 Feeding of lactating goats.
Figure 5.4 Grazing of bucks.
Figure 5.5 Pasture for feeding of goats.
Figure 5.6 Feeding of concentrates.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Effect of parasitic disease on reproduction in goats.
Figure 6.2 Parasitic causes of reproductive failure in goats.
Figure 6.3 Pale mucous membrane in a hemonchosis affected goat.
Figure 6.4 Weak and emaciated goat due to diarrhea caused by parasitic nemat...
Figure 6.5 Diarrhea due to gastrointestinal helminths in a goat.
Figure 6.6 Abortion in a goat.
Figure 6.7 Strategies for control of parasitic diseases in goats.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Photoperiod and reproduction.
Figure 7.2 Synthesis of melatonin.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Estrus‐related behaviors in goats.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Artificial insemination.
Figure 9.2 Kidding percentage through AI at ICAR‐CIRG in different years.
Figure 9.3 Kids born through AI.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Nondescript goat with triple kids.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Stages of lactation.
Figure 12.2 Anatomical position, number, and teat morphology of goat.
Figure 12.3 Cistern of doe.
Figure 12.4 Physiology of milk ejection in goat.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Reproductive system of a doe.
Figure 13.2 CIDR and its applicator.
Figure 13.3 Lutalyse
®
: a dinoprost trimethamine preparation (PGF2‐alpha...
Figure 13.4 GnRH preparation (Cystorelin
®
).
Figure 13.5 Somatic cell nuclear transfer in goats.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Anestrus during the natural breeding season. Persistence of the ...
Figure 14.2 Possible causes leading to a failure of follicle development in ...
Figure 14.3 Hormonal patterns, types of ovarian cysts, and behavioral manife...
Figure 14.4 Causes of fertilization failure.
Figure 14.5 Pregnancy wastage in farm animals.
Figure 14.6 Causes of embryonic mortality.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 The uterus of a doe.
Figure 15.2 Structure of the ovary.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Anatomical representation of a buck's reproductive system.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Lymphatic system.
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Anatomical representation of a buck's reproductive system.
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Anatomy of the scrotum of small ruminants.
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Relationship of the seminiferous tubules to each other and to th...
Figure 21.2 Testes showing seminiferous tubules and excurrent ducts.
Figure 21.3 Sperm granuloma (epididymis exhibiting multiple sperm granulomas...
Figure 21.4 Irregular echogenicity indicates testicular pathology such as or...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Implications of caprine abortion. ROP, retention of placenta.
Figure 22.2 Different malformations caused by Mimosa tenuiflora: (a) goat wi...
Figure 22.3 Hydrometra and true pregnancy.
Figure 22.4 Infectious causes of abortion in caprines.
Figure 22.5 Pathogenic mechanisms for induction of abortion in goats.
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Global seroprevalence rate of C. abortus (Tourin et al., 2022)....
Figure 23.2 Global seroprevalence of C. abortus in different animal species ...
Figure 23.3 Schematic diagram of Chlamydial developmental cycle. EB‐Elementa...
Figure 23.4 Different modes of transmission of C. abortus from infected shee...
Figure 23.5 Abortion in C. abortus infection is the combined effect of infla...
Figure 23.6 A. Almost full time aborted foetus with C. abortus infected doe....
Figure 23.7 Schematics diagram showing zoonotic transmission modes of C. abo...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Landmarks in the discovery of Toxoplasma gondii.
Figure 24.2 Difficulties in estimating losses due to toxoplasmosis.
Figure 24.3 Routes of transmission.
Figure 24.4 The pathways of transmission of T. gondii are (a) cats (definiti...
Figure 24.5 The three infective stages of T. gondii are tachyzoite (a), brad...
Figure 24.6 (a) Longitudinal section view of the tachyzoite form of Toxoplas...
Figure 24.7 (a) Longitudinal section view of the bradyzoite form of Toxoplas...
Figure 24.8 (a) Longitudinal section view of the sporozoite form of Toxoplas...
Figure 24.9 (a) Tissue cyst of Toxoplasma gondii (3D animation), with a thic...
Figure 24.10 (a) Acquired ocular toxoplasmosis characterized by retinochoroi...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Spread of Q fever among the population. 1. Aerosol. 2. Human con...
Figure 25.2 Transmission of Q fever (humans–animals–aerosol).
Figure 25.3 Different routes of infection in goats.
Figure 25.4 Pathogenesis of Q fever. 1. C. burnetii organisms. 2. Nascent Ch...
Figure 25.5 Clinical signs in goats with Q fever.
Figure 25.6 Goat with Q fever showing the aborted kid with changes in the pl...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 The various zoonotic Brucella species affecting humans.
Figure 26.2 The various clinical signs in goats with Brucella infection.
Figure 26.3 Gram‐stained Brucella under light microscopy.
Figure 26.4 Brucella species colony characteristics showing pinpoint, smooth...
Figure 26.5 RBPT testing of sera from animals suspected of brucellosis showi...
Figure 26.6 Various control strategies for brucellosis.
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 Contamination by Campylobacter spp.
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Basic factors for noninfectious abortion in small ruminants.
Figure 28.2 Aspidosperma pyrifolium tree.
Figure 28.3 Ateleia glazioveana tree.
Figure 28.4 Tetrapterys multiglandulosa.
Figure 28.5 Enterolobium timbouva.
Figure 28.6 Stryphnodendron obovatum.
Figure 28.7 Stryphnodendron fissuratum. (a) Tree. (b) Leaves. (c) Seeds.
Figure 28.8 Mimosa tenuiflora.
Chapter 29
Figure 29.1 Causes of abortion in goats.
Figure 29.2 Aborted fetus of goat.
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 Process of development of ketosis due to lack of feed intake.
Figure 30.2 (a–d) Lateral deviation of the neck in a pregnant doe.
Figure 30.3 Procedure of Rothera's test for detection of ketone bodies in ur...
Figure 30.4 Results of Rothera's test.
Chapter 31
Figure 31.1 Failure to meet nutritional requirements during the transition p...
Figure 31.2 Reasons for hypocalcemia in the pre‐ and postpartum periods.
Figure 31.3 Hyperexcitability and restlessness.
Figure 31.4 Doe in lateral recumbency.
Chapter 32
Figure 32.1 Complete uterine prolapse.
Figure 32.2 Incomplete uterine prolapse.
Figure 32.3 Uterine prolapse with visible cotyledon and endometrium.
Figure 32.4 Antiseptic washing of prolapsed uterus.
Figure 32.5 Repositioning of prolapsed uterine mass.
Figure 32.6 Uterine prolapse through vaginal tear exposing the serosal layer...
Figure 32.7 Class II rectal prolapse in goat.
Figure 32.8 Goat with applied truss.
Figure 32.9 Improvised retainer suture.
Chapter 33
Figure 33.1 Goat with retained fetal membrane.
Chapter 34
Figure 34.1 (a) Abnormal vaginal discharge in goat. (b) RFM in goat.
Chapter 35
Figure 35.1 Schematic representation of the development of postpartum uterin...
Figure 35.2 Risk factors for postpartum uterine infection.
Figure 35.3 Vaginoscope for use in sheep and goats.
Chapter 36
Figure 36.1 Mastitis in a goat.
Figure 36.2 (a) Inflamed udder. (b) Intramammary infusion. (c) Examination o...
Chapter 37
Figure 37.1 Individual kidding pen.
Figure 37.2 Clean straw bedding for a kid.
Figure 37.3 Goat kid enclosure.
Figure 37.4 FMD vaccine.
Figure 37.5 Goat pox vaccine.
Figure 37.6 Anthrax vaccine.
Figure 37.7 PPR vaccine.
Chapter 38
Figure 38.1 Sixty milliliter syringe and feeding tube.
Figure 38.2 Measurements before insertion.
Figure 38.3 Bottle feeding in goat kids.
Chapter 40
Figure 40.1 Heat homeostasis in goat kids.
Figure 40.2 Measurement of rectal temperature in a kid.
Figure 40.3 Management of hypothermia in the kid by fluid therapy.
Figure 40.4 Administration of milk replacer.
Chapter 41
Figure 41.1 Schematic representation of effects of exotoxins and endotoxins....
Chapter 42
Figure 42.1 Nasal discharge in kids.
Chapter 43
Figure 43.1 Schematic representation of scours caused by infectious etiology...
Figure 43.2 Schematic representation of scours caused by noninfectious etiol...
Figure 43.3 General transmission and pathogenesis of infectious pathogens ca...
Chapter 44
Figure 44.1 Schematic representation of the predisposing factors of joint il...
Chapter 45
Figure 45.1 Life cycle of goat coccidiosis.
Figure 45.2 Transmission pattern of coccidian occysts in goats.
Figure 45.3 Contributory factors in the development of coccidiosis.
Figure 45.4 (a) Pale congested mucous membrane. (b) Poor body weight in a go...
Figure 45.5 White nodules in intestinal mucosa in a goat affected with cocci...
Figure 45.6 Consequences of coccidiosis.
Figure 45.7 Unsporulated oocyst of Eimeria spp. in a goat.
Figure 45.8 An integrated approach to the management of coccidiosis.
Chapter 46
Figure 46.1 Difficulty in standing.
Figure 46.2 Reluctance to move or stand.
Figure 46.3 Muscle stiffness.
Figure 46.4 Poor growth in young animals.
Figure 46.5 Feeding a balanced diet.
Figure 46.6 Supplementation of selenium and/or vitamin E.
Chapter 47
Figure 47.1 Simplified diagrammatic representation of the pathogenesis of en...
Figure 47.2 A four‐month‐old goat kid affected by enterotoxemia revealing se...
Chapter 48
Figure 48.1 Etiology of acidosis in the goat.
Figure 48.2 Pathogenesis of acidosis.
Figure 48.3 Kid with diarrhea.
Figure 48.4 Death of kid due to severe acidosis.
Figure 48.5 Therapeutic management of acidosis by fluid administration in ki...
Chapter 49
Figure 49.1 Penis showing necrosis of the urethral process and glans due to ...
Figure 49.2 Urethra obstructed by uroliths at the sigmoid flexure showing ne...
Figure 49.3 Abundant uroliths and hemorrhagic cystitis with necrotic foci in...
Figure 49.4 Kidney presenting uroliths in the renal pelvis, hydronephrosis, ...
Chapter 50
Figure 50.1 Goat that died due to polioencephalomalacia showing typical posi...
Figure 50.2 Collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the cerebellomedullary ci...
Chapter 51
Figure 51.1 Diversity and source of transmission routes of Salmonella.
Figure 51.2 Black‐centered colonies of Salmonella spp. on bismuth sulfite ag...
Figure 51.3 Small, round, smooth‐edged, pink colonies of Salmonella spp. on ...
Chapter 52
Figure 52.1 Rectal prolapse in a goat.
Figure 52.2 Retention of prolapsed mass with purse‐string sutures.
Chapter 53
Figure 53.1 Common causes of copper deficiency.
Figure 53.2 Diagnosis of copper deficiency.
Figure 53.3 Treatment of copper deficiency.
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Elements of Reproduction and Reproductive Diseases of Goats
Edited by
Tanmoy Rana, MVSc, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Clinical ComplexWest Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesKolkata, India
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied forHardback ISBN: 9781394189731ePDF: 9781394190072epub: 9781394190003oBook: 9781394190089
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List of Contributors
Mojetoluwa S. AfolabiDepartment of Food and Animal ScienceAlabama A&M University, Normal, USA
Akanksha AgnihotriDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Manoj Kumar AhirwarDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and RadiologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Allam LushaikyaaFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAhmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria
Varun AsediyaAnimal Nutrition Research StationAnand Agricultural UniversityAnand, Gujarat, India
Ashok AshwiniDepartment of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary CollegeHassan, India
Ashok BaindhaPost Graduate Institute of VeterinaryEducation & ResearchJaipur, India
K. AthiraDepartment of Veterinary Epidemiologyand Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary and Animal SciencesMannuthy, India
Kolawole Jonathan BamideleFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAhmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria
Himangshu BaruahDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and ToxicologyLakhimpur College of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural UniversityNorth Lakhimpur, India
Sonam BhattDepartment of Veterinary MedicineBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences UniversityPatna, India
Suman BiswasTeaching Veterinary Clinical ComplexFaculty of Veterinary and Animal SciencesInstitute of Agricultural ScienceBanaras Hindu UniversityMirzapur, India
Antonio Carlos Lopes CâmaraLarge Animal Veterinary Teaching HospitalUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
Vipin ChandraPost Graduate Institute of VeterinaryEducation & ResearchJaipur, India
Prakash M. ChauhanDepartment of Clinics, College of Veterinary Scienceand Animal HusbandryKamdhenu University, SardarkrushinagarGujarat, India
Akanksha ChoudharyPost Graduate Institute of VeterinaryEducation & ResearchJaipur, India
Bashir Maryam DarmaVeterinary Teaching HospitalFaculty of Veterinary MedicineBayero UniversityKano, Nigeria
Bhupamani DasDepartment of ClinicsCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu UniversitySardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
Jitumoni DasDepartment of Animal ReproductionGynaecology and ObstetricsLakhimpur College of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural UniversityNorth Lakhimpur, India
K. Justin DavisDepartment of Veterinary Epidemiologyand Preventive MedicineCollege of Veterinary and Animal SciencesMannuthy, India
Sarita DeviDepartment of MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu UniversitySardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
Kritika DhialApollo College of Veterinary MedicineJaipur, Rajasthan, India
Priyanka DuggalDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and RadiologyCollege of Veterinary SciencesLala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinaryand Animal SciencesHisar, India
Parimita DuttaKrishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)Tirap, India
Ayyasamy ElangoDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversitySalem, India
Ama Adadzewa EshunDepartment of Food and Animal ScienceAlabama A&M University, Normal, USA
Abhijeet FernandesDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsCollege of Veterinary ScienceGuru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityBathinda, India
Chetana GangwarAnimal Physiology and Reproduction DivisionICAR‐Central Institute for Research on GoatMathura, India
Amaan GhaaziApollo College of Veterinary MedicineJaipur, Rajasthan, India
Mohammad M. IslamPashupalan Sanshodhan KendraKamdhenu UniversityRamna Muvada, Gujarat, India
Manoj Kumar KalitaDepartment of Animal ReproductionGynaecology and ObstetricsLakhimpur College of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural UniversityNorth Lakhimpur, India
Laishram Sanathoi KhumanDepartment of Extension EducationLakhimpur College of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural UniversityNorth Lakhimpur, India
Hycinth Ndabatsado KoloDepartment of Animal Health and ProductionFederal University of TechnologyMinna, Nigeria
Anil KumarDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences UniversityPatna, India
Ankesh KumarDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexBihar Veterinary College, Bihar Animal Sciences UniversityPatna, India
Gowdaiahnadoddi K. Chetan KumarDepartment of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary CollegeHassan, India
Kaushalendra KumarDepartment of Animal NutritionBihar Veterinary CollegePatna, India
Pramod KumarDepartment of Veterinary Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryAcharya Narendra Deva University ofAgriculture and TechnologyAyodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India
Rajesh KumarDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryAcharya Narendra Deva University ofAgriculture and TechnologyAyodhya, India
Rohit KumarDepartment of Livestock Production ManagementDr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal SciencesPalampur, India
Sanjay KumarDepartment of Animal NutritionBihar Veterinary CollegePatna, India
Rajni KumariICAR‐RCER, Patna, India
Neeti LakhaniDepartment of Animal NutritionCollege of Veterinary ScienceGuru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityBathinda, India
Mohan LalPost Graduate Institute of VeterinaryEducation & ResearchJaipur, India
Mada A. KhumranFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAhmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria
Chinmoy MajiDivision of Animal Health, North 24 Parganas KrishiVigyan Kendra, West Bengal University of Animal &Fishery Sciences, Ashokenagar, West Bengal, India
Kruti Debnath MandalDepartment of Avian SciencesFaculty of Veterinary & Animal SciencesWest Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesNadia, India
Sakthivel ManokaranDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsVeterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil NaduVeterinary and Animal Sciences UniversitySalem, India
Varsha MishraDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Aliyu Abdullahi MohammedDepartment of Animal SciencesUsman Danfodio UniversitySokoto, Nigeria
Ogunkunle NathanielDepartment of Food and Animal ScienceAlabama A&M UniversityNormal, USA
Richard Jagatheesan Pitchai NavlonVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityTheni, India
Pauline Chiezey NgoziNational Animal Production Research Institute/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria
Ram NiwasDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and RadiologyCollege of Veterinary SciencesLala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesHisar, India
Adeniyi NjidekaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Alabama A&MUniversity, Normal, USA
Padmanath KrishnanVeterinary Clinical ComplexVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityTheni, India
Chirag P. ParmarPashupalan Sanshodhan KendraKamdhenu UniversityRamna Muvada, Gujarat, India
Husen R. ParsaniDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu UniversitySardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
Kashyap PatelDepartment of MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu UniversitySardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
Ramesh M. PatelDepartment of ClinicsCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HealthKamdhenu UniversitySardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
Abhishek PathakApollo College of Veterinary MedicineJaipur, Rajasthan, India
Salil Kumar PathakDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Prerona PatowaryDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics andJurisprudence, Assam Agricultural University – GoatResearch Station, Burnihat, India
Shashi PradhanDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Ankit S. PrajapatiVeterinary Clinical Complex (Medicine), College ofVeterinary Science and Animal Health, KamdhenuUniversity, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
Ravi D. PrajapatiDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu UniversitySardarkrushinagar, India
Aditya PratapDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Saahithya RajamohanDepartment of Veterinary PathologyVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversitySalem, India
Ranjani RajasekaranDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityTheni, India
Nirmal Singh RajawatCollege of Veterinary and Animal SciencesRajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesBikaner, India
Ramasamy RajkumarDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversitySalem, India
Jeetendra S. RajoriyaDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Tanmoy RanaDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexWest Bengal University of Animal and Fishery SciencesKolkata, India
Ravi RanjanAnimal Physiology and Reproduction DivisionICAR‐Central Institute for Research on GoatMathura, India
Jigar RavalNational Dairy Development BoardAnand, India
Sunant RavalCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu UniversityAnand, India
Meesam RazaDepartment of Livestock Production ManagementDr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal SciencesPalampur, India
Bhavanam Sudhakara ReddyCollege of Veterinary Science, Sri VenkateswaraVeterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Peter Ibrahim RekwotFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAhmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria
Abdul ReshmaDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversitySalem, India
Amitava RoyDepartment of Livestock Farm ComplexWest Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesKolkata, India
Vikas SachanDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology, DUVASUMathura, India
Rayala S. SagarDepartment of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary CollegeHassan, India
Gitesh SainiDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsCollege of Veterinary ScienceGuru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityBathinda, India
Felix Uchenna SamuelFaculty of Veterinary MedicineNational Animal Production Research InstituteAhmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria, and
Department of Food and Animal ScienceAlabama A&M UniversityNormal, USA
Tulasiraman SarathDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversitySalem, India
Pardeep SharmaDepartment of Veterinary MedicineDr G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal SciencesPalampur, India
Idris SherifFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAhmadu Bello UniversityZaria, Nigeria
Abhiyuday P. SinghDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology & ObstetricsCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Brejesh SinghDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Rashmi SinghPost Graduate Institute of VeterinaryEducation & ResearchJaipur, India
Satyavrat V. SinghDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryAcharya Narendra Deva University ofAgriculture and TechnologyAyodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India
Bhoomika SirsantDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, Bihar Veterinary CollegeBihar Animal Sciences UniversityPatna, India
Sirigireddy SivajothiCollege of Veterinary Science, Sri VenkateswaraVeterinary UniversityProddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Simson SorenDepartment of Veterinary PhysiologyLakhimpur College of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural UniversityNorth Lakhimpur, India
Benito Soto‐BlancoDepartment of Veterinary Clinics and SurgeryVeterinary SchoolUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
Abhinav N. SutharDepartment of MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu UniversitySardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
Ankaj ThakurDepartment of Livestock Production ManagementDr G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal SciencesPalampur, India
Annadurai ThangamaniDepartment of Veterinary Gynaecology and ObstetricsVeterinary College and Research InstituteTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversitySalem, India
Amita TiwariDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Mahendra P.S. TomarDepartment of Veterinary AnatomyNTR College of Veterinary ScienceGannavaram, India
Shivangi UdainiyaVeterinary Polytechnic CollegeNanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityBhopal, India, andDepartment of Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryJabalpur, India
Hridya Susan VarugheseDepartment of Veterinary MicrobiologyVeterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal andFisheries Sciences UniversityHebbal, India
Abhinov VermaDepartment of Veterinary Anatomy, DUVASUMathura, India
Prerna YadavPost Graduate Institute of VeterinaryEducation and ResearchJaipur, India
Somu YogeshpriyaDepartment of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary College and Research InstituteChennai, India
Preface
This book provides an essential resource for students, academicians, and practitioners and will be beneficial for audiences in the farm and industry sectors, and milk producers' union. The book provides practical, updated information about the normal reproduction, reproductive diseases, and management of goats. It covers the current thoughts and scientific modules for the betterment of understanding of the readers. The book illustrates the reproductive anatomy and physiology of both males and females in a systematic way.
The book is divided into three parts: normal reproduction, reproductive disorders, and reproductive management of goats. The main topics covered include breeding characteristics, pregnancy detection, diagnosis, treatment, and management of infertility, obstetrics, abortion, and care and management of kids. The book emphasizes current knowledge about the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in the regulation of reproduction. It will serve as a reference book for students, veterinary nurses, researchers, academicians, scientists, and professional workers engaged in small ruminant production, applicable to anyone who has a keen interest in the biology of normal reproduction, and reproductive diseases, and management of goats. Artificial insemination and advanced reproductive biotechnology are also described and discussed. Featuring contributions from experts in various fields, each section covers clinically relevant aspects of the reproductive anatomy and physiology of both males and females.
The main important topics include the evaluation of the normal physiological function of reproductive organs, breeding soundness, pregnancy diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment of infertility, abortion, obstetrics, surgery of the reproductive tract, care of kids, and the latest reproductive technology, illustrated throughout with figures and tables.
Tanmoy Rana
Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West BengalUniversity of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
Acknowledgment
I wish to thank all the authors of the first edition for their hard work, and sharing their expertise and knowledge to make the book fruitfully. I also express my gratitude to our Honourable Vice Chancellor, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India, for giving me the opportunity to edit the book. I also convey my sincere gratitude and wholehearted thanks to all veterinarians, farm managers, and academicians for their expert opinions and thoughts to make the book a success. I would like to express my sincere regards to Dr Rituparna Bose, Commissioning Editor, Bhavya Boopathi, Managing Editor, and other members of Wiley Publishers who actively helped me during the editing of the book. I would also like to thank my family members for giving me great support and time to finalize the book.
Tanmoy Rana
Kolkata, India
Section 1Goat Reproductive Health
1Anatomy of the Reproductive System in the Buck and Doe
Abhinov Verma1, Mahendra P.S. Tomar2, and Vikas Sachan3
1 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, DUVASU, Mathura, India
2 Department of Veterinary Anatomy, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, India
3 Department of Veterinary Gynaecology, DUVASU, Mathura, India
1.1 Introduction
Reproduction is crucial for the survival of species. It is the method used by living things to reproduce (Frandson et al. 2003). Since being domesticated, the goat has become seasonally polyestrous, meaning that it reproduces naturally at specific periods of the year. The photoperiod, rasse, and nutrition are the key determinants of this trait's variation (Delgadillo et al. 2012). Several areas of goat production are influenced by reproduction, so managing reproduction requires an understanding of this process. For survival of the species, the production of meat, milk, skin, and fiber, as well as the replenishment of breeding stock, a high rate of reproductive efficiency is crucial (Abebe 2008).
Male and female individuals in each species have specific anatomical and functional features (Nickel et al. 1973). Therefore, for easier understanding, this chapter is divided into two sections: the male reproductive system and female reproductive system in goats.
1.2 Male Reproductive System
The major function of this system is the production of spermatozoa and male sex hormone (Frandson et al. 2003). The male reproductive system consists of the following structures (Figures 1.1 and 1.2).
Scrotum
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Accessory sex glands
Penis
Urethra
1.2.1 Scrotum
The testicles and nearby spermatic cord segments are located in the scrotum, which is a sac or pouch (Figure 1.1). It can take on a variety of shapes depending on the health of its subcutaneous muscular tissue. When exposed to cold, the latter constricts, causing the scrotum to rise and become thicker and wrinkled; when relaxed by heat, weariness, or debility, however, it becomes smooth and pendulous with a superior neck constriction (Frandson et al. 2003). It consists of layers which correspond with those of the abdominal wall, considered from without inward: skin, dartos, scrotal fascia, parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis (Getty 1975; Farooqui 2004; Pathak et al. 2014).
Figure 1.1 Diagrammatic presentation of the male reproductive system.
Figure 1.2 Photograph showing the organs of the male reproductive system.
The spermatic cord begins at the abdominal inguinal ring, where its constituent parts come together, extends obliquely downward through the inguinal canal, passes over the side of the penis and ends at the attached border of the testicle (Figure 1.2). It consists of the following structures.
Spermatic artery.
Spermatic vein.
Lymphatics.
Sympathetic nerves.
Ductus deferens.
Internal cremaster muscles.
Visceral layer of tunica vaginalis.
1.2.2 Testes
The testis is the seat of production of male germ cells. The testes are located in the inguinal region of the body and are enclosed in the scrotum (Frandson et al. 2003; Pathak 2006). They descend into the scrotum from the abdominal cavity during fetal development. Descent of the testes from the genital ridge in the fetus to an extracorporeal location after birth is a mandatory development process to ensure normal spermatogenesis in the mature testis (Farooqui 2004).
Each testis weighs about 130–160 g with an elongated oval form and the long axis nearly vertical (Figure 1.1). It comprises two surfaces, two borders and two extremities. Both the surfaces, i.e. the medial and lateral surfaces, are convex and smooth. The cranial border is free and the caudal border is attached to the epididymis. The dorsal and ventral extremities are termed the head and tail, respectively. A testicle of an average sized adult buck is 6–7, 4–5, and 4–5 cm in length, width, and thickness (in middle), respectively (Solaiman 2010). The testes are frequently of unequal size, with the left typically being larger, and their sizes fluctuate greatly. Testicular growth is extremely rapid from birth to puberty and then does not change significantly (Pathak et al. 2014). The testes of goats are broader in proportion to their length.
Figure 1.3 Photograph showing the testis and tunica vaginalis.
The tunica vaginalis, which is the visceral layer of the serous envelope surrounding the spermatic cord and testicle, covers the majority of the testicle's surface (Figure 1.3). This is reflected from the attached border of the gland, leaving an exposed area where the spermatic cord's vessels and nerves enter the testicle. The tunica albuginea, a robust capsule made of dense white fibrous tissue and unstriped muscle fibers, lies beneath the tunica vaginalis.
The spermatic artery supplies blood to the testicle. The artery is quite convoluted close to the testicle and descends in the anterior portion of the spermatic cord. It splits into many branches that enter the gland on the trabeculae and septa (septula testes) and ascend and descend on the testicular surfaces (Figure 1.4). The pampiniform plexus is a network formed by the testicular veins as they exit the testis and encircle the spermatic cord's artery. The lymphatic vessels often follow the veins' path before entering the lumbar lymph glands. The spermatic plexus, to which the vessels are primarily dispersed, is formed by the renal and posterior mesenteric plexuses, which supply the nerves.
The exocrine function of the testes is spermatogenesis under the influence of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone, whereas their endocrine function is the synthesis and release of testosterone by Leydig cells under the effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)/interstitial cell‐stimulating hormone (ICSH). Castration is removal of the testicles in order to reduce buck aggression (König and Liebich 2020).
Figure 1.4 Photograph (sagittal section) showing the septula testis.
The blood supply to the testes is via the internal spermatic artery and innervation occurs via the renal and mesenteric plexuses.
1.2.3 Epididymis
The epididymis serves as the chief ductal system, besides providing nutrition for growth and maturation. The epididymis is attached to the caudal border of the testicle and somewhat overlaps the lateral surface. Its dorsal enlarged end is termed the head (caput epididymis), its ventral, slightly enlarged end is the tail (cauda epididymis), and the intermediate part is the body (corpus epididymis). The head is closely connected with the testicle by the efferent ducts, in continuation of the rete testis. The efferent ducts together form the ductus epididymis which runs inside the body of the epididymis. The ductus epididymis is very flexible and almost 60 m in length in the adult buck. The tail is continued by the ductus deferens/vas deferens which is attached to the posterior extremity of the testicle by the ligamentum epididymis.
1.2.4 Ductus Deferens
The ductus deferens extends from the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra. It ascends in the inguinal canal, enclosed within the spermatic cord. At the vaginal ring, it separates from the other constituents of the spermatic cord, and turns backward and inward into the pelvic cavity to reach the pelvic urethra just caudal to the neck of the bladder. The two ducts lie very close together and empty on the roof of the urethra as enlarged ampullae.
1.2.5 Accessory Sex Glands or Annex Glands
Accessory sex glands are conspicuous outgrowths of the genital tract and can be regarded as part of the male reproductive system as they play an integral role in the fertility process. In the buck, they include the vesicular gland, prostate gland and bulbourethral or Cowper's gland.
