Equine Neonatal Medicine E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 4949

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Equine Neonatal Medicine A comprehensive guide to medical care for pregnant mares and neonatal foals Equine Neonatal Medicine offers an in-depth comprehensive reference for the clinical management of pregnant and periparturient mares and neonatal foals. Edited by leading experts in the field and written by experienced equine specialists, this textbook covers all aspects of providing veterinary care to mares and neonatal foals. Encompassing physiology, pathophysiology, theory, and practice, this textbook offers an authoritative, well-illustrated reference to equine perinatology. Topics covered include fetal monitoring, parturition, and peri-parturient disorders in the mare as well as diagnostic and therapeutic options for ill neonatal foals. The book: * Covers aspects of veterinary care for the pregnant and peri-parturient mare and how to diagnose and treat the ill neonate * Discusses fetal monitoring and parturition, and peri-parturient disorders in the mare * Presents an exhaustive, detailed, and comprehensive reference for any veterinary practitioner involved with breeding management of horses and the care of neonatal foals * Provides a clinical perspective, including both theory and practice * Features more than 600 color images and diagrams to demonstrate the concepts discussed Equine Neonatal Medicine is an essential reference for any veterinary practitioner engaged with mares and foals, including specialists in equine medicine, equine and mixed animal practitioners, ambulatory practitioners, and veterinary students.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Book Dedication

List of Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Part I: The Newborn Foal

Chapter 1: Postpartum Adaptation of the Newborn Foal

Section I: Fetal Heart Rate and Fetal ECG

References

Section II: Fetal Circulation and Cardiorespiratory Transition

Fetal Circulation

Cardiorespiratory Transition

Heart Rate, Rhythm, and Blood Pressure in the Newborn and Neonatal Foal

References

Section III: Maturation of the Lung and the Surfactant System

Lung Maturation

Lung Surfactant Composition

Lung Surfactant Metabolism

Lung Surfactant Function

Lung Surfactant in the Neonate

Respiratory Distress Syndromes

References

Section IV: Onset of Breathing

Physiologic Adaptations in the Fetus

Physiologic Transition at Birth

Onset of Breathing

References

Section V: Control of Breathing

Respiratory Control Centers in the Brainstem and Generation of Respiratory Rhythm

Sensory Afferent Input to the Respiratory Centers

Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Additional Peripheral Input to Respiratory Centers

Efferent Signal from Respiratory Center

References

Section VI: Renal Transition from Fetus to Newborn

Renal Perfusion

Development of GFR

Tubular Function

References

Section VII: Newborn Physical Examination

History

General Appearance

Vital Parameters

Examination of Head

Cardiovascular System

Respiratory System

Gastrointestinal System

Urogenital System

Musculoskeletal System

Neurological System

Integument

Viability Assessment and Apgar Score

References

Chapter 2: Principles and Theory of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Cardiopulmonary Techniques in the Neonatal Foal

Chest Compressions

Vascular Access

Medications Used in Resuscitation

Monitoring

ECG

Blood Gas

Outcome

Post‐Resuscitation Care, Complications, and Prognosis

References

Chapter 3: The Premature and Dysmature Neonatal Foal

Causes of Prematurity and Dysmaturity

Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of Prematurity/Dysmaturity

Specific Body Systems Affected by Prematurity/Dysmaturity

References

Part II: Disorders of the Neonatal Foal

Neonatal Respiratory System

Chapter 4: Embryology and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

References

Chapter 5: Clinical Neonatal Respiratory Physiology

Gas Exchange in Utero

Pulmonary Development

Cardiorespiratory Transition from Fetus to the Newborn

Pulmonary Function in the Neonate – Gas Exchange

Pulmonary Function in Neonate – Mechanics

References

Chapter 6: Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Respiratory System

Section I: Physical Examination

Obtaining a History

Primary Complaints

Physical Examination

References

Section II: Thoracic Radiography of the Neonatal Foal

Radiographic Detection of Fetal Lung Fluid

Patient‐Related Artifacts

Radiographic Changes Associated with Pneumonia and Other Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases

Radiographic Identification of Pneumothorax and Rib Fractures

References

Section III: Thoracic Ultrasonography of the Neonatal Foal

Thoracic Anatomy

Abnormalities Detected via Thoracic Ultrasound

References

Section IV: Advanced Imaging (CT, MRI) of the Neonatal Respiratory System

CT Imaging

MRI

References

Section V: Inhalation Therapy

Inhalation Therapy for Neonatal Pneumonia

Clinical Application: Bronchodilators

Aerosolized Antimicrobials

References

Section VI: Ventilator Therapy

Abbreviations

Mechanical Ventilation

Ventilator Modes

Typical Ventilator Settings

Preconditioning Ventilator Gases

Preparing to Place a Foal on a Ventilator

Monitoring During Ventilation

Arterial Blood Gas Measurements

Capnography

Fraction of Inspired Oxygen

Tidal Volume and Minute Volume

Airway Pressure

Compliance and Resistance

Endotracheal Tube

Discontinuing Mechanical Ventilation (“Weaning”)

Summary

References

Chapter 7: Congenital Disorders of the Respiratory System

Introduction

References

Chapter 8: Respiratory Disorders

Section I: Disorders of Breathing Pattern in the Neonatal Foal

Neonatal Apnea

References

Section II: Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)

Bacterial Pneumonia

Viral Pneumonia

Viral Entry via the Respiratory Tract

Viral Tropism as a Factor in Placental and Fetal Infection Leading to Perinatal Pneumonia

Specific Viral Pathogens Associated with Neonatal Pneumonia in the Foal

Miscellaneous Respiratory Viruses

Evaluation of the Foal with Respiratory Disease

References

Section III: Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Pathophysiology of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

Clinical Signs and Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

References

Section IV: Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

Control of Pulmonary Vascular Tone

Pathophysiology of PPHN

Diagnosis and Treatment

References

Section V: Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum

Diagnosis

References

Section VI: Diaphragmatic Hernias

Anatomy of the Diaphragm and Causes of CDH

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis and Treatment

Prognosis

References

Section VII: Miscellaneous Disorders of the Respiratory System

Pulmonary Hypoplasia

Pulmonary Bullae

Rib Fractures

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

References

Section VIII: Nonpulmonary Disease Processes Manifesting as Respiratory Disease

Pleural Effusion

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Central Nervous System (CNS) Lesions

Birth Asphyxia (Perinatal Asphyxia Syndrome, Neonatal Encephalopathy)

Botulism (Neuromuscular Dysfunction)

Metabolic Derangements (Acidosis, Hypoglycemia)

Severe Anemia, Hypovolemia

Pain, Excitement, Colic, Fever

References

Neonatal Cardiovascular System

Chapter 9: Embryology and Anatomy of the Heart

The Cardiovascular System

Embryonic Development

Development after Birth

References

Chapter 10: Clinical Neonatal Cardiac Physiology

Cardiovascular Function in the Equine Perinatal Period

Neonatal Heart Rhythms and Sounds

References

Chapter 11: Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Cardiovascular System

Section I: Examination of the Cardiovascular System

Physical Examination of the Cardiovascular System

Clinicopathologic Parameters to Assess the Heart

Advanced Imaging

References

Section II: Echocardiography

Equipment and Techniques

Standard Imaging Planes

Echocardiographic Variables

Congenital Cardiac Disease and the Segmental Exam

Acquired Cardiac Disease in Foals

References

Section III: Advanced Cardiac Monitoring in Foals

Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques

Cardiac Output (CO)

CO Measurement Techniques

Indicator Methods

The Fick Method

Pulse Contour Analysis

Imaging Techniques

References

Section IV: Central Venous Pressure

Interpretation of Central Venous Pressure

References

Section V: Cardiovascular Medications for the Neonatal Foal

Inotrope and Vasopressor Therapy

Inotropes

Norepinephrine

Vasopressors

Dopamine

Corticosteroids

Practical Use of Inotropes and Vasopressors in Critically Ill Foals

Monitoring Responses to Inotrope and Vasopressor Therapy

Antiarrhythmics

Class I Antiarrhythmic Agents

Magnesium Sulfate

Congestive Heart Failure

Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

Anticoagulants During Sepsis

References

Chapter 12: Congenital Heart Defects

Abbreviations

Segmental Classification of CHD

Clinical Consequences of CHD

Venoatrial Connection

Atrial Morphology

Biventricular Atrioventricular Connections

Atrioventricular (AV) Valvular Dysplasia

Univentricular Atrioventricular Connections

Tricuspid Atresia

Ventricular Morphology

Arterial Anomalies

References

Chapter 13: Cardiovascular Disorders of the Neonatal Foal

Section I: Arrhythmias

Perinatal Period

Supraventricular Arrythmias

Ventricular Arrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias

Uroperitoneum

Therapy

References

Section II: Pathophysiology of Shock Syndromes in the Neonatal Foal

Types of Shock

Clinical Signs and Stages of Shock

Treatment and Monitoring of Shock

References

Section III: Catheter‐Associated Thrombophlebitis

Pathophysiology/Causes

Diagnosis

Prevention

Treatment

Prognosis and Complications

Summary

References

Neonatal Digestive System

Chapter 14: Embryology and Anatomy of the Digestive Tract

Embryology of the Digestive System

Anatomy of the Digestive Tract

Maturation of the Digestive System

References

Chapter 15: Examination of the Digestive Tract

Section I: Physical Examination of the Digestive System

Clinical Pathology

Section II: Abdominocentesis and Cytologic Evaluation of Peritoneal Fluid

References

Section III: Ultrasonographic Examination of the Neonatal Foal Abdomen

Preparing for the Ultrasound Examination

Sonographic Survey of the Abdomen

Diseases of the Abdomen

Summary

References

Section IV: Endoscopy of the Digestive Tract

Palate and Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach and Duodenum

Colon

References

Section V: Radiography of the Alimentary Tract

Technique

Normal Radiographic Anatomy

Dysphagia

Esophageal Radiology

Radiography of the Stomach

Small and Large Intestinal Distension

Diarrhea

General Considerations for Radiographic Contrast Studies of the Neonatal Gastrointestinal Tract

Diaphragmatic Hernia

Inguinal Hernia

Urinary Tract

References

Section VI: Oral Lactose Tolerance Test and Oral Glucose Absorption Test

References

Section VII: Liver Biopsy

References

Section VIII: Diagnostic Tests and Fecal Analysis in the Neonatal Foal with Diarrhea

Fecal Molecular Testing

Types of Infectious Diseases

Parasite Testing

Fecal Occult Blood

References

Section IX: Nutritional Support

Energy Requirements

Enteral Nutrition

Parenteral Nutrition

References

Section X: Prokinetic Therapy in Foals

Enteric Nervous System

Diseases Where Prokinetic Therapy May Be Indicated

References

Section XI: Endotoxemia in the Neonatal Foal

Role of Endotoxin

Endotoxin in the Equine Neonate

Clinical Signs of Endotoxemia

Treatment of Endotoxemia

Other Compounds That May Attenuate the Effects of LPS

References

Chapter 16: Congenital Disorders of the Equine Gastrointestinal Tract

Introduction

References

Chapter 17: Gastrointestinal Disorders

Section I: Causes of Dysphagia in the Neonatal Foal

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Section II: Gastroduodenal Ulcer Syndrome and Ileus in the Foal

Diagnostics – Endoscopy

Diseases of the Esophagus

Diseases of the Stomach

Gastroduodenal Ulcer Disease and Pyloric Stenosis

Motility Disorders and Ileus in the Neonatal Foal

References

Section III: Enteritis, Colitis, and Diarrhea

Formulating a Diagnostic Plan

Noninfectious Diarrhea

Infectious Diarrhea

Infectious Control Measures for Neonates with Diarrhea

Treatments

Conclusions

References

Section IV: Peritonitis

Anatomy of the Peritoneum

Types of Peritonitis

Clinical Signs of Peritonitis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Summary

References

Section V: Meconium Impaction

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Section VI: Hernias

Umbilical Hernia

Inguinal (Scrotal) Hernia

References

Section VII: Intestinal Hyperammonemia

Clinical Signs

Treatment

Prognosis

References

Chapter 18: The Acute Abdomen in the Neonatal Foal

Introduction

Evaluation of the Neonate with Colic

Conditions Causing Abdominal Discomfort in the Neonate

Conditions of the Stomach Causing Colic

Conditions of the Small Intestine Causing Colic

Surgical Techniques

Cecum

Diseases of the Large and Small Colon

Rectum and Anus

Hernias

Peritonitis

Uroperitoneum

Ovarian Torsion

Hemoperitoneum

Ovarian Stalk Obstruction of the Intestine

Ruptured Spleen

Fractured Ribs

Bile Duct Obstruction

Other Conditions

Surgical Approach and Closure of the Abdomen

Postoperative Care

Long‐Term Prognosis Following Surgical Intervention

Adhesions

References

Chapter 19: Hepatobiliary Diseases

Congenital Liver Anomalies

Congenital Errors of Metabolism

Bacterial Hepatitis

Viral Hepatitis

Toxic Hepatitis

Drug‐Induced Liver Injury

Miscellaneous Causes of Liver Disease

Potential Drugs Used with Liver Disease

References

Neonatal Endocrine System

Chapter 20: Endocrine Physiology in the Neonatal Foal

Abbreviations

Section I: The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis and Steroid Hormones

The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis (HPAA)

Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone and Arginine Vasopressin

The HPAA, Steroids, and Equine Fetal Maturation

Equine Pregnancy and Relevance to the Foal

Neurosteroids and Neuroactive Steroids

References

Section II: Energy and Growth Hormones

Energy Hormones

The Endocrine Pancreas

Growth Hormone, IGF‐1, Ghrelin, Leptin, and Adiponectin

References

Section III: Thyroid Hormones

Thyroid Hormone Physiology

References

Section IV: Hormones Involved in Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Regulation

Blood Pressure (Vasopressor)

Adrenergic System

Natriuretic Peptides

References

Section V: Hormones Involved in Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Regulation

Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium

Calcium‐ and Phosphorus‐Regulating Hormones

References

Chapter 21: Endocrine Disorders in Foals

Section I: Disorders of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis and Neurosteroids

Disorders of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPAA)

Relative Adrenal Insufficiency (RAI)/Critical Illness‐Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI)

Types and Definitions of Adrenal Insufficiency (AI)

Pathophysiology

Clinical and Laboratory Findings

Diagnosis

Neurosteroids and Neuroactive Steroids

Neuroactive Steroids and Foal Disorders

References

Section II: Disorders of Energy and Growth Hormones

Energy Metabolism

Endocrine Pancreas

Disorders of the Endocrine Pancreas

The Enteroinsular Axis

Leptin and Adiponectin

Somatotropic Axis

Diagnosis

References

Section III: Disorders of Thyroid Hormones

Introduction

Causes

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

Congenital Hypothyroidism and Dysmaturity Syndrome in Foals (CHDS)

Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome (Euthyroid Syndrome)

Hyperthyroidism

References

Section IV: Disorders of Hormones Involved in Blood Pressure and Volume Regulation

Disorders of the Renin‐Angiotensin‐Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Disorders of Vasopressin

AVP Deficiency and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

Other Pressor Systems

References

Section V: Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis

Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis

Calcium and Phosphorus‐Regulating Hormones

References

Section VI: Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Disorders

Diagnosis and Treatment of Energy Regulation Disorders

Pancreatic β Cell

Diagnosis and Treatment of Blood Pressure Disorders

Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium

References

Neonatal Urinary System

Chapter 22: Embryology and Anatomy of the Urogenital System

Embryology of the Urogenital System

Anatomy of the Kidney

References

Chapter 23: Clinical Neonatal Renal Physiology

Renal Perfusion

Development of GFR

Tubular Function

Neonatal Vasomotor Nephropathy (NVN)

References

Chapter 24: Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Urinary System

Section I: Examination of the Urinary System

Physical Examination of the Urogenital System

Hematology/Biochemistry Analysis

Urinalysis

Assessing Renal Function

Enzymuria

Abdominocentesis

Diagnostic Imaging

Urinary Bladder Catheterization, Closed System Urine Collection

Therapeutics

References

Section II: Medications Acting on the Urinary System

Dopamine

Fenoldopam Mesylate

Furosemide

Adenosine Antagonists

Mannitol

Antimicrobials

Miscellaneous Medications

References

Section III: Renal Replacement Therapies

Renal Replacement Therapy for AKI

Peritoneal Dialysis

References

Chapter 25: Congenital Urogenital Disorders

Renal Agenesis

Renal Dysplasia and Hypoplasia

Renal Cysts

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Vascular Anomalies

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Hydroureter and Hydronephrosis

Ureteral Ectopia

Ureteral Tears

Rectourethral and Rectovaginal Fistulae

Megavesica

References

Chapter 26: Renal Disorders in Neonatal Foals

Types of Acute Kidney Injury

Recognition of AKI

Treatment of AKI

Renal Disorders Other than AKI

Conclusions

References

Chapter 27: Urinary Tract Disorders

Uroperitoneum

Signalment and Clinical Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Surgical Repair

Anesthesia

Subcutaneous Rupture of the Urachus

Disorders of the Umbilical Remnants

Prevention

Ureteral Tears and Defects

Hematuria

References

Neonatal Nervous System

Chapter 28: Embryology and Anatomy of the Neonatal Nervous System

Embryology

Development and Anatomy of the Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System Development

Fetal Movement

References

Chapter 29: Physiology of the Neonatal Nervous System

Consciousness and Arousal after Birth

References

Chapter 30: Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Nervous System

Section I: Neurologic Examination of the Neonatal Foal

References

Section II: Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Analysis

References

Section III: Electrodiagnostics in the Neonatal Foal

Electroencephalography

Evoked Potentials

Visual Evoked Potentials

Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response

Nerve Conduction Velocity

Repetitive Nerve Stimulation

Electromyography

References

Section IV: Intracranial Pressure Monitoring

References

Section V: Medications Acting on the Neonatal Nervous System

Principles of Pharmacology (with Special Reference to the Neonatal CNS)

Specific Drugs Targeting the CNS

References

Chapter 31: Congenital Nervous System Disorders

Section I: Juvenile Idiopathic Epilepsy

Clinical Signs

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Section II: Lavender Foal Syndrome

Clinical Signs

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis and Treatment

References

Section III: Cerebellar Abiotrophy

Pathophysiology

Epidemiology and Genetics

Clinical Signs

Diagnosis

Prognosis

References

Section IV: Deafness in Foals

Hearing Loss

Clinical Signs

Treatment and Prognosis

References

Section V: Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (OAAM) in Foals

Clinical Signs

Diagnostics

Treatment

References

Section VI: Miscellaneous Congenital Disorders of the Nervous System

Defects of the Brain and Cranial Nerves

Defects of the Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord

References

Chapter 32: Nervous System Disorders

Section I: Infectious and Inflammatory – Bacterial Meningoencephalomyelitis

Pathophysiology

Clinical Signs

Diagnostics

Etiologies

Treatment

Prognosis

References

Section II: Infectious and Inflammatory –

Sarcocystis

and

Neospora

in the Mare and Foal

Clinical Signs

Role of the Immune System in Disease

Diagnosis

Transplacental Infection of Neospora

S

.

Neurona

Infection in Mares and Neonates

Treatment

Anti‐Protozoal Treatment of Foals

Nonempiric Treatment for Relapsing Horses

Summary

References

Section III: Infectious and Inflammatory – Tetanus in the Neonatal Foal

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Treatment

Treatment of Autonomic Hyperactivity

Supportive Care

Outcome

Vaccination

References

Section IV: Toxicities – Neurotoxicities

The Blood‐Brain Barrier (BBB)

The Blood‐Placental Barrier (BPB)

Risk of Exposure

Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity: Toxidromes

Adverse Drug Reactions

Neurotoxins

Iatrogenic Toxicity

Neurotoxin Transmission from Mare to Foal

Pesticides/Insecticides

Environmental Neurotoxins

Clinical Approach in Cases of Suspected Toxicity

General Therapeutic Guidelines

References

Section V: Pathophysiology and Treatment of Central Nervous System Trauma in the Foal

Pathophysiology of Traumatic CNS Injury

Intracranial Pressure Dynamics

Brain and Spinal Cord Edema

Spinal Cord Hemorrhage and Ischemia

Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Secondary Injury

Treatment of Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury in Foals

Management Priorities and Initial Assessment

Priority One Treatments: Airway, Oxygen, and Ventilation

Sedation, Analgesia, and Patient Positioning

Fluid Therapy in CNS Trauma

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Goals

Priority Two

Anti‐inflammatory Therapy in CNS Trauma

Adjunctive Therapies

References

Section VI: Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury in the Foal

Neurological Examination of the Neonatal Foal after CNS Trauma

Types of CNS Lesions Secondary to Trauma

Cranial Cervical Vertebral Fractures (Atlantooccipital, Atlantoaxial, and C2–C3 Fractures)

References

Section VII: Metabolic Causes of Neurologic Dysfunction

Hypoglycemia

Hyponatremia

Hypernatremia

Hypomagnesemia

Hypocalcemia

References

Section VIII: Idiopathic – Neonatal Encephalopathy

Mechanisms of Neonatal Encephalopathy in Foals

Hypoxic‐Ischemic (HI) Damage and Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)

Oxidative Stress and Reperfusion Injury

Excitotoxicity

Intracellular Calcium Accumulation

Inflammation

Brain Injury and Astrocytes

Neuroactive Steroids, Progestogens, and Neonatal Encephalopathy

Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Risk Factor for Neonatal Encephalopathy

Clinical Signs

Clinicopathologic Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Necropsy

Prevention

Summary

References

Section IX: Idiopathic – Neonatal Epileptic Seizures

Definitions

Idiopathic Epilepsy

References

Section X: Idiopathic – Narcolepsy in Foals

Clinical Signs

Diagnostic Testing

Treatment and Prognosis

References

Section XI: Autoimmune – Kernicterus

References

Section XII: Nervous System Neoplasia

References

Section XIII: Peripheral Nerve Disorders – Nerve Injury Secondary to Dystocia

References

Section XIV: Peripheral Nerve Disorders – Botulism

Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

Clinical Diagnosis

Laboratory Diagnosis

Ancillary Diagnostic Techniques

Treatment

Prognosis

Prevention

References

Neonatal Musculoskeletal System

Chapter 33: Embryology and Anatomy of the Neonatal Musculoskeletal System

Germ Layer Contributions

Limb Development

Development of Cartilaginous Primordia

Skeletogenesis

Development of Synovial Joints

Endochondral Ossification

Development of Skeletal Muscle

Development of Tendons

Sesamoids

References

Chapter 34: Clinical Neonatal Musculoskeletal Physiology

Bone

Cartilage

Tendon and Ligament

Muscle

References

Chapter 35: Examination, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of the Neonatal Musculoskeletal System

Section I: Diagnostic Tests

Complete Blood Count and Serum Biochemistry

Muscle Biopsy

Synoviocentesis and Cytologic Evaluation

References

Section II: Medications for Intra‐articular and Musculoskeletal Use in the Neonatal Foal

Considerations for Local and Regional Treatment of Musculoskeletal Sepsis

Overview of Antimicrobial Selection for Local and Regional Administration

Septic Arthritis in Equine Neonates

Septic Physitis and Osteomyelitis

Intrasynovial Antimicrobial Injection

Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion

Intraosseoous Antimicrobial Administration

Intraarticular Catheters and CRI Bulb Infusion

Antimicrobial‐Impregnated Slow‐Release Vehicles

Intraarticular Sodium Hyaluronate for Synovial Sepsis

References

Chapter 36: Congenital and Acquired Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Neonatal Foal

Abnormalities of the Appendicular Skeleton

Abnormalities of the Axial Skeleton

Hereditary Multiple Exostoses

Osteopetrosis

Complex Congenital Musculoskeletal Disorders

Functional Musculoskeletal Abnormalities

References

Chapter 37: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Section I: Infectious Neonatal Musculoskeletal Disorders

Overview and Classification

Pathogenesis

References

Section II: Noninfectious Neonatal Musculoskeletal Disorders

Incomplete Ossification/Cuboidal Bone Collapse

White Muscle Disease (Nutritional Myodegeneration)

Acute Rhabdomyolysis

Rib Fractures

Common Neonatal Physeal and Long Bone Fractures

Proximal Sesamoid Bone and Distal Phalanx Fractures

Common Digital Extensor Tendon Rupture

Rupture of the Origin of the Peroneus Tertius and Long Digital Extensor Muscles

Gastrocnemius Muscle Rupture

Physitis/Physeal Dysplasia

Developmental Orthopedic Disease (DOD)

References

Neonatal Integumentary System

Chapter 38: Embryology and Anatomy of the Integument

References

Chapter 39: Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Monitoring of Skin Diseases in the Foal

Skin Scraping, Acetate Tape Impression, and Combing

Direct Examination of Hair (Trichogram)

Cytology

Fine‐Needle Aspiration

Culture and PCR

Biopsy

Dermatologic Therapy

References

Chapter 40: Congenital and Inherited Skin Disorders

Lavender Foal Syndrome (LFS)

Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta and Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa

Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (HERDA)

Cutaneous Asthenia/Hyperelastosis Cutis

Albinism

Curly Coat

Warmblood Fragile Foal Syndrome

Naked Foal Syndrome

Hypotrichosis/Alopecia

Insect Bite Hypersensitivity

Dermoids

Epidermoid Cysts

Dentigerous Cysts

Branchial Cysts

Cutaneous Hemangioma

Congenital Papillomas

Lymphoma

Cutaneous Maculopapular Mastocytosis

References

Chapter 41: Skin Disorders in the Neonatal Foal

Pemphigus Foliaceous

Ulcerative Dermatitis, Thrombocytopenia, and Neutropenia

Neutrophilic Dermatitis

Melanoma

Skin Disease Related to Treatment of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Anagen Defluxion

Acquired Alopecia

References

Neonatal Hematology and Clinical Chemistry

Chapter 42: Development of Hemopoiesis in the Foal

Introduction

Lymphocyte Production

Hematology of Foals

References

Chapter 43: Evaluation of the Hematopoietic System – Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometric Testing

Flow Cytometric Assays for the Diagnosis of Immunodeficiencies

Flow Cytometric Assays for the Diagnosis of Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

Flow Cytometric Assays for the Diagnosis of Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia or Neutropenia

Flow Cytometric Assays for the Diagnosis of Sepsis

References

Chapter 44: Clinical Chemistry in the Foal

Hepatic Indices

Renal Indices

Muscle Indices

Electrolyte Indices

Lactate

Serum Amyloid A

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

Colloid Oncotic Pressure

Coagulation

Miscellaneous Biochemical Markers

References

Chapter 45: Hematologic Disorders

Anemia

Anemia Secondary to Blood Loss or Hemolysis

Nonregenerative Anemia

Leukocyte Physiology in Foals

Leukocyte Disorders

Hemostasis

Neonatal Coagulopathies

Hypercoagulation and Vascular Thrombosis

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Neonatal Foals

Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency) and Multiple Clotting Factor Deficiency

Von Willebrand Disease

Prekallikrein Deficiency

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia, Neutropenia, Ulcerative Dermatitis

References

Neonatal Immunology & Infection

Chapter 46: Innate Immunity in the Foal

Overview of the Innate Immune System

Humoral (Acellular) Components of the Innate Immune System

Innate Immunity at Mucosal Surfaces

Cellular Components of the Innate Immune System

Innate Immune Responses and Limitations in the Foal

References

Chapter 47: Humoral Immunity & Transfer of Maternal Immunity

Overview of Humoral Immunity

Transfer of Maternal Humoral Immunity to the Foal

Evaluation and Management of Transfer of Passive Immunity in the Foal

Development of Endogenous Humoral Immunity in the Foal

References

Chapter 48: Cellular Immunity in the Neonatal Foal

T‐Cell Immunity

Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Natural Killer Cells

References

Chapter 49: Congenital Disorders of Immunity

Immunodeficiency

Age‐Dependent Immune Development: Immune Preparedness and Immune Priming

Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity

Humoral Immunodeficiencies

Combined Immunodeficiency

Cellular Immunodeficiencies

Phagocytic Deficiencies

Immunostimulants and Immunomodulators

References

Chapter 50: Neonatal Infection

Section I: Bacterial Sepsis

Sepsis and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Body Systems Involved in Sepsis

Diagnosis of Sepsis

Treatment of Sepsis

Prognosis, Survival, and Prevention

References

Section II: Viral Infections

Cellular Recognition of Virus Infection

Viral Pathogens Affecting Foals

Viral Pathogens of Lesser Clinical Importance in the Equine Neonate

References

Neonatal Ophthalmology

Chapter 51: Embryology and Anatomy of the Equine Eye

Ocular Embryology

The Anatomy of Eye in the Neonatal Foal

References

Chapter 52: Ocular Physiology and Vision in the Equine Neonate

Introduction

Birth

Anatomic Pathways for Vision

Menace Response

Dazzle Reflex

Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR)

Palpebral Reflex

Oculocardiac Reflex

Tear Film Physiology in the Foal

Globe

Eyelids

Cornea

Iris

Intraocular Pressure (IOP)

Lens

Vitreous Humor or Hyaloid Apparatus System Functions

Retina

Choroid

Imaging

Electroretinography

Conclusions

References

Chapter 53: Examination, Diagnostics and Therapeutics of the Neonatal Equine Eye

Examination Components

Overall Patient Examination as Related to Normal Ocular Development and Vision

MODB Diagnostics

Additional Diagnostics

Therapeutics

Monitoring

References

Chapter 54: Congenital Ocular Abnormalities in the Foal

Orbit and Globe

Adnexa

Conjunctiva

Nasolacrimal System

Corneal Diseases

Uvea

Lens

Glaucoma

Posterior Segment

References

Chapter 55: Inherited Ocular Disorders

Inheritance

Genetic Variation

Phenotype, Expression, and Penetrance

Modes of Inheritance

Ocular Disorders of the Horse with Known or Suspected Genetic Basis

Ocular Manifestations of Equine Diseases Caused by Known Genetic Mutations

References

Chapter 56: Acquired Ocular Diseases in Neonatal Foals

Ophthalmic Examination in Neonatal Foals

Ocular Abnormalities Associated with Parturition

Ocular Disease Associated with Prematurity and Neonatal Encephalopathy

Corneal Ulcers (Ulcerative Keratitis)

Uveitis Associated with Systemic Disease

Traumatically Acquired Ocular Diseases

Other Acquired Ocular Diseases

Conclusions

References

General Treatment Principles for the Equine Neonate

Chapter 57: Neonatal Care at the Farm

Assessing the Newborn Foal

Point of Care Diagnostic Testing

Therapy of Specific Disease

References

Chapter 58: Feeding the Neonatal Foal

Nutritional Requirements of the Foal

Enteral Feeding

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

Insulin Therapy

References

Chapter 59: Critical Care Techniques in the Neonatal Foal

Section I: Foal Restraint and Handling

The Standing Foal

Leading Foals

Lifting and Transportation

Section II: Sedation of the Neonatal Foal

Foals <7 Days of Age and/or Sick Foals

Foals >7 Days and Healthy

Section III: Nasotracheal and Orotracheal Intubation

Nasotracheal Intubation

Orotracheal Intubation

References

Section IV: Placement of Nasal Insufflation Tube

Reference

Section V: Nasogastric Tube Placement

Section VI: Intravenous Catheter Selection, Placement, Maintenance, and Monitoring

References

Section VII: Intraosseous Infusion Technique

References

Section VIII: Treatment of Hypothermia

Treatment and Rewarming Options

References

Section IX: Direct and Indirect Blood Pressure Measurement

References

Section X: Urinary Catheter Placement

Complications

Reference

Section XI: Arterial and Venous Blood Gas Collection

Complications

Section XII: Capnography

References

Section XIII: Neonatal Transfusion Therapy

Plasma Transfusions

Red Blood Cell Transfusions

Collection and Administration of Red Blood Cell Transfusions

References

Section XIV: Umbilical Care

Complications

Section XV: Point‐of‐Care Monitors in Neonatal Medicine

Types of POC Monitors

Summary

References

Chapter 60: Special Considerations in Pharmacology of the Neonatal Foal

Routes of Administration

Differences in Oral Drug Absorption

Differences in Drug Distribution

Differences in Drug Metabolism

Differences in Drug Elimination

Effects of Illness on Pharmacokinetics of Drugs in Foals

Drug Absorption in Disease

Drug Distribution in Disease

Drug Metabolism and Elimination in Disease

References

Chapter 61: Antimicrobial Therapy in the Neonatal Foal

Principles of Therapy

Pharmacokinetic‐Pharmacodynamic Optimization of Doses

Drug Concentrations at the Site of Action

Local Factors That Affect Antibiotic Effectiveness

Specific Antibiotics Used in Foals (Table 61.1)

References

Chapter 62: Fluid Therapy in the Neonatal Foal

Reasons for IV Fluid Therapy

Resuscitation

Maintenance Fluid Therapy

Management of Metabolic Derangements

Fluid Overload

References

Chapter 63: Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs and Analgesics in the Neonatal Foal

Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Adverse Effects of NSAIDs

Flunixin Meglumine

Phenylbutazone

Ketoprofen

Meloxicam

Firocoxib

Diclofenac

Opioid Drugs

Alpha‐2 Agonist Drugs

Anticholinergic Drugs

Local Anesthetic Drugs

Multimodal Therapy

References

Chapter 64: Anesthesia of the Neonatal Foal

Introduction

Morbidity and Mortality

Physiology

Hematologic Values

Pharmacologic Considerations

Induction

Maintenance of Anesthesia

Hypothermia

Anesthesia for Specific Conditions

Anesthesia for Healthy Neonatal Foals (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)) Status 1–2

Conclusion

References

Chapter 65: Necropsy Examination and Sample Submission of the Fetus, Fetal Membranes, and Foal

Tissue Examination

Summary

References

Chapter 66: Special Considerations for the Neonatal Donkey and Mule Foal

Abbreviations

Gestational Factors Affecting Fetal Viability

Abortion in Jennies

Readiness of Birth and Foal Delivery

The Healthy Donkey and Mule Foal

Hematology and Serum Biochemistry Profile

Maturity Disorders

Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity

Sepsis

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)

Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia

Gastrointestinal (GI) Disorders

Respiratory Disorders

Neurological Disorders

Urogenital Disorders

Cardiovascular Disorders

Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Pharmacological Considerations

References

Part III: The Periparturient Mare

Chapter 67: Colic in the Periparturient Mare

Assessment of Abdominal Discomfort in the Periparturient Mare

Gastrointestinal Causes of Colic in the Pregnant Mare

Gastrointestinal Causes of Colic in the Postpartum Mare

Abortion

Hydrops

Abdominal Wall Disruption

Uterine Torsion

Periparturient Hemorrhage

Uterine Prolapse

Metritis

Uterine Tear or Rupture

Urogenital Trauma

Lactation Tetany

References

Chapter 68: Cesarean Section

References

Chapter 69: The High‐Risk Pregnancy

Threats to the Fetus

Ventral Body Wall Tear and Hydrops Allantois/Hydrops Amnion

Poor Maternal Nutritional States

Fetal Assessment and Monitoring

References

Chapter 70: Poor Maternal Behavior, Induction of Lactation, and Foal Grafting

Normal Peripartum Behavior

Poor Maternal Behavior and Foal Rejection

Treatment Recommendations

Induction of Lactation

Foal Grafting

References

Chapter 71: Maternal Complications Associated with Parturition

Metritis

Retained Fetal Membranes

Trauma to the Caudal Reproductive Tract

Peripartum Hemorrhage in Mares

Management

Treatment

Additional Therapies

References

Chapter 72: Anesthesia of the Late‐Term Mare

Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy

Anesthetic Concerns of the Pregnant Mare

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pregnancy

Specific Anesthetic Agents

Sedation and Premedication

Induction

Maintenance

Anesthetic Monitoring

Blood Pressure Support

Recovery

Perioperative Pain Management

Anesthetic Management for the Pregnant Mare for Nonobstetric Procedures

Anesthetic Management of the Pregnant Mare for Dystocia and Cesarean Delivery

Resuscitation of the Neonatal Foal

References

Appendix Formulary for Equine Neonatal Medications

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1 Section 1

Table 1.I.1 Heart rate, beat‐to‐beat (RR) interval, and number and duration...

Chapter 1 Section 2

Table 1.II.1 Normal values of heart rate and respiratory rate in equine neo...

Table 1.II.2 Noninvasive blood pressure values in growing foals.

Chapter 1 Section 3

Table 1.III.1 Summary of the major events during lung maturation. Timing in...

Table 1.III.2 Surfactant components and their function during metabolism.

Table 1.III.3 Mechanisms involved in surfactant deficiency and dysfunction....

Table 1.III.4 Summary of differences in lung surfactant between premature a...

Table 1.III.5 Commercially available surfactant preparations with their ori...

Chapter 1 Section 4

Table 1.IV.1 Changes in PaO

2

levels in neonatal foals in lateral recumbency...

Chapter 1 Section 7

Table 1.VII.1 Modified Apgar score for newborn foals.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Episodes of cardiac arrest or nonperfusing bradycardia in neonata...

Table 2.2 Cardiac arrest in the neonatal period (not associated with birth)...

Table 2.3 Initial cardiac rhythm in episodes of cardiac arrest or nonperfus...

Table 2.4 Initial cardiac rhythms occurring during CPR performed

at birth

, ...

Table 2.5 Initial cardiac rhythm in episodes of cardiac arrest or nonperfus...

Table 2.6 Cardiac rhythms occurring during CPR performed in episodes of car...

Table 2.7 Suggested guidelines for neonatal foals in the postcardiac arrest...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Reported gestational lengths in various horse breeds.

Table 3.2 Suggested criteria used to assess stage of maturity of the newbor...

Table 3.3 Approximate gestational date at which initial appearance of ossif...

Table 3.4 Skeletal ossification index for neonatal foals [73].

Table 3.5 Definition of NERDS: Neonatal Equine Respiratory Distress Syndrom...

Table 3.6 Arterial blood gas values from healthy foals age various ages dur...

Table 3.7 Oxygen parameters obtained in healthy foals administered unilater...

Chapter 6 Section 1

Table 6.I.1 Respiratory parameters in laterally recumbent newborn and neona...

Chapter 6 Section 3

Table 6.III.1 Mean (range) thickness of the diaphragm, measured in centimet...

Chapter 6 Section 5

Table 6.V.1 Potential medications and dosages for aerosol therapy in foals....

Chapter 6 Section 6

Table 6.VI.1 Overview of ventilator terms and common ventilator modes.

Chapter 8 Section 1

Table 8.I.1 Clinical description of various breathing patterns that can be ...

Chapter 8 Section 2

Table 8.II.1 Frequency of extrapulmonary disorders (EPDs) documented in a p...

Table 8.II.2 Normal partial pressures of arterial oxygen (PaO

2

) [84, 85] an...

Table 8.II.3 Definition of Veterinary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (...

Table 8.II.4 Some causes of respiratory distress in neonatal foals.

Table 8.II.5 Summary of radiographic lung patterns possibly observed in neo...

Table 8.II.6 Recommended dosages for antimicrobial medications used to trea...

Chapter 8 Section 4

Table 8.IV.1 Pulmonary vasodilator agents used in infants with PPHN [1, 14]...

Chapter 8 Section 5

Table 8.V.1 Description of types of pneumothoraxes.

Chapter 8 Section 6

Table 8.VI.1 Anatomic defects associated with CDH in foals.

Chapter 9 Section 1

Table 9.1 Simplified steps in the fetal development of the heart [2, 4, 5]....

Table 9.2 Timing of some morphogenetic events in equine cardiogenesis.

Chapter 11 Section 2

Table 11.II.1 Commonly used imaging planes for echocardiography in the foal...

Table 11.II.2 Segmental echocardiographic exam.

Chapter 11 Section 3

Table 11.III.1 Common equations associated with cardiovascular monitoring a...

Chapter 11 Section 5

Table 11.V.1 Inotrope and vasopressor receptor affinities of various drugs ...

Table 11.V.2 Suggested therapeutic outline for fluid, inotrope, and vasopre...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Overview of equine congenital heart defects.

Table 12.2 Case reports of tricuspid atresia in the horse.

Chapter 13 Section 2

Table 13.II.1 Various formulas and variables related to oxygen delivery in ...

Table 13.II.2 Overview of types of shock [13].

Table 13.II.3 Causes of Blood Loss in the foal [16].

Table 13.II.4 Clinical stages and associated signs of shock [37].

Table 13.II.5 Clinical stages of shock [14].

Table 13.II.6 Overview of treatment and monitoring of shock.

Chapter 14 Section 1

Table 14.1 Major embryonic events in the formation of the digestive tract o...

Chapter 15 Section 2

Table 15.II.1 Peritoneal fluid parameters from various aged foals reported ...

Table 15.II.2 Median (interquartile range) values of antiplasmin activity, ...

Chapter 15 Section 8

Table 15.VIII.1 Testing methodologies for infectious disease pathogens in e...

Table 15.VIII.2 Toxin‐based typing scheme for classification of

Clostridium

...

Chapter 15 Section 9

Table 15.IX.1 Example of how to calculate total parenteral nutrition for a ...

Chapter 15 Section 10

Table 15.X.1 Medications that might serve as prokinetics in neonatal foals....

Chapter 15 Section 11

Table 15.XI.1 Clinical signs and hemodynamic changes associated with infusi...

Table 15.XI.2 Potential therapies for endotoxemia in the foal.

Chapter 17 Section 1

Table 17.I.1 Disorders associated with dysphagia in the foal.

Chapter 17 Section 2

Table 17.II.1 Relative benefit of EGUS prophylaxis in sick foals of differe...

Table 17.II.2 Summary of 40 foals that underwent surgical correction of gas...

Chapter 17 Section 3

Table 17.III.1 Causes of lactose intolerance.

Table 17.III.2 Toxins associated with

Clostridium difficile

and

Clostridium

...

Table 17.III.3 Estimation of degree of dehydration in neonatal foals.

Table 17.III.4 Common anti‐diarrheal treatments used in foals.

Chapter 17 Section 4

Table 17.IV.1 Causes of peritonitis in the foal.

Table 17.IV.2 Peritoneal fluid values from 17 healthy foals (age range 13–1...

Table 17.IV.3 Peritoneal fluid values from 32 healthy Thoroughbred foals (a...

Table 17.IV.4 Peritoneal fluid values from 32 healthy Thoroughbred foals (a...

Chapter 17 Section 5

Table 17.V.1 Clinical findings and treatment results of 44 foals with mecon...

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Common fluid parameters used to assess neonatal foals with colic...

Table 18.2 Abdominal structures typically visible via ultrasonography in th...

Table 18.3 Abdominal structures typically visible via radiography in the ne...

Table 18.4 Potential causes of colic in the foal categorized by anatomical ...

Table 18.5 Clinical syndromes associated with gastric ulceration in the neo...

Table 18.6 Gastroduodenostomy procedure. As described by Khatibzadeh and Br...

Table 18.7 Congenital and acquired lesions of the small intestine associate...

Table 18.8 Procedure for end‐to‐end jejunojejunostomy as described by Freem...

Table 18.9 Typhlotomy and cecal bypass procedure as described by Sherlock [...

Table 18.10 Surgical correction of an umbilical hernia as described by Toth...

Table 18.11 Surgical correction of an inguinal hernia.

Table 18.12 Surgical procedure for umbilical remnant resection.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Foal and adult serum enzyme activity and organic molecule concen...

Table 19.2 Reported cases of portosystemic shunts in foals.

Chapter 20 Section 1

Table 20.I.1 Blood concentrations of total cortisol, free cortisol, CBG, AC...

Table 20.I.2 Published studies on ACTH stimulation tests in healthy neonata...

Chapter 21 Section 3

Table 21.III.1 Total and free T4 and T3 in foals and adult horses housed in...

Chapter 21 Section 6

Table 21.VI.1 ACTH stimulation test results in healthy and hospitalized neo...

Table 21.VI.2 Normal insulin and glucose concentrations in neonatal foals (...

Table 21.VI.3 Reference ranges for hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis fact...

Table 21.VI.4 Products used for parenteral supplementation of phosphate in ...

Table 21.VI.5 Products used for enteral supplementation of phosphate in peo...

Chapter 22 Section 1

Table 22.1 Vasoactive factors that impact renal blood flow and glomerular f...

Chapter 24 Section 1

Table 24.I.1 Median concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and...

Table 24.I.2 Urine specific gravity and osmolality in healthy foals from bi...

Table 24.I.3 Fractional excretion measurements in 96‐hour‐old foals [2].

Table 24.I.4 Average umbilical measurements for foals (age range 6 hours to...

Table 24.I.5 Ultrasonographic measurements of the equine neonatal kidney [2...

Table 24.I.6 Recommended urinary catheter size [37].

Chapter 24 Section 2

Table 24.II.1 Diuretics classified according to mechanism of action.

Chapter 24 Section 3

Table 24.III.1 Provision and adjustment of dialysate prescription for treat...

Table 24.III.2 Suggested guidelines for management of peritoneal dialysis i...

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Renal disorders reported in neonatal foals.

Table 26.2 Neonatal Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) crite...

Table 26.3 Medications associated with AKI in horses or foals.

Table 26.4 Newer biomarkers that have been described for the diagnosis and/...

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Urine and serum variables from healthy four‐day‐old foals expres...

Table 27.2 Management of acute hyperkalemia [36, 37].

Table 27.3 Ultrasonographic measurements and images of various umbilical st...

Table 27.4 Frequency of bacterial isolates obtained from 40 foals with conf...

Table 27.5 Oral antibiotics available for medical management of umbilical r...

Table 27.6 Causes of hematuria.

Chapter 28 Section 1

Table 28.1 Embryonic age at which a first sign of organ system development ...

Table 28.2 Age in days postovulation at which development of specific nervo...

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Summary of neuroinhibitory factors involved in maintaining late‐...

Table 29.2 Time frame for normal post‐parturient events and behavior in foa...

Chapter 30 Section 1

Table 30.I.1 Evaluation of reflexes and cranial nerves in the foal.

Chapter 30 Section 2

Table 30.II.1 Cerebrospinal fluid reference values in foals [6].

Table 30.II.2 Cerebrospinal fluid albumin, albumin quotient (AQ), IgG, and ...

Chapter 30 Section 5

Table 30.V.1 Diseases affecting the central nervous system of foals and rec...

Table 30.V.2 Recommended anticonvulsant therapy for control and/or preventi...

Table 30.V.3 Potential antimicrobials for the treatment of bacterial infect...

Chapter 31 Section 5

Table 31.V.1 OAAM classification schemes.

Chapter 32 Section 2

Table 32.II.1 Performance of commercially available immunologic tests for a...

Chapter 32 Section 3

Table 32.III.1 Clinical parameters reported on admission in 21 foals with t...

Table 32.III.2 Complications and clinical signs that developed during hospi...

Table 32.III.3 Clinical Scoring System for foals with tetanus [18, 24].

Table 32.III.4 Medications available to provide muscle relaxation in foals ...

Table 32.III.5 Summary of survival rate in reported cases of tetanus in foa...

Chapter 32 Section 4

Table 32.IV.1 Characteristics of the barriers that separate the central ner...

Table 32.IV.2 Common mechanisms through which neurotoxins can affect the ne...

Table 32.IV.3 The Naranjo algorithm [29].

Table 32.IV.4 Pesticides and insecticides that can cause neurotoxicity [1, ...

Table 32.IV.5 Nontoxic differentials for foals with CNS signs [73, 142, 146...

Table 32.IV.6 Neurotoxic substances that are known to be adsorbed or not to...

Chapter 32 Section 5

Table 32.V.1 Primary injury and central secondary injury mechanisms involve...

Table 32.V.2 Treatment summary of priority one, two, and adjunctive therapi...

Table 32.V.3 Suggested indications for endotracheal/nasotracheal intubation...

Table 32.V.4 Summary of fluid therapy principles in foals with traumatic br...

Chapter 32 Section 6

Table 32.VI.1 Description of a modified Glasgow Coma Scale score used as a ...

Table 32.VI.2 Neuro‐ophthalmic lesion localization and its correlation with...

Table 32.VI.3 Description of lesion neurolocalization with respective clini...

Table 32.VI.4 Modified classification of fractures of the odontoid process ...

Chapter 32 Section 7

Table 32.VII.1 Formulas for estimating sodium correction in hyponatremic pa...

Table 32.VII.2 Formula for estimating sodium correction in hypernatremic pa...

Chapter 32 Section 8

Table 32.VIII.1 Potential underlying scenarios that can contribute to devel...

Table 32.VIII.2 Summary of supportive therapy and potential treatments for ...

Chapter 32 Section 9

Table 32.IX.1 Treatment of epileptic seizures in foals, emergency treatment...

Chapter 32 Section 14

Table 32.XIV.1 Botulism neurotoxin (BoNT) types, their predominant origin a...

Table 32.XIV.2 Differential diagnoses for clinical signs seen in foals with...

Chapter 35 Section 2

Table 35.II.1 Selected references for intra‐articular antimicrobial drugs i...

Table 35.II.2 Selected references for doses of IV regional limb perfusion a...

Table 35.II.3 Selected references for regional limb perfusion analgesics in...

Chapter 37 Section 1

Table 37.I.1 Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis syndromes in the neonatal f...

Chapter 37 Section 2

Table 37.II.1 Skeletal ossification indices for classification of incomplet...

Table 37.II.2 Salter‐Harris classification system for physeal fractures.

Table 37.II.3 Classification system for distal phalanx fractures.

Table 37.II.4 Recommended coaptation for long‐bone fractures of the forelim...

Chapter 41

Table 41.1 Classification of decubitus ulcers in people [14].

Chapter 42 Section 1

Table 42.1 Main hematopoietic growth factors, cytokines, and nutrients invo...

Table 42.2 Hematology reference intervals for foals at 1, 2, 7, 14, 30, and...

Table 42.3 Serum iron (SI) and unbound (UIBC) and total (TIBC) iron binding...

Chapter 44

Table 44.1 Potential causes of hyperbilirubinemia in the foal [1].

Table 44.2 Blood glucose concentrations (mg/dl) in healthy foals [10].

Table 44.3 Foal serum enzyme activity and organic molecules related to the ...

Table 44.4 Organic molecules related to the kidney and electrolyte concentr...

Table 44.5 AST parameters in neonatal foals [5].

Table 44.6 Potential causes of increased or decreased serum/plasma electrol...

Table 44.7 Some causes of type A and B hyperlactatemia [29].

Table 44.8 Miscellaneous organic molecules at various ages in the foal [2, ...

Table 44.9 Arterial blood gas values and ventilation parameters at various ...

Table 44.10 Summary of coagulation tests used to evaluate coagulopathies.

Table 44.11 Coagulation parameters reported from healthy foals expressed as...

Chapter 46 Section 1

Table 46.1 General functions of many important cytokines (not an exhaustive...

Table 46.2 T‐helper cell polarization functions and the cytokines that stim...

Chapter 47

Table 47.1 Specific characteristics and key functions of the five general a...

Table 47.2 Concentrations (mean ± SD) of IgG, IgM, and IgA in the colostrum,...

Table 47.3 Various methods of testing for transfer of passive immunity in t...

Table 47.4 Accuracy and diagnostic performance (95% confidence interval) of...

Chapter 48

Table 48.1 Cytokine profiles produced by T‐Helper cell subtypes.

Chapter 50 Section 1

Table 50.I.1 Proposed equine neonatal SIRS criteria using age‐specific para...

Table 50.I.2 Risk factors for the development of sepsis in the neonatal foa...

Table 50.I.3 Incidence of positive bacterial growth in blood cultured from ...

Table 50.I.4 Antimicrobial doses and routes of administration used in neona...

Table 50.I.5 Mean ± SD arterial blood gas and tracheal variables in nine he...

Chapter 50 Section 2

Table 50.II.1 Characteristics of human toll‐like receptors (TLRs) [28].

Table 50.II.2 Summary of clinical signs and diagnostic tests for common vir...

Chapter 52

Table 52.1 Ultrasonographic measurements of the globe of neonatal or young ...

Chapter 53

Table 53.1 Components of the minimum ophthalmic data base (MODB), performed...

Table 53.2 Key points regarding indirect ophthalmoscopy in foals.

Table 53.3 Common medications used in the ophthalmic examination or treatme...

Chapter 55

Table 55.1 Inherited or suspected inherited eye diseases in different horse...

Chapter 56

Table 56.1 Normal ocular parameters of healthy neonatal foals.

Table 56.2 Ocular abnormalities possibly associated with parturition in the...

Table 56.3 Common treatment regimens for uncomplicated versus complicated c...

Table 56.4 Ocular findings with anterior uveitis.

Table 56.5 Common treatment regimen for neonatal foals with uveitis.

Chapter 57 Section 1

Table 57.1 Normal vital parameters in the neonatal foal by age [4].

Table 57.2 Dimensions of umbilical remnants in newborn foals.

Table 57.3 Use of indwelling feeding tube.

Table 57.4 Holliday‐Segar formula for calculation of maintenance fluid rate...

Chapter 58

Table 58.1 Enteral feeding recommendations for neonatal and growing foals....

Table 58.2 Useful conversions for the preparation of parenteral nutrition....

Table 58.3 Formulation of parenteral nutrition solutions.

Table 58.4 Instructions on how to prepare parenteral nutrition under steril...

Table 58.5 Setting up a continuous rate infusion of insulin.

Chapter 59 Section 3

Table 59.III.1 Approximate endotracheal tube size (internal diameter) based...

Chapter 59 Section 4

Table 59.IV.1 Mean ± SD tracheal and arterial blood gas variables in nine h...

Chapter 59 Section 5

Table 59.V.1 Technique for placement of an indwelling nasogastric (NG) tube...

Chapter 59 Section 6

Table 59.VI.1 Technique for placement of an intravenous catheter using the ...

Chapter 59 Section 7

Table 59.VII.1 Technique for placement of intraosseous (IO) needle.

Chapter 59 Section 8

Table 59.VIII.1 Classification and clinical signs associated with hypotherm...

Table 59.VIII.2 Factors predisposing foal to hypothermia.

Table 59.VIII.3 Rewarming techniques.

Chapter 59 Section 9

Table 59.IX.1 Mean (± standard deviation) blood pressure measurements from ...

Chapter 59 Section 10

Table 59.X.1 Technique for placement of an indwelling urinary catheter.

Chapter 59 Section 11

Table 59.XI.1 Technique for collecting arterial blood gas samples.

Chapter 59 Section 12

Table 59.XII.1 Phases of capnography.

Table 59.XII.2 Conditions that alter EtCO

2

[1].

Table 59.XII.3 Capnography waveform interpretation and etiologies [1].

Chapter 59 Section 13

Table 59.XIII.1 Plasma transfusion monitoring worksheet.

Table 59.XIII.2 Clinical signs and treatment guidelines for foals with anem...

Chapter 59 Section 14

Table 59.XIV.1 General principles for treatment of the neonatal umbilicus....

Chapter 59 Section 15

Table 59.XV.1 Various lactometers used in horses.

Chapter 60

Table 60.1 Summary of pharmacokinetic differences seen in healthy and septi...

Chapter 61

Table 61.1 Antimicrobial formulary for neonatal foals.

Chapter 62

Table 62.1 Guide for assessing fluid needs in the foal.

Table 62.2 Common IV solutions used in foals.

Table 62.3 Holliday‐Segar method for calculating maintenance fluid rate [2,...

Table 62.4 Fluid administration rates for neonatal foals.

Table 62.5 Factors contributing to hypokalemia in neonatal foals.

Table 62.6 Common causes of hyperkalemia in foals.

Table 62.7 General tips for electrolyte disorders in foals.

Table 62.8 List of common conditions associated with fluid overload in foal...

Chapter 63

Table 63.1 Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and analgesics used in neon...

Chapter 64

Table 64.1 Cardiorespiratory variables in neonatal foals compared to adult ...

Table 64.2 Summary of relevant physiologic factors related to anesthetic ma...

Table 64.3 Anesthetic management of neonatal foals.

Table 64.4 Summary of treatment strategy for hypotension and cardiovascular...

Table 64.5 Medications used to support cardiovascular system in the foal.

Chapter 66

Table 66.1 Fetal measurements from Amiata, Provencal, Martina Franca, Ragus...

Table 66.2 Hemograms of healthy donkey foals at birth, 24 and 48 hours of l...

Table 66.3 Serum biochemical analytes in healthy donkey foals at birth, 24 ...

Table 66.4 Serum electrolyte concentrations in healthy donkey foals at birt...

Table 66.5 Blood gas parameters and serum lactate concentrations in healthy...

Table 66.6 Gastrointestinal disturbances and causes in donkey and mule foal...

Table 66.7 Respiratory and extra‐respiratory causes of respiratory disease ...

Table 66.8 Medications used in donkey and mule foals

*

Chapter 67

Table 67.1 Classification of Rectal Prolapse

Chapter 69

Table 69.1 Medical conditions associated with high‐risk pregnancy.

Table 69.2 Placental diseases that occur in late‐term pregnancy.

Table 69.3 Commonly drugs used in high‐risk pregnancy mares.

Table 69.4 Measurements of fetal and maternal parameters in the 11th month ...

Table 69.5 Results of two fetal biophysical profile scores (original equine...

Table 69.6 Comparison of statistical results regarding the diagnostic value...

Chapter 70

Table 70.1 Medications that can be administered to mares with poor maternal...

Chapter 72

Table 72.1 Physiologic changes associated with pregnancy.

Table 72.2 Sedative and anesthetic agents and doses for the pregnant mare....

Table 72.3 Reversal agents and doses for the neonatal foal.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1 Section 1

Figure 1.I.1 Maternal (a), fetal and newborn (b) peri‐parturient heart rates...

Figure 1.I.2 Fetal and maternal ECG (a). Maternal “M” and fetal “F” signal. ...

Chapter 1 Section 2

Figure 1.II.1 Mean values of (a) arterial blood pressure and (b) heart rate ...

Chapter 1 Section 3

Figure 1.III.1 Lung maturation during the embryonic period. (a) Lung develop...

Figure 1.III.2 Lung maturation during the fetal period. Morphological charac...

Figure 1.III.3 Lung surfactant composition. Surfactant is a complex mixture ...

Figure 1.III.4 Surfactant protein structure. (a) Surfactant proteins A (SP‐A...

Figure 1.III.5 Surfactant metabolism. Metabolism includes synthesis in type ...

Figure 1.III.6 Biophysical surfactant function. Surfactant lowers the surfac...

Figure 1.III.7 Fetal lung maturity testing. The composition of amniotic flui...

Chapter 1 Section 5

Figure 1.V.1 Overview of control of breathing in the foal. Multiple factors ...

Chapter 1 Section 6

Figure 1.VI.1 Mucula densa cells sense changes in volume delivery to distal ...

Chapter 1 Section 7

Figure 1.VII.1 Mucous membranes of a neonatal foal demonstrating cyanosis an...

Figure 1.VII.2 Neonatal foal with subconjunctival hemorrhages acquired durin...

Figure 1.VII.3 Septic foal with aqueous flair.

Figure 1.VII.4 Typical appearance of foal meconium.

Figure 1.VII.5 Foal with both angular limb deformity and flexor laxity.

Figure 1.VII.6 Neonatal Miniature Horse foal with bilateral luxating patella...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 CPR suggested scheme.

Figure 2.2 CPR suggested scheme for nonshockable rhythm

Figure 2.3 CPR suggested scheme for shockable rhythm.

Figure 2.4 Newborn foal receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation facilitated ...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Clinical manifestations of prematurity/dysmaturity in neonatal fo...

Figure 3.2 Cortisol concentrations in the late‐term fetus, at parturition, a...

Figure 3.3 Twilight foal is an intermediate state of maturity where multiple...

Figure 3.4 A neonatal foal with (a) sickle‐hock appearance along with (b and...

Figure 3.5 Lateral and dorso‐palmar/plantar radiographs of a dysmature foal ...

Figure 3.6 (a) Dysmature foal demonstrating small body size and incomplete o...

Chapter 4 Section 1

Figure 4.1 Endoscopic view of the pharynx: the caudal portion of the nasal s...

Figure 4.2 Endoscopic view of the trachea in a neonatal foal.

Figure 4.3 (a) Endoscopic image of the carina in a neonatal foal; (b) Right ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 (a) Microscopic image from semithin, toluidine blue stained resin...

Figure 5.2 Various volumes related to breathing.

Chapter 6 Section 1

Figure 6.I.1 Guttural pouch tympany in an Arabian foal. Note the severe enla...

Figure 6.I.2 Postmortem specimen demonstrating a cleft palate (arrows) invol...

Chapter 6 Section 2

Figure 6.II.1 Series of left‐to‐right lateral radiographs in a newborn foal ...

Figure 6.II.2 Nonsedated 14‐day‐old foal positioned in lateral recumbency fo...

Figure 6.II.3 Standing lateral horizontal beam radiograph of caudodorsal lun...

Figure 6.II.4 Three‐hour‐old QH colt. Radiographs taken on presentation afte...

Figure 6.II.5 Standing lateral horizontal beam radiographs of the cranial lu...

Chapter 6 Section 3

Figure 6.III.1 Thoracic ultrasound in a 3‐week‐old foal highlighting the lun...

Figure 6.III.2 Thoracic ultrasound in a 3‐week‐old foal highlighting the int...

Figure 6.III.3 (a) Pleural surface of a neonatal foal demonstrating the pleu...

Figure 6.III.4 (a) Sonogram of the thymus (star) in a 4‐month‐old Standardbr...

Figure 6.III.5 (a)–(c) Areas of consolidated lung (stars) intermixed with ae...

Figure 6.III.6 Various sonographic images of a 6‐week‐old Thoroughbred foal ...

Figure 6.III.7 Atelectasis of the lung tip (arrow) in an adult horse with pl...

Figure 6.III.8 (a) Sonogram of a normal rib in a 2‐day‐old neonatal foal. Th...

Figure 6.III.9 Four‐day‐old foal with fractured ribs that occurred secondary...

Chapter 6 Section 4

Figure 6.IV.1 Transverse thoracic CT images of (a) a normal 8‐day‐old foal f...

Figure 6.IV.2 Thoracic CT with contrast of a 2‐month old miniature foal with...

Figure 6.IV.3 Foals positioned for CT imaging (a) sternal recumbency facing ...

Figure 6.IV.4 Normal transverse CT images of a 10‐day‐old (a) and 2‐day‐old ...

Figure 6.IV.5 Quantitative CT analysis and 3‐D attenuation color mapping of ...

Figure 6.IV.6 Seven‐day‐old healthy and anesthetized foal positioned in ster...

Chapter 6 Section 5

Figure 6.V.1 Equine facemask (Flexineb

®

facemask, Nortev, Galway, Irela...

Figure 6.V.2 Equine facemask with integrated vibrating mesh nebulizer (Flexi...

Chapter 6 Section 6

Figure 6.VI.1 Foal receiving positive pressure ventilation with an attendant...

Figure 6.VI.2 Critical foal receiving mechanical ventilation.

Figure 6.VI.3 Heat moisture exchange (HME) filter is placed between the endo...

Figure 6.VI.4 When possible, foals should be stood every 2 hours for short p...

Figure 6.VI.5 Continuous capnography is a valuable ancillary monitoring moda...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 A horse with congenital wry nose before (a) and after (b) surgica...

Figure 7.2 Nasal atheroma or epidermal inclusion cyst.

Figure 7.3 Right choana in a foal with bilateral choanal atresia (a) before ...

Figure 7.4 (a) Sinus cyst present in the left maxillary sinuses causing outw...

Figure 7.5 Foal with left sided guttural pouch tympany prior to surgical cor...

Figure 7.6 Branchial cyst in a mature horse; mass was firm and movable by pa...

Figure 7.7 Palatal cyst. (a) Lateral radiograph of a palatal cyst (arrows) i...

Figure 7.8 Epiglottic hypoplasia and flaccidity visualized endoscopically fr...

Figure 7.9 Tracheal collapse in a Miniature Horse. (a) An endoscopic view of...

Figure 7.10 Persistent Epiglottic Frenulum [50].

Chapter 8 Section 2

Figure 8.II.1 Lungs from an American Saddlebred fetus, aborted 9 days prior ...

Figure 8.II.2 Lateral radiographs of a 7‐day‐old Gypsy Vanner colt presented...

Figure 8.II.3 Lateral radiographs of a 6‐day‐old Tennessee Walking Horse fil...

Figure 8.II.4 Lateral radiograph of a 1‐day‐old Miniature Donkey presented f...

Figure 8.II.5 (a) Lateral radiograph of an 8‐week‐old foal with

R. equi

pneu...

Figure 8.II.6 Extrapulmonary disorders in foals with

R. equi

infection. (a) ...

Figure 8.II.7 Right lateral radiograph of a 4‐day‐old Gypsy Vanner filly. A ...

Figure 8.II.8 Schematic representation of some of the mechanisms that contri...

Figure 8.II.9 Microscopic image from a foal with acute respiratory distress ...

Figure 8.II.10 Four‐day‐old Paint colt with a history of premature placental...

Figure 8.II.11 Newborn Thoroughbred colt with dysmaturity presented for labo...

Figure 8.II.12 Four‐day‐old Thoroughbred filly presented for increased respi...

Figure 8.II.13 Serial lateral thoracic radiographs in a foal presented for v...

Figure 8.II.14 Same foal is Figure 8.II.13. (a) Lung from a foal with severe...

Chapter 8 Section 3

Figure 8.III.1 (a) Newborn Thoroughbred foal with meconium‐stained fetal mem...

Figure 8.III.2 Ultrasonographic findings in a newborn infant with MAS, born ...

Figure 8.III.3 Images of a 2‐day‐old Thoroughbred foal with meconium aspirat...

Chapter 8 Section 4

Figure 8.IV.1 Persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (PPHN). (a) N...

Chapter 8 Section 5

Figure 8.V.1 Cross section of the thoracic cavity detailing the relationship...

Figure 8.V.2 Classification and causes of pneumothorax.

Figure 8.V.3 Lateral radiograph of a horse with pneumothorax. Note the retra...

Chapter 8 Section 6

Figure 8.VI.1 Cross‐section illustration of the equine diaphragm at the leve...

Figure 8.VI.2 Postmortem examination of a neonatal foal in dorsal recumbency...

Figure 8.VI.3 (a) Lateral radiographic projection of the thorax demonstratin...

Figure 8.VI.4 Image of a foal's diaphragm (cranial aspect) demonstrating an ...

Chapter 8 Section 7

Figure 8.VII.1 (a) Left lateral radiograph of the thorax and abdomen of a st...

Figure 8.VII.2 (a) Long‐axis view of a displaced seventh rib. (b) Short‐axis...

Chapter 8 Section 8

Figure 8.VIII.1 Ultrasonographic exam of a horse with pleural effusion. Note...

Figure 8.VIII.2 Pleural effusion (hydrothorax) associated with

Anaplasma

inf...

Chapter 9 Section 1

Figure 9.1 Schematic representation of some of the basic events of cardiac e...

Figure 9.2 Development of the human heart – embryological development of the...

Figure 9.3 Overview of process resulting in atrial septation. (a) Atrial sep...

Figure 9.4 In this fresh specimen from a term foal, (a) from the right atria...

Figure 9.5 Echocardiographic images from newborn and 4‐year‐old Thoroughbred...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Wiggers diagram describing the pressure and volumes changes that...

Chapter 11 Section 1

Figure 11.I.1 ECG tracing in a healthy neonatal foal; note the bifid P wave ...

Figure 11.I.2 (a) Four‐chamber, long‐axis view of the heart acquired using a...

Chapter 11 Section 2

Figure 11.II.1 A series of right parasternal long axis‐images from neonatal ...

Figure 11.II.2 Ultrasonography is essential for evaluating the consequences ...

Figure 11.II.3 A series of right parasternal short axis‐images from neonatal...

Figure 11.II.4 A series of left parasternal images from neonatal foals. (a) ...

Figure 11.II.5 A series of left parasternal images focusing on the pulmonary...

Figure 11.II.6 Long (a) and short (b) axis right parasternal images in which...

Figure 11.II.7 Echocardiographic images and data from a newborn foal showing...

Figure 11.II.8 (a) A long‐axis image of the left ventricular outflow tract (...

Chapter 11 Section 3

Figure 11.III.1 Equipment needed to measure blood pressure via an arterial c...

Figure 11.III.2 Doppler flow detector and piezoelectric probe (arrow) used t...

Chapter 11 Section 4

Figure 11.IV.1 (a) Placement of water manometer at level of the heart in a r...

Figure 11.IV.2 Measurement of CVP using a water manometer.

Figure 11.IV.3 Equipment needed for measurement of CVP using an electric tra...

Figure 11.IV.4 Relationship between stroke volume and end‐diastolic volume. ...

Figure 11.IV.5 (a) Electrocardiogram and CVP recordings from a spontaneously...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Blood flow through the healthy heart; venous blood from the body...

Figure 12.2 Diagram of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in which a small flap‐like...

Figure 12.3 (a) Diagram of an atrial septal defect (ASD), which allows left‐...

Figure 12.4 (a) Diagram of an atrioventricular canal defect (ACD), which inv...

Figure 12.5 Atrioventricular valvular dysplasia. (a) A 3D echocardiograph di...

Figure 12.6 Diagram of tricuspid atresia. This defect is characterized by th...

Figure 12.7 Diagram demonstrating coarctation of the aorta, which is charact...

Figure 12.8 Diagram demonstrating double inlet ventricle. In this anomaly, b...

Figure 12.9 (a) The most common form of ventricular septal defect (VSD) is p...

Figure 12.10 (a) 3D echocardiographic image from an adult pony, viewed from ...

Figure 12.11 (a) Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), which is characterized by a vent...

Figure 12.12 (a) Diagram demonstrating double outlet right ventricle charact...

Figure 12.13 (a) Normal orientation of the great vessels and (b) transpositi...

Figure 12.14 Common arterial trunk (also known as persistent truncus arterio...

Figure 12.15 Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA), which connects the main pul...

Figure 12.16 (a) Arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia seen here in a...

Chapter 13 Section 1

Figure 13.I.1 Normal sinus rhythm in a 2‐day‐old foal fitted with a wearable...

Figure 13.I.2 Sinus tachycardia (heart rate 180/min). Electrocardiogram obta...

Figure 13.I.3 Electrocardiogram of a 3‐day‐old foal with sinus arrhythmia an...

Figure 13.I.4 Nonconducted SVPCs. Electrocardiogram of a 2‐day‐old foal pres...

Figure 13.I.5 Supraventricular premature complex. Electrocardiogram of a 2‐d...

Figure 13.I.6 Atrial fibrillation. Electrocardiogram of a 4‐week‐old foal. T...

Figure 13.I.7 Sinus tachycardia (heart rate 243/min) and single VPC (red arr...

Figure 13.I.8 Idioventricular rhythm. Electrocardiogram of a 2‐day old foal ...

Figure 13.I.9 Multifocal ventricular ectopy in a 2‐day‐old foal with white m...

Figure 13.I.10 Idioventricular rhythm (blue arrow) deteriorating into ventri...

Figure 13.I.11 ThIrd‐degree AV block and ventricular escape rhythm in a neon...

Chapter 13 Section 2

Figure 13.II.1 Overview of neuroendocrine response to shock.

Figure 13.II.2 Mechanisms of vasodilatory shock. Septic shock and states of ...

Figure 13.II.3 Potential hemodynamic presentations of cardiogenic shock.

Chapter 13 Section 3

Figure 13.III.1 Uniformly echogenic thrombus within the lumen of the jugular...

Figure 13.III.2 (a) Fibrin visible at the end of an intravenous catheter aft...

Chapter 14 Section 1

Figure 14.1 Meckel’s diverticulum.

Figure 14.2 (a) Simple columnar epithelium of the stomach (black arrows). (b...

Figure 14.3 (a) Low magnification of jejunum identifying multiple villi; (b)...

Figure 14.4 (a) Low magnification image of the colonic mucosa. (b) Higher ma...

Figure 14.5 Overview of the structural units of the liver. The structural un...

Chapter 15 Section 1

Figure 15.I.1 Various anomalies in the neonatal foal. (a) Endoscopic appeara...

Chapter 15 Section 2

Figure 15.II.1 Various abdominal fluid samples from horses. (a) Sample conta...

Chapter 15 Section 3

Figure 15.III.1 Sonogram of structures in the left cranial region of the abd...

Figure 15.III.2 Sonogram from the cranial region of the right side of the ab...

Figure 15.III.3 Stomach of a healthy foal that has suckled recently. Clottin...

Figure 15.III.4 gastric distension from delayed gastric emptying in a neonat...

Figure 15.III.5 Sonogram of the left cranial region of the abdomen of a foal...

Figure 15.III.6 Duodenitis and ileus as a feature of severe enteritis in a f...

Figure 15.III.7 Ultrasonographic image of intramural hyperechoic gas echoes ...

Figure 15.III.8 Sonogram from a neonatal foal with ileus secondary to rotavi...

Figure 15.III.9 Sonogram of jejunojejunal intussusception in a week‐old foal...

Figure 15.III.10 Sonogram from the caudal region of the abdomen in a 1‐day‐o...

Figure 15.III.11 Sonogram of the internal umbilical remnants obtained at the...

Figure 15.III.12 Umbilical area in a 2‐week‐old colt with omphalitis. Notice...

Figure 15.III.13 Sonogram of a urachal diverticulum in a newborn foal. Notic...

Figure 15.III.14 Sonogram of the umbilical vein in a 4‐week‐old foal that ha...

Figure 15.III.15 Sonogram of the abdomen of a 2‐day‐old foal with ruptured b...

Figure 15.III.16 Ultrasonogram of the bladder of a Thoroughbred colt with pi...

Figure 15.III.17 Sonogram of congenital hydroureter in a neonatal foal. Noti...

Chapter 15 Section 4

Figure 15.IV.1 (a) Endoscopic view of the pharynx demonstrating the openings...

Figure 15.IV.2 Endoscopic view of the esophagus (a) before and (b) after dil...

Figure 15.IV.3 Endoscopic view of the stomach of a healthy neonatal foal; (a...

Chapter 15 Section 5

Figure 15.V.1 Lateral radiograph of a normal 7‐day‐old, 54 kg foal taken wit...

Figure 15.V.2 Lateral radiographs of a healthy 1‐day‐old neonatal foal. A ga...

Figure 15.V.3 Lateral radiographs demonstrating placement of a feeding tube ...

Figure 15.V.4 (a–d) Various contrast media studies of the oropharynx and eso...

Figure 15.V.5 Lateral radiographs of a 2‐month‐old Percheron foal presenting...

Figure 15.V.6 A 36‐hour‐old Dutch Harness Horse presented for signs of colic...

Figure 15.V.7 An 11‐day‐old Thoroughbred filly presented for signs of colic....

Figure 15.V.8 Lateral image of the caudal abdomen of a 1‐day‐old Morgan fill...

Figure 15.V.9 Lateral radiographs from foals with meconium impactions. (a) D...

Figure 15.V.10 Lateral radiographs of an 11‐day‐old Thoroughbred filly prese...

Figure 15.V.11 Seven‐day‐old Arabian colt presented for a 5‐day history of m...

Figure 15.V.12 Lateral radiographs of a 4‐month‐old Thoroughbred colt presen...

Figure 15.V.13 Survey and contrast radiographs of a 2‐day‐old Thoroughbred f...

Figure 15.V.14 Three‐day‐old Irish Sport horse colt presented for stranguria...

Chapter 15 Section 8

Figure 15.VIII.1 Typical ovoid, thin‐shelled and embryonated egg of

Strongyl

...

Chapter 15 Section 10

Figure 15.X.1 Postmortem appearance of a large colon volvulus in a 2‐day‐old...

Chapter 15 Section 11

Figure 15.XI.1 Neonatal foal demonstrating clinical signs of colic (a), hype...

Figure 15.XI.2 Mean ± SE endotoxin activity of mononuclear cells isolated fr...

Figure 15.XI.3 Mean ± SE TNF‐α activity released from mononuclear cells isol...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Congenital cleft palate in a newborn foal.

Figure 16.2 Preoperative frontal view of the glossoshisis. Aksoy et al. [7]....

Figure 16.3 Cheiloschisis in a horse before (a) and after (b) surgical corre...

Figure 16.4 Glossocheilognathoschisis in a 2‐day‐old colt. Aksoy et al. [7]....

Figure 16.5 Brachygnathia in a horse. Debowes [10].

Figure 16.6 Oral endoscopic view of a foal with persistent frenulum. The epi...

Figure 16.7 Fluoroscopic image depicting pooling of contrast material within...

Figure 16.8 Hyperplastic poly from a 3‐day‐old Trakehner‐cross foal. A dark ...

Figure 16.9 Postmortem appearance pf an anomalous band (right forceps) attac...

Figure 16.10 Ileocolonic aganglionosis in a foal that demonstrated signs of ...

Figure 16.11 Postmortem specimen of the gastrointestinal foal with atresia a...

Chapter 17 Section 1

Figure 17.I.1 Contributory factors and potential central and regional mechan...

Figure 17.I.2 Neonatal foal presented for dysphagia. Endoscopy (a) and fluor...

Figure 17.I.3 Neonatal foal presented for dysphagia after nursing. Contrast ...

Chapter 17 Section 2

Figure 17.II.1 Esophageal ulcers secondary to gastric reflux in a neonatal f...

Chapter 17 Section 3

Figure 17.III.1 Schematic of brush border on the enterocyte and the digestiv...

Figure 17.III.2 Neonatal foal with severe bloody diarrhea possibly associate...

Figure 17.III.3 (a) Sonogram of ventral abdomen from foal with enterocolitis...

Figure 17.III.4 Rotavirus particles as seen by negatively stained electron m...

Figure 17.III.5 Foal with severe diarrhea resulting in scalding and alopecia...

Figure 17.III.6 Postmortem images from a 3‐day‐old Warmblood foal with acute...

Chapter 17 Section 4

Figure 17.IV.1 Schematic representation of the peritoneum. The mesothelial l...

Figure 17.IV.2 Gastric perforation in a neonatal foal. (a) Serosal and (b) m...

Figure 17.IV.3 Postmortem image of a neonatal foal with dilated lacteals obs...

Figure 17.IV.4 Diagnostic and therapeutic outline for a foal with acute coli...

Chapter 17 Section 5

Figure 17.V.1 Lateral radiograph of a 12‐hour‐old foal presenting for abdomi...

Figure 17.V.2 Lateral radiograph of a 1‐day‐old fold. Retrograde contrast ag...

Figure 17.V.3 Abdominal ultrasound of a foal with meconium retention in the ...

Chapter 17 Section 6

Figure 17.VI.1 Typical appearance of a reducible umbilical hernia in a young...

Figure 17.VI.2 Left‐sided ruptured inguinal hernia in a 1‐day‐old Thoroughbr...

Figure 17.VI.3 Intra‐operative image of the foal in 17.IV.2. A skin incision...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Foals frequently exhibit marked colic signs, including rolling f...

Figure 18.2 Intraoperative image of neonatal foal with duodenal ulcerations....

Figure 18.3 Gastric perforation (arrow), noted from the serosal side, during...

Figure 18.4 (a) Gastroduodenostomy to bypass a pyloric or proximal duodenal ...

Figure 18.5 Gastrojejunostomy in a foal using a stapling device to create an...

Figure 18.6 (a) Impaction of the jejunum with ascarids. Note the ability to ...

Figure 18.7 Bull's‐eye appearance noted on abdominal ultrasound of jejunojej...

Figure 18.8 Jejunojejunal intussusception (a) (arrow) intraoperatively and (...

Figure 18.9 Necrotizing enterocolitis noted in a neonatal foal at the time o...

Figure 18.10 Large

Rhodococcus equi

abdominal abscess noted in a foal presen...

Figure 18.11 Blind end atresia coli. Note the distention oral to the blind e...

Figure 18.12 Neonatal foal with ileocolonic aganglionosis demonstrating sign...

Figure 18.13 (a) Atresia ani in a newborn foal. (b) Surgical repair of atres...

Figure 18.14 Neonatal foal with colitis secondary to Salmonellosis; rectal p...

Figure 18.15 A large umbilical hernia in a foal.