Energy Storage Materials Characterization E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1494

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Comprehensive summary of the properties and performance of experimental analytical techniques for a wide range of electrochemical energy storage materials

Energy Storage Materials Characterization summarizes the basic methods used to determine the properties and performance of energy storage materials and details a wide range of techniques used in electrochemical testing, including X-ray, neutron, optical, microwave, electron, and scanning probe techniques. Representative examples of each technique are presented to illustrate their powerful capabilities and offer a general strategy for future development of the original techniques.

Preceding the main text, a helpful introduction covers topics including the overall energy consumption structure of the modern world, various existing forms of energy and electrochemical energy storage, known problems with energy storage materials such as lithium-ion batteries, and specifics of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

Written by two highly qualified academics with significant research experience in the field, Energy Storage Materials Characterization includes information such as:

• Photoemission spectroscopy, X-ray pair distribution function to investigate battery systems, and cryo-electron microscopy
• X-ray diffraction, absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence and tomography microscopy, and neutron scattering, depth profile, and imaging
• UV-Vis spectroscopy for energy storage and related materials, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and optical microscopy
• Structural and chemical characterization of alkali-ion battery materials using electron energy-loss spectroscopy coupled with transmission electron microscopy

Energy Storage Materials Characterization is an essential up-to-date reference on the subject for chemists and materials scientists involved in research related to improving electrochemical energy storage systems for superior battery performance.

Leseprobe

Energy Storage Materials Characterization

Determining Properties and Performance

Volume 1

Edited by Yongbing Tang and Wenjiao Yao

Energy Storage Materials Characterization

Determining Properties and Performance

Volume 2

Edited by Yongbing Tang and Wenjiao Yao

Editors

Prof. Yongbing TangShenzhen Institute of AdvancedTechnoloy, Chinese Academy of Sciences1068 Xueyuan BoulevardUniversity Town of ShenzhenShenzhen 518055China

Dr. Wenjiao YaoShenzhen Institute of AdvancedTechnoloy, Chinese Academy of Sciences1068 Xueyuan BoulevardUniversity Town of ShenzhenShenzhen 518055China

Cover: © DAJ/Getty Images

All books published by WILEY-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2025 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstraße 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages, text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-35516-7ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-83465-5ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-83466-2oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-83467-9

Editors

Prof. Yongbing TangShenzhen Institute of AdvancedTechnoloy, Chinese Academy of Sciences1068 Xueyuan BoulevardUniversity Town of ShenzhenShenzhen 518055China

Dr. Wenjiao YaoShenzhen Institute of AdvancedTechnoloy, Chinese Academy of Sciences1068 Xueyuan BoulevardUniversity Town of ShenzhenShenzhen 518055China

Cover: © DAJ/Getty Images

All books published by WILEY-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2025 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstraße 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages, text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-35517-4ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-83465-5ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-83466-2oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-83467-9

Preface

To alleviate the environmental and resource pressures associated with fossil fuels, large-scale renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and tidal power, are urgently needed. Researchers worldwide are dedicated to improve current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and develop innovative electrochemical energy storage devices, including metal-O2 batteries, metal-sulfur batteries, multivalent-ion batteries, and dual-ion batteries. In addition to the pursuit of high-performance, cost-effective, and eco-friendly devices, the fundamental investigation of key materials and the characterization of electrochemical processes are crucial from both scientific and practical perspectives. Notably, elucidating electrochemical reaction mechanisms can facilitate and even guide the further optimization and design of novel materials and devices.

Since 2013, I have conducted independent research focused on energy storage devices and key materials. Over the years, my team has used various characterization techniques to elucidate fundamental working mechanisms, which has subsequently informed the design and optimization of materials and devices. Earlier, my team members have relied on hands-on instruction to pass on accumulated experience, a process that is largely one-to-one, time-consuming, and energy-intensive. Recently, I recognized the need for a systematic, introductory guide to improve the group’s efficiency. However, no suitable book or document appeared to exist. After discussing this issue with friends and colleagues, we ultimately decided to write this book together.

This book presents state-of-the-art reviews written by specialists in various advanced analytical techniques, including X-ray, neutron, optical, microwave, electron, and scanning probe techniques. It serves two primary purposes. First, it offers a comprehensive introduction to a wide range of experimental analytical techniques, which can be beneficial for beginners in the field of electrochemical energy storage. These readers may use this book as a starting point to gain a thorough overview of relevant techniques and select the most appropriate methods for their specific requirements. Second, as science and technology rapidly evolve, conventional analytical methods have undergone significant upgrades in recent years. Several novel techniques have also been introduced for analyzing electrochemical materials, such as cryo-electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray techniques, and neutron-based techniques. Consequently, this book also focuses on the latest advanced techniques that have been applied in this field. Through the representative studies presented in this book, readers may select the most suitable method for their research and be inspired to design their own in situ modes based on existing facilities.

Lastly, I express my gratitude to all the distinguished scientists for their exceptional contributions. The efforts of the authors of each chapter and the guidance of Ms. Alice Qian (publisher editor) are highly appreciated.

Yongbing Tang

Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChina

1Introduction

Bifa Ji, Xin Lei, Rui Yang, and Yongbing Tang

Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen University Town, Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research Center, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China

1.1 Energy

Energy refers to the resources that can obtain some kind of power by direct or indirect means, which is an important material foundation for human survival and development. The development of human civilization is closely related to the iteration of energy structure. Looking back in history, energy utilization for mankind has gone through three energy periods: firewood, coal, and oil. In ancient times, since humans learned to use fire, firewood served as fuel for cooking and heating, and manpower, animal power as well as simple wind and hydraulic machinery as auxiliary power, to engage in production activities. During this period, production and living standards were low and social development was slow. The energy used by the living production comes from biomass wood almost entirely. The utilization of water energy (such as water mill and waterwheel) and the utilization of other energy is rare, so the energy scientist calls the fuelwood era without ambiguity. The Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century replaced firewood with coal as the main energy source. The steam engine became the main power of production, and industry developed rapidly. By the end of the nineteenth century, electricity had become the main power for industrial and mining enterprises and the main source of lighting. Not only the productive forces of society have grown greatly, but also the living and cultural standards of the people have been greatly improved. However, the power industry at this time was fueled mainly by coal. As coal reserves gradually decrease, the cost of coal mining gradually increases, and people begin to seek new energy sources to replace coal. The development of petroleum resources has opened a new era of energy utilization, and the rapid development of automobiles, airplanes and ocean passenger and cargo ships has greatly promoted the prosperity of the world economy and created unprecedented material civilization in human history. The “Second Industrial Revolution” marked by the internal combustion engine further accelerated the development of human society. Oil with its heat load beyond coal, coupled with the internal combustion engine starts to go to the world. At present, the most important oil resource in the energy field still has a significant impact on the global economy and national security, and the stability of the oil market is the guarantee of national security. Every aspect of modern social life needs the power support provided by energy. Energy is also a strategic material foundation for a country’s economic development and the development of the energy industry is the driving force for the country forward. In addition, energy is also related to geopolitical stability and security, and the stability of the energy market guarantees global security.

1.1.1 Energy Utilization and Development Tendency

There are two main types of energy in nature: conventional fossil energy (including coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) and renewable energy (such as solar, nuclear, biomass, wind, geothermal and hydrogen energy, etc.) [1]. For hundreds of years, the global economy has relied mainly on fossil energy. According to statistics, in 2021, oil accounted for 31%, coal accounted for 27%, and natural gas accounted for 24% of global energy consumption. The three major fossil fuels accounted for 82% of the total energy consumption and still dominate the current human energy utilization (Figure 1.1) [2]. However, fossil energy is a nonrenewable resource; although its reserves are abundant, mankind will still face a serious energy crisis due to a large amount of energy consumption. The researchers’ simulations reveal that coal will likely last only until 2112, and gas and oil will likely run out in the next few decades [3].

Figure 1.1 Primary energy consumption structure of the world in 2021.

Source: Adapted from [2].

In addition, the large-scale use of fossil energy has brought serious environmental pollution and climate change problems. Fossil energy may produce a large number of greenhouse gases in the use process, which will lead to the greenhouse effect and exacerbate the impacts of global warming. Among them, the incomplete combustion of coal will exhaust a large number of pollutants, such as SO2, CO2, NOx, and dust, which may cause acid rain and damage the ecological environment. Increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are also exacerbating the problem of ocean acidification. Pollutants generated during the consumption of fossil energy are one of the main causes of air pollution. In recent years, serious air pollution has affected human health and caused many social problems. As the consumption of fossil energy by the increasingly developed global industry continues to increase, the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere has increased significantly, which has a great adverse effect on human health. PM2.5 has become an important indicator to monitor the degree of air pollution. On the one hand, the use of fossil energy has promoted human civilization and economic development; on the other hand, fossil energy has also brought a series of environmental problems, such as global warming, glaciers melting, extreme climate, ocean acidification, and air pollution. Therefore, how to solve and dealing with the energy crisis caused by the depletion of fossil energy and the environmental and climate problems caused by the use of fossil energy are major challenges that mankind will be faced with at present.

In order to solve and deal with the energy crisis and environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil energy, the development and utilization of renewable energy is an important path to answer these challenges. Renewable energy has the characteristics of environmental protection, great resource potential and sustainable utilization, and will become an important energy source for the sustainable development of mankind. Renewable energy mainly includes solar energy, hydrogen energy, nuclear energy, biomass energy, water energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, and so on.