Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1772

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

Understanding the emergence and progress of zoonotic diseases

Veterinary epidemiology is the study of the connection between animal exposure to chemical or disease agents and the observation of adverse effects. Veterinary epidemiologists observe the patterns by which diseases emerge in a population and play a crucial role in controlling emerging disease outbreaks and preventing infections. The major factors in environmental hygiene which have a tendency to produce disease and adverse health effects in animals require extensive study and play a potentially massive role in public health.

Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health provides a one-stop reference for professionals in this vital field. Its exploration of environmental illnesses and pollutants in combination with biological disease vectors has no current rivals in the marketplace. With readable design and coverage of all major factors of epidemiological significance, the volume offers a unique contribution to the control of animal disease.

Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health readers will also find:

• Schematic overview of the fundamentals of environmental hygiene and epidemiology
• Detailed discussion of topics including etiological factors, preventative and control strategies, major disease agents, and many more
• Color figures, line figures, and tables to illustrate key concepts

Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health is ideal for all professionals and researchers in animal epidemiology and environmental hygiene, as well as for farm managers, agricultural veterinarians, and other professionals involved in large-scale animal care.

Leseprobe

Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health

Edited by

Tanmoy Rana, M.V.Sc & PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Clinical ComplexWest Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesKolkata, India

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for:

Hardback ISBN: 9781394208159

Cover Design: WileyCover Images: Courtesy of Tanmoy Rana

List of Contributors

Javed Jameel ADepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethicsand Jurisprudence, College of Veterinary and AnimalSciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity, Pookode, India

Oluwadamilola Olawumi Abiodun‐AdewusiDepartment of Health Sciences and SocialWork Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL, USA, 61455

Eshun A. AmaDepartment of Food and Animal ScienceAlabama A&M University, Normal, AL, USA

Njideka AdeniyiDepartment of Food and Animal ScienceAlabama A&M University, Normal, AL, USA

Vivek AgrawalDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College of VeterinarySciences & Animal Husbandry, Nanaji DeshmukhVeterinary Science University, Mhow, Indore, India

Nma Bida AlhajiDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andPreventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, FCT,Nigeria, 900105

Pranav AnjariaCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu University, Anand, India

Varun AsediyaM. B. Veterinary College, Dungarpur, India

Akeem Adebola BakareDivision of Epidemiology, Department of Environmentaland Public Health Sciences, University of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH, USA, 45221

Sanjay BhartiCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

Dipanwita BhattacharyaFaculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Instituteof Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityMirzapur, India

Manubhai N. BrahmbhattCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu University, Anand, India

Annada DasDepartment of Livestock Products TechnologyWest Bengal University of Animal and Fishery SciencesKolkata, India

Baleshwari DixitDepartment of Veterinary Public Health &Epidemiology College of Veterinary Science & AnimalHealth, 486001, Rewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur, MadhyaPradesh, IndiaandDepartment of Livestock Products TechnologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryRewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Nourhan EissaDepartment of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Facultyof Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, SadatCity, Egypt

Negin EsfandiariDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality ControlDivision of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Samuel U. FelixFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, National AnimalProduction Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University,Zaria, NigeriaDepartment of Food and Animal Science, Alabama A&MUniversity, Normal, AL, USA

Meena GoswamiCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

Poornima GumastaCollege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar AnimalSciences University, Patna, Bihar, India

Abbas Rabiu IshaqPaws and Claws Specialist Veterinary Clinic, Riyadh, KSA

Udit JainCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

J. JyothiDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, P.V. Narasimha RaoTelangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, India

Athira KDepartment of Veterinary Epidemiology and PreventiveMedicine, College of Veterinary and Animal SciencesKerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityPookode, India

Justin Davis KDepartment of Veterinary Epidemiology and PreventiveMedicine, College of Veterinary and Animal SciencesKerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityPookode, India

Manav KansalICAR‐IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India

Manoj Kumar KaranamDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Collegeof Veterinary Science, Garividi, India

Jaysukh B. KathiriyaDepartment of Veterinary Public Health & EpidemiologyCollege of Veterinary Science & Animal HusbandryKamdhenu University, Junagadh, India

Akhilesh KumarDivision of Medicine, ICAR‐IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India

Amit KumarDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, LalaLajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal SciencesHisar, India

Anuj KumarCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

Atul KumarDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology,CSK HP Agricultural University Palampur, India

Manesh KumarDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinaryand Animal Sciences, Hisar, India

Narendra KumarCollege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar AnimalSciences University, Patna, Bihar, India

Naveen KumarDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinaryand Animal Sciences, Hisar, India

Sandeep KumarCluster University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Neelam KurmiDepartment of Animal Husbandry and DairyingSagar, India

Mahmuda MalikCollege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar AnimalSciences University, Patna, Bihar, India

Sivakumar ManiDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, Veterinary College and ResearchInstitute,Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity, Theni, India

Samuel C. MaureenJayCare Medical Centre, Crestwood Medica Center,Huntsville, AL, Kaduna, Nigeria

Abhinav MeenaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology,Apollo College of Veterinary Medicine, Jaipur, Rajasthan,302031, India

Raghvendra MishraDepartment of Veterinary Public Health, M.B. VeterinaryCollege, Dungarpur, India

Dinesh MittalDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinaryand Animal Sciences, Hisar, India

Simpson MonyaDepartment of Food and Animal Science, Alabama A&MUniversity, Normal, AL, USA

Faizan ul Haque NagramiCollege of Biotechnology, DUVASU, Mathura, India

Mohammadreza NajafiDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of VeterinaryMedicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Mona Abdelghany NasrDepartment of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, SadatCity, Egypt

Jitendrakumar NayakCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu University, Anand, India

Deepak NelagondaDepartment of Poultry Science, SNK AH PolytechnicCollege, Anantapur, India

Ismail A. OdetokunDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and PreventiveMedicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State,Nigeria, 240003

Santanu PalICAR – Indian Veterinary Research Institute, IzatnagarBareilly, India

Ramadevi PampanaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, College ofVeterinary Science, Garividi, India

ParulCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

Ashish C. PatelVeterinary College, Kamdhenu University, Anand, India

Abhishek PathakDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Apollo College ofVeterinary Medicine, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Anil PatyalDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar KamdhenuVishwavidyalaya, Durg, India

PriyambadaCollege of Biotechnology, DUVASU, Mathura, India

Tanmoy RanaDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West BengalUniversity of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India

Shriya RawatCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUATMeerut, India

Bhavanam Sudhakara ReddyCollege of Veterinary Science, Sri VenkateswaraVeterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Amitava RoyDepartment of Livestock Farm Complex, West BengalUniversity of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India

Diptimayee SahooCollege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bihar AnimalSciences University, Patna, Bihar, India

Simant Kumar SahooVeterinary Officer, Odisha State Government,Gajapati, India

Gungi SarithaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Sri VenkateswaraVeterinary University, Tirupati, India

Varun Kumar SarkarDivision of Medicine, ICAR‐IVRI, Izatnagar,Bareilly, India

Souti Prasad SarkhelFaculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Instituteof Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu UniversityMirzapur, India

Kaushik SatyaprakashFaculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Instituteof Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,Mirzapur, India

Harshit SaxenaDivision of Medicine, ICAR‐IVRI, Izatnagar,Bareilly, India

Sulochana SenDepartment of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College ofVeterinary Science & Animal Health, Rewa, India

Barkha SharmaCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

Nishant SharmaCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, GBPUATPantnagar, India

Sabhyata SharmaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Apollo College ofVeterinary Medicine, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Sapna SharmaDepartment of Public Health & EpidemiologyPost Graduate Institute of Veterinary Educationand Research College, 302031, Jaipur, India

Shweta SharmaCollege of Biotechnology, DUVASU, Mathura, India

Uma SharmaCollege of Biotechnology, DUVASU, Mathura, India

Arkaprabha SheeSubject Matter Specialist (Animal Sci.), DhaanyagangaKrishi Vigyan Kendra, Sargachi, Murshidabad, India

Chandra ShekharDepartment of Veterinary Public Health & EpidemiologyCollege of Veterinary Science & Animal HusbandryAcharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &Technology, Ayodhya, India

Aminu ShittuDivision of Quantitative Epidemiology, Department ofTheriogenology and Production, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State,Nigeria, 840004

Pratistha ShrivastavaDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Institute ofVeterinary Sciences and Animal Health, SOADUBhubaneswar, India

Goverdhan SinghCollege of Veterinary and Animal Science Navania,Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, India

Maninder SinghDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru AngadDev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, RampuraPhul, India

Parul SinghCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASU,Mathura, India

Ranvijay SinghDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and EpidemiologyCollege of Veterinary Science and A.H.NDVSU 482001, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Renu SinghCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

Sirigireddy SivajothiCollege of Veterinary Science, Sri VenkateswaraVeterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Manasi SoniCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryKamdhenu University, Anand, India

M. Bhavya SreeP.V. Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary UniversityHyderabad, India

Kambala SwethaCollege of Veterinary Science, Sri VenkateswaraVeterinary University, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Vipul ThakurCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, SVPUATMeerut, India

Serlene TomarDepartment of Livestock Products Technology,College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry,Rewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Bhavesh J. TrangadiaDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, College of VeterinaryScience & Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu UniversityJunagadh, India

Vijay Laxmi TripathiCollege of Biotechnology, DUVASU, Mathura, India

K.M. VenkateshVeterinary Practitioner, Tamil Nadu, India

Kartikey VermaCoVSc & AH, SVPUAT, Mathura, India

Shikhar Karan VermaCollege of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, DUVASUMathura, India

Yamini VermaDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, College of VeterinaryScience & Animal Health, Jabalpur, India

Rajesh Kumar VandreDepartment of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College ofVeterinary Science & Animal Health, Rewa, India

Balram YadavCollege of Veterinary and Animal Science Navania,Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, RAJUVAS, Bikaner, India

Jay P. YadavDepartment of Veterinary Public Health andEpidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru AngadDev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, RampuraPhul, India

Mariam YakubuDepartment of Food and Animal Science, Alabama A&MUniversity, Normal, AL, USA

Somu YogeshpriyaDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Collegeand Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary andAnimal Sciences University, Orathanadu, India

Ashemi YusufWorld Bank Regional Disease Surveillance SystemEnhancement Project, Abuja, Nigeria

Preface

Veterinary epidemiology deals with a close association between adverse effects with a selected potential causative factor/cause of interest, such as exposure to a chemical or a disease agent. The basic principle of veterinary epidemiology is that disease occurs seldom in a population, but it may be more likely to happen in certain groups of a population, at certain times, and also in specific locations with a specific pattern. Veterinary epidemiology can play a major role in emerging disease outbreaks, denoting the understanding of the etiological factors as a good prevention of infections with a zoonotic significance. On the other hand, environmental hygiene generally covers all the practical preventive and control strategies used for the improvement of the basic environmental conditions affecting animal health and is in relation to various diseases. Various environmental conditions including purity of water, the status of animal waste disposal as well as food from contamination are the most provoking indices for the occurrence of diseases with zoonotic concern. Various pollutants and waste materials are hazardous to animal health. The book provides a target‐organ‐oriented presentation of environmental hazards, with a detailed discussion of selected exposures of asbestos, radon, lead, and indoor and outdoor air pollutants. The book also designs observational studies, validity in epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, and statistical modeling, to deliver more advanced material for the students actively involved in the epidemiological study. The full scope of epidemiology, with chapters covering causality, disease occurrence, determinants, disease patterns, disease ecology, and much more are elaborately described in this book. The book features updated information regarding current resources on the subject of veterinary epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnostic test validation and performance. The book describes the logical progression in relation to epidemiological concepts and methods for the developments in research and teaching. This book also expands risk, statistical and economic analyses, and surveillance for various diseases. The contamination of diseases largely depends on environmental indices. pollutants and all of which interact to affect health. Transmission of germs, viruses, and vectors may increase due to inadequate routine cleaning of the environment. The book entitled “Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health” 1e will provide a current resource on the subject of veterinary epidemiology and environmental hygiene. Both aspects are essential for the spreading of diseases. The book is a reference for veterinary general practitioners, government veterinarians, agricultural economists, and members of other disciplines interested in animal diseases. It is also very essential reading for epidemiology as well as veterinary public health students at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The book chapters are systematically arranged for the epidemiological significance and environmental hygiene in veterinary public health. The book is designed to intensify the current thoughts and scientific modules for the betterment of understanding for the readers. The book will be designed interestingly by providing color figures, line figures, and tables. The book will also be helpful for students, researchers, academicians, industry sectors, milk producer's unions, veterinarians, and farm managers as a reference book. The book will be of primary importance for audience/readers involved in epidemiological as well as public health research. The management of environmental hygiene with epidemiological forecasts will be discussed elaborately by emphasizing the degree of severity of diseases. The book was structured on the thoughts and understanding of the readership globally in such a fashion that every epidemiology professional/Veterinary Medicine faculty/Territory Veterinary Professional will gather knowledge and will be expertise in Veterinary Epidemiology and Environmental hygiene all in one in the book. Moreover, the epidemiology and spreading/contamination of diseases largely depend on environmental indices. Environmental hygiene is the most important prevention to protect against contamination of any disease. The proposed book will relate the correlation between epidemiology and environmental hygiene nicely. In my opinion, the book is stronger, more powerful, and more relevant for the readership. The impact of environmental hygiene and its effect on animal health is elaborately described in a lucrative manner. This book provides useful information about the man–environmental–health interrelationships with a strong basic background in the environmental health discipline. This book elaborately describes the nature of environmental hazards with the great relationship between the environment and the health of man. The final aspect of the book deals with the overall prospects for the planning and management of the environmental hygiene. This book is a valuable resource for individuals working in the environmental health sciences.

Dr. Tanmoy Rana

West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesKolkata, India

Acknowledgments

I want to thank Dr. Rituparna Bose, Acquisition Editor, Editor, Health and Life Sciences, Academic Publishing Group (APG), Bhavya Boopathi, Managing Editor, Health Professions & Vet Medicine, Susan Engelken, Baskaran, Keerthana, Support Service Administrator, Wiley, and Other members for their continual guidance and support during preparing this book. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to all contributors who are the pillar of the book and write the manuscript within the stipulated time. I would also like to acknowledge my colleagues, friends, and others who help me to edit such a valuable book. I also convey my sincere gratitude to the Hon'ble Vice Chancellor, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India for providing me the opportunity and making a platform to edit an international book. I must also recognize the contributions of the many precious veterinary practitioners as well as researchers whose works are highly cited profusely throughout the text of the book. Last but not the least; I am also indebted to my family who bears me to edit this work.

Dr. Tanmoy Rana

West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesKolkata, India

Section 1Impacts of Epidemiology

1Epidemiology: Principles, Aims and Scope, Methods, Components and Application

Ismail A. Odetokun1, Aminu Shittu2, Akeem Adebola Bakare3, Oluwadamilola Olawumi Abiodun‐Adewusi4,, and Nma Bida Alhaji5

1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, 240003

2 Division of Quantitative Epidemiology, Department of Theriogenology and Production, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria, 840004

3 Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA, 45221

4 Department of Health Sciences and Social Work, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL, USA, 61455

5 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, 900105

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Definition of Veterinary Epidemiology

Veterinary epidemiology is a dynamic scientific field focused on the in‐depth analysis of disease patterns, their geographical distribution, and the multifaceted determinants of diseases and health‐related events within animal populations (Toma et al. 1999; Doherr and Audigé 2001). Drawing heavily from the principles and methodologies of epidemiology, the field of veterinary epidemiology extends these concepts to the domain of animal health and well‐being (Thrusfield et al. 2018). Veterinary epidemiologists wield a diverse array of investigative tools and techniques to rigorously monitor, analyze, and interpret data about a wide spectrum of animal diseases and health‐related challenges (Martin et al. 1987). Veterinary epidemiology is fundamentally concerned with the systematic exploration of how diseases manifest and propagate within animal populations. This approach is crucial for effective disease control, prevention, and safeguarding of both animal and public health (Salman 2009a).

1.1.2 Importance of Veterinary Epidemiology in Safeguarding Animal and Public Health

Veterinary epidemiology is a discipline with profound significance in safeguarding both animal and public health. Its role encompasses a wide range of critical aspects, each contributing to the well‐being of animals and humans. Let's explore its importance in greater detail:

Preventing Zoonotic Diseases:

One of the paramount roles of veterinary epidemiology is to monitor and control animal diseases, which is essential in preventing zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases are those that can be transmitted from animals to humans. By identifying and addressing diseases in animal populations, veterinary epidemiologists play a crucial part in reducing the risk of such diseases spilling over to humans. For instance, by controlling diseases in livestock, they minimize the risk of zoonotic pathogens entering the food supply and affecting human health (Heymann

2015

; Thrusfield et al.

2018

).

Early Detection and Containment of Disease Outbreaks:

Veterinary epidemiology contributes significantly to the early detection and containment of disease outbreaks in animal populations. By implementing surveillance systems and conducting regular monitoring, it enables the rapid identification of diseases. Early detection is vital for implementing control measures that can help prevent the rapid spread of diseases within animal populations. This, in turn, helps to avert economic losses in the livestock industry (Salman

2009a

).

Economic Impact and Livestock Industry:

The economic implications of animal diseases are substantial. Disease outbreaks in livestock can result in significant financial losses for the livestock industry, which can affect food production, trade, and livelihoods. Veterinary epidemiology plays a critical role in minimizing these economic losses by controlling and preventing diseases. This benefits both animal agriculture and the broader economy (Rushton

2008

).

Ensuring Food Safety:

The discipline of veterinary epidemiology contributes to food safety by ensuring the health of animals within the food production chain. Healthy animals are more likely to produce safe food products, whether it's meat, dairy, or other animal‐derived products. Monitoring and controlling diseases in animals are integral to preventing the contamination of food products, which can lead to foodborne illnesses in humans. It helps in maintaining the integrity of the food supply and public trust in food safety (Doherr and Audigé

2001

).

Assessment of Veterinary Interventions:

Veterinary epidemiology aids in the assessment of the efficacy and safety of veterinary interventions, including vaccines and treatments. By conducting studies and analyzing data, veterinary epidemiologists help determine the effectiveness of various interventions in preventing or treating diseases in animals. This ensures that the products and practices used in animal health management are safe and efficient (Martin et al.

1987

).