Evolutionary Manufacturing, Design and Operational Practices for Resource and Environmental Sustainability E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 846

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

This book highlights the important use of digital technologies and the latest developments in mechanical and industrial engineering to enhance environmental and resource sustainability.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have as their overarching objective the reduction or eradication of a wide range of global problems, including, but not limited to poverty, climate change, environmental degradation, and inequality. Digital technologies (DTs) have the potential to be exploited to meet the goals associated with the circular economy (CE) and sustainable development. Additive manufacturing (AM), cyber-physical systems (CPS), and blockchain technology are examples of DT-enabled technologies that are helpful for businesses that seek to shift to a circular economic model.

With the remanufacturing of products, applications that make use of virtual reality and augmented reality, in addition to the Internet of Things, simplify the construction of strategic decision models that reduce time and expense while simultaneously increasing productivity. In addition, the utilization of big data analytics helps businesses discover previously undisclosed trends and unlock numerous opportunities for environmental and resource sustainability. Employing analytics makes it feasible to collect helpful information regarding the socio-environmental impact of a product, as well as consumption factors over the entirety of a product’s life cycle.

This book contains 44 comprehensive chapters and is divided into five parts. Part 1 delves deeply into sustainable operational practices and supply chain management. The impact that digital technology-enabled operational techniques have on product life cycles is investigated, as well as the design of efficient remanufacturing processes, environmentally friendly logistics and warehousing practices, sustainable designs for distributed energy supply systems, and efficient recycling procedures.

Part 2 provides a perspective on advanced materials and developments for sustainable manufacturing. The chapters in this section address sustainable material development and its application in the circular economy concept. Included here is an in-depth exploration of cutting-edge technology for synthesis, processing, fabrication, process optimization, testing, and performance evaluation of advanced materials. Part 3 covers sustainable manufacturing practices and looks at the problems faced by the industry when using digital technologies in their operations, as well as the possible benefits.

Part 4 examines sustainable innovation in mechanical design. It addresses all aspects of mechanical design that contribute to sustainable innovation for nation-building. Part 5 delves into heat transfer and fluid flow concepts for sustainable product development and applications. The chapters explain how to construct sustainable energy systems by reducing the total amount of energy that is utilized, enhancing the efficiency of the process of energy conversion, and making use of sources of energy that are renewable.

Audience

This book has a wide audience in academic institutions and engineers in a variety of manufacturing industries. It will also appeal to economists and policymakers working on the circular economy, clean tech investors, industrial decision-makers, and environmental professionals.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Part 1: Sustainable Operational Practices and Supply Chain Management

1 Financial Impacts of COVID-19: A Special Emphasis on the Sustainability of Indian Banking Sectors and Stock Markets

Abbreviations

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Research Methodology

1.3 Literature

1.4 Conclusion

References

2 Dynamic Load Frequency Control of Microgrids with Diverse Distributed Energy Resources

Abbreviations

2.1 Introduction

2.2 PV Modeling

2.3 Grid Modeling

2.4 Mathematical Model of PV-Grid System

2.5 Conclusion

References

3 Analysis of Microgrids with Diverse Distributed Energy Resources Using Genetic Algorithm

List of Abbreviations

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Mathematical Model of PV-Grid System

3.3 Results and Discussion

3.4 Results Obtained at Dynamic State Using Proposed GA-Optimized PID Controller

3.5 Conclusion

References

4 Comparison of Solar Power Forecasting Using RNN-Dense and LSTM-Dense Neural Network

List of Abbreviations

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Related Work

4.3 Machine Learning

4.4 Methodology

4.5 Results

4.6 Conclusion

References

5 Organizational Opportunities Through Digital- and Social-Media Marketing for Sustainable Businesses

Abbreviations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Methodology

5.3 Literature

5.4 Challenges in DSMM

5.5 Conclusion

References

6 Design of Innovative and User-Friendly Household PET Plastic Bottle Shredder to Promote Green Economy

List of Abbreviations

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Literature Review

6.3 Methodology

6.4 Results and Discussion

6.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

References

Part 2: Prospective of Advanced Materials and Development for Sustainable Manufacturing

7 Sacrificial Anodes and Environmental Effects

Abbreviations

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Literature Review

7.3 Methodology

7.4 Recommendation

7.5 Conclusion

References

8 Experimental Investigation of Steel and Porous Al Foam LM Vehicle Leaf Spring By Using Mechanical and Computer Method

List of Abbreviation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Manufacture of Al Foam

8.3 Tests for Deflection

8.4 Results and Discussion

8.5 Conclusion

References

9 Effect on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Microwave-Sintered Alumina Nanocomposite on Addition of ZrO

2

and MgO

Abbreviations

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Investigation Procedure

9.3 Results and Discussion

9.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

10 Pull Test Analysis of Friction Welding Samples on Boiler Grade Materials With the Assistance of Taguchi and ANOVA

Abbreviations

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Experimental Investigation

10.3 Discussion on Results

10.4 Conclusions

References

11 A Review of Natural Biofiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites

List of Abbreviation

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Biofibers in Manufacturing

11.3 Composites Made of Natural Biofibers

11.4 Natural Fibers Treatment

11.5 Selecting A Matrix

11.6 Mechanical Characteristics of Composites

11.7 Conclusion

References

12 Evaluation of Hot Corrosion and High Temperature Oxidation on GTA Weldments of Nb-Controlled INCONEL 718

Abbreviations

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Experimental Procedure

12.3 Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

13 Review on “Fused Deposition Modeling” Process Parameters and Their Influence on Material Properties: A Sustainable Approach

Abbreviations

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Process Parameters

13.3 Properties Affected by Different Process Parameters

13.4 Conclusions

References

14 Numerical Investigation of Combustion Characteristics for Soybean Biodiesel Depending on Variable Compression Ratios by Using Diesel RK Software

Nomenclature

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Physical Properties of Biodiesel

14.3 Production of Biodiesel

14.4 Diesel-RK Software

14.5 Results and Discussion

14.6 Conclusion

References

15 Property Evaluation of Coconut Shell Ash-Reinforced Aluminum Composite Made by Squeeze Casting

List of Abbreviations

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Materials and Methods

15.3 Results and Discussion

15.4 Conclusion

References

16 Synthesis and Characterization of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy-Alumina/Ceria Composite Coating By Thermal Spray Technique

Abbreviations

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Selection of Materials and Methods

16.3 Results and Discussions

16.4 Conclusions

References

17 Sustainable Corrosion Prevention System of Steel Structures

Abbreviations

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Sustainable Sacrificial Anodes

17.3 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System

17.4 Test Results from Idubada SACP Terminal (PNG)

17.5 Wewak Sacrificial Anodes CP

17.6 Conclusion

References

18 Design of a Binary Distillation Column to Increase the Naphthalene Yield in Tar Distillation Plant of a Steel Plant

Abbreviations

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Material Method

18.3 Results and Discussion

18.4 Results and Discussion by Using Software

18.5 Conclusion

References

19 Machining of Ni-Based Super Alloy with Coated and Uncoated Tools in a Sustainable Machining Environment

Abbreviations

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Materials and Methods

19.3 Results and Discussion

19.4 Conclusion

References

Part 3: Sustainable Manufacturing Practices

20 The New Age of Manufacturing from Concept to Creation: Innovative World of 3D Printing

Abbreviations

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Additive Manufacturing Technology

20.3 3D Printing Method

20.4 Role of 3D Printing in Industry 4.0

20.5 Conclusion

References

21 Optimization of EDM Process Parameters with Fuzzy Logic Technique for SS-316 Steel and Investigation of Microstructural Characteristics of EDM Machining Surface

Abbreviations

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Investigational Setup

21.3 Fuzzy Modeling

21.4 Results and Discussion

21.5 Microstructural Characterization of Machining Surface

21.6 Conclusions

References

22 Comparison Evaluation of Machining Characteristics of Hypereutectic Aluminium-20%Silicon with Uncoated, PVD, and CVD Coated Inserts

Abbreviations

List of Nomenclature

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Materials and Methodology

22.3 Results and Discussion

22.4 Conclusions

References

23 A Review of TIG Welding Processes: Experimentation and Finite Element Analysis for Sustainable Operational Practices

Abbreviations

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Joining of Metals by TIG Welding Process

23.3 Joining of Metals by Pulsed-TIG (P-TIG) Welding Process

23.4 Case Study: Experimental Investigation

23.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

24 Strategic Implementation of Reliability Centered Maintenance with Development of a Framework of an Indian Manufacturing Industry

Abbreviations

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Literature Review

24.3 How the Concept of RCM was Generated (Background)

24.4 Various Definitions of RCM

24.5 Objectives of RCM

24.6 Components of RCM

24.7 RCM Principles

24.8 RCM Methodology

24.9 Step-by-Step Analysis of Reliability-Centered Maintenance

24.10 Maintenance Analysis Process for Machines

24.11 Evaluations of the Machines

24.12 Conclusion

References

Part 4: Sustainable Innovation in Mechanical Design

25 Bending Behavior of Multi-Layered Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Actuator in Time Domain

Abbreviations

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Bending Behavior of Fabricated Ag-IPMC

25.3 Fabricated Ag-IPMC Modeling

25.4 Results and Discussion

25.5 Conclusion

References

26 Experimental Approach for Analyzing the Algorithm with Camera on Distracted Driving Algorithms by Using Image Recognition Models

Nomenclature

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Methodology

26.3 Working Approach

26.4 Experimental Approach

26.5 Conclusion

References

27 Techno-Economic and Feasibility Analysis of a Mixed Mode Solar Dryer

Abbreviations

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Materials and Methods

27.3 Thermal Energy Storage Integration

27.4 Results and Discussion

27.5 Conclusion

References

28 Fabrication of Four-Wheel Steering With Three-Mode Operation

List of Abbreviations

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Result and Discussion

28.3 Working Principle

28.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Data Availability Statement

Funding Statement

Conflict of Interest

References

Part 5: Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Concept for Sustainable Product Development and Their Application

29 Effectiveness of Solar Still Combining Thermocol Insulation with Locally Accessible Heat Storage Materials: An Experimental Approach

Abbreviations

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Experimental Investigation

29.3 Results and Discussion

Conclusions

References

30 Estimation of Cooling Load of Air Cooling System for a Hospital Room

Abbreviations

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Analysis and Evaluation

30.3 Results and Discussion

30.4 Conclusion

References

31 Numerical Investigation of Small-Scale Model of a Blast Furnace for Laminar and Turbulent Regimes

Nomenclature

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Literature Review

31.3 Geometry Investigation and Quantitative Evaluation

31.4 Findings and Discussion

31.5 Conclusions

References

32 A Critical Review on Blood Flow Modeling: Relevance to Rheology, Numerical and Computational Methods

Abbreviation

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Constitutive Models of Blood

32.3 Mathematical Modeling of Blood Flow Simulation

32.4 Conclusions

References

33 Research Trends and Perspectives of Thermal Management of Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) System: Bibliometric Analysis

Abbreviations

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Methodology

33.3 Results

33.4 Discussions

33.5 Conclusions

References

34 Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Synthesis and Emission Comparison Study of Diesel and Biodiesel as Fuel for Cleaner Environment

List of Abbreviations

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Materials and Methods

34.3 Preparation of Catalyst

34.4 Process of Biodiesel Synthesis

34.5 Engine Testing

34.6 Exhaust Gas Analyzer

34.7 Results and Discussion

34.8 Conclusion

Declaration of Originality

Acknowledgment

Data Availability Statement

Funding Statement

Conflict of Interest

References

35 Dynamic Modeling of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector—A Review

Abbreviations

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Methodology

35.3 Receiver Numerical Model

35.4 Simulation Software

35.5 Conclusions and Future Scope

References

36 Minimizing the Surface Temperature of Heat Sink in Electronic Components for Sustainability

List of Abbreviations

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Methodology

36.3 Results and Discussion

36.4 Conclusion

Declaration of Originality

Acknowledgment

Data Availability Statement

Funding Statement

Conflict of Interest

References

37 An Investigation of Heat Transfer Performance of a Novel Three-Fluid Heat Exchanger Proposed for Household Heating Systems

Abbreviation Table

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Materials and Methods

37.3 Results and Discussion

37.4 Conclusions

References

38 Cooling Load Calculations for a Mosque Using HAP Software: A Case Study

Abbreviations

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Methodology & Analysis

38.3 Results and Discussion

38.4 Conclusion

References

39 Challenges and Future Prospects of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology: An Overview

Abbreviations

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Principle of a Fuel Cell

39.3 Challenges and Issues

39.4 Solving Global Warming

39.5 Alternative Fuels

39.6 Advanced Ultra-Super Critical Technology (AUSC)

39.7 Energy Technology and Climate Change

39.8 Renewable Statistics

39.9 Carbon Economy

39.10 Carbon Footprint

39.11 Conclusions and Future Scope

References

40 Adsorption Kinetics Assessment of CO

2

Capture in an Adsorber Bed Under Atmospheric Conditions

Nomenclature

40.1 Introduction

40.2 Numerical Model

40.3 Algorithm

40.4 Performance Characteristics of CO

2

Capture

40.5 Model Validation

40.6 Results and Discussion

40.7 Conclusions

References

41 Numerical Analysis of a Nature-Inspired Insulation Method for Building Applications

Abbreviations

Nomenclatures

Greek Symbols

41.1 Introduction

41.2 Numerical Simulations

41.3 Results and Discussion

41.4 Conclusions

References

42 Numerical Study of the Unsteady Flow in Simplified and Realistic Bifurcation Arterial Models

Abbreviation

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Literature Review

42.3 Mathematical Modeling of Blood Flow

42.4 Results and Discussion

42.5 Conclusions

References

43 Study of Natural Convection From a Vertical Wall with Extended Surfaces

Nomenclature

43.1 Introduction

43.2 Problem Description

43.3 Numerical Procedure

43.4 Results

43.5 Impact of Radius of Fin to Spacing of Fin Ratio on Nusselt Number

43.6 Impact of Rayleigh Numbers on Temperature Contours

43.7 Impact of Rayleigh Numbers on Temperature Flow Fields

43.8 Conclusions

References

44 Impact of Natural Convection Heat Transfer on the Efficiency of Various Heat Dissipating Devices and Heat Sinks—A Review

Nomenclature

44.1 Introduction

44.2 Literature Review

44.3 Numerical Simulation Data Interpretation

44.4 Impact of Buoyancy

44.5 Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Symbols and definitions.

Table 2.2 Convectional power system parameters.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Parameters of the system.

Table 3.2 Parameters of PV system.

Table 3.3 PV power analysis at steady state.

Table 3.4 Grid turbine power analysis at steady state.

Table 3.5 PV-grid interconnected system load analysis at steady state.

Table 3.6 PV power analysis.

Table 3.7 Grid turbine power analysis.

Table 3.8 PV-grid interconnected system load analysis.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Forecasted values for both RNN + dense and LSTM + dense networks.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Different significant aspects in DSMM.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Formulas used to calculate dynamic quantities.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Data showing sodium chloride acid concertation against resistivity a...

Table 7.2 Depicts the values from Puma Energy PNG Limited of their possible pr...

Table 7.3 Results obtained from experiments conducted to determine relevant pr...

Table 7.4 The typical soil resistivity of various types of soil.

Table 7.5 Shows the retrieved typical resistivity data.

Table 7.6 Shows the values of corrosion rates verses time (days).

Table 7.7 Soil resistivity of zinc, aluminum and magnesium.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Comparison findings.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Intended compositions for fabricated ZTA nanocomposites with reinfor...

Table 9.2 Fabrication process parameters and the specifications used in the MW...

Table 9.3 Fabricated MgO-ZTA composites properties (average grain size, microh...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Input and output parameters of nine welded samples.

Table 10.2 SN ratio ranking process.

Table 10.3 Confirmation test—experimental and theoretical tests.

Table 10.4 Analysis of variance and % of inheritance.

Table 10.5 Impact test on weld interface.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Chemical composition of base metal.

Table 12.2 GTAW welding parameters for welding Inconel 718.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Effect of parameters on properties of material.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 The properties of diesel fuel.

Table 14.2 The specifications of engine.

Table 14.3 The ideal composition of fatty acid for soybean oil.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Density and porosity results of the prepared materials.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Detonation-gun parameters used in the synthesis of the coatings.

Table 16.2 Experimental data obtained from the method.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 List of data on possible conductivity and resistivity of various so...

Table 17.2 Idubada Puma Energy PNG base uses an electrode of copper sulfate an...

Table 17.3 The results of Wewak CP terminal (PNG) [9].

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Industrial specifications.

Table 18.2 Composition of crude tar.

Table 18.3 Steam properties for coke oven simulation by using software.

Table 18.4 Flow summaries for coke oven simulation by using software.

Table 18.5 Comparative study between industrial data, simulation data, and val...

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Chemical composition of Inconel 800 [6].

Table 19.2 Process parameters for machining of Inconel 800.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Machining parameters and their level.

Table 21.2 Calculated performance characteristics using copper electrode.

Table 21.3 Comparison between experimental values and modeled values for coppe...

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Chemical composition of a casted specimen.

Table 22.2 Assessment of performance.

Table 22.3 Turning insert data.

Table 22.4 Cutting forces for HP-1 alloys.

Table 22.5 Cutting forces for HP-2.

Table 22.6 Surface roughness result of different turning inserts for HP-1 allo...

Table 22.7 Surface roughness result of different turning inserts for HP-2 allo...

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Welding parameters for welding of 1-mm sheet.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Parameters of the fabricated Ag-IPMC membrane obtained experimental...

Table 25.2 Resonant peak value of the fabricated Ag-IPMC membrane.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Comparison of R-CNN, YOLO and SSD.

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Technical and design specifications of the mixed mode solar dryer s...

Table 27.2 Economic parameters of the mixed mode solar dryer without thermal e...

Table 27.3 Economic parameters of the solar dryer integrated with latent heat ...

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 Windows U-factor.

Table 30.2 Cooling load through space.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Numerical models with the materials constant for blood flow modelin...

Table 32.2 The different types of geometry, schematic representation, modeling...

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Summary of information regarding diverse bibliometric entities.

Table 33.2 Authors with minimum 3 papers.

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 WCO biofuel properties.

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Comparison of surface temperature.

Chapter 37

Table 37.1 Dimensions of NTFHE.

Table 37.2 Configuration of flow arrangement.

Chapter 39

Table 39.1 Different types of fuel cells.

Chapter 40

Table 40.1 Thermophysical properties of adsorbents [8, 15–17].

Chapter 41

Table 41.1 Grid cells.

Table 41.2 Effect of emissivity on the Nusselt convection number.

Table 41.3 Nusselt (convection, radiological, and total transmissivity) change...

Chapter 44

Table 44.1 Nusselt number correlations for natural convection.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The maximum PV array voltage, current and the power output.

Figure 2.2 Inverter frequency.

Figure 2.3 The frequency of instantaneous power.

Figure 2.4 Mathematical model of PV system.

Figure 2.5 Steady state characteristics of a speed governor.

Figure 2.6 Change in governor power due to change in load.

Figure 2.7 The block diagram of speed governor together with the hydrolic valv...

Figure 2.8 The automatic primary load frequency control (ALFC) block.

Figure 2.9 LFC at steady state when considering ∆

P

ref

(

s

))) = 0.

Figure 2.10 LFC at steady state when considering Δ

P

D

(

s

) = 0.

Figure 2.11 Complete mathematical model of PV-grid interconnected system.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The LFC algorithm.

Figure 3.2 Complete mathematical model of PV-grid interconnected system.

Figure 3.3 Results of PV, grid, grid turbine power and system frequency at 100...

Figure 3.4 Results of PV, grid, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 90...

Figure 3.5 Results of PV, grid, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 80...

Figure 3.6 Results of PV, grid, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 70...

Figure 3.7 Results of PV, grid, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 60...

Figure 3.8 Results of PV, grid, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 70...

Figure 3.9 Results of PV, grid, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 10...

Figure 3.10 Results of PV, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 900

w/m

Figure 3.11 Results of PV, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 800

w/m

Figure 3.12 Results of PV, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 700

w/m

Figure 3.13 Results of PV, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 600

w/m

Figure 3.14 Results of PV, grid turbine power, and system frequency at 500

w/m

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Dense neural network architecture [2].

Figure 4.2 Scatter plot of Avg_daily_power.

Figure 4.3 Scatter plot of sunshine duration.

Figure 4.4 Scatter plot of Avg_date_power.

Figure 4.5 Scatter plot of temperature.

Figure 4.6 Normalization process of data.

Figure 4.7 Flow chart of the proposed methodology.

Figure 4.8 Training loss and validation loss in LSTM and dense model outcome.

Figure 4.9 Training loss and validation in simple RNN and dense model outcome.

Figure 4.10 The average daily DC power output of the LSTM and dense model.

Figure 4.11 The average daily DC power output of the RNN and dense model.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Key parameters in DSMM for sustainable businesses.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Analysis of the edge of the shredding blade.

Figure 6.2 Analysis of the shredder Assembly in SolidWorks.

Figure 6.3 Stress analysis of the driver shaft transmitting torque.

Figure 6.4 SolidWorks’ mechanism design for a two-shaft straight-type shredder...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Shows the sacrificial magnesium (Mg) anode being used to protect th...

Figure 7.2 Shows the sacrificial zinc (Zn) anode being used to protect the ste...

Figure 7.3 Shows the sacrificial aluminum (Al) anode being used to protect the...

Figure 7.4 Designates the probable impressed current CP system [33].

Figure 7.5 Depicting thermal spray aluminum (TSA) coating and its likely react...

Figure 7.6 Shows distributed sacrificial anodes in a pipeline and the possible...

Figure 7.7 Potential difference data taken every six months’ time.

Figure 7.8 The corrosion penetration rate (CRP) in Lae Puma Energy Terminal.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Al foam leaf spring.

Figure 8.2 Deflection test of steel leaf spring.

Figure 8.3 FEM of stress.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Flow chart representing the steps involved in the development of na...

Figure 9.2 Thermally etched FE-SEM results of MgO-ZTA composite’s microstructu...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Modified tensile testing machine.

Figure 10.2 Fractured sample after pull test.

Figure 10.3 Graph plot of SN ratio.

Figure 10.4 SEM images with EDS at 1250 rpm.

Figure 10.5 XRD graph plot at 1250 rpm.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Common biofibers.

Figure 11.2 Classification of biocomposites.

Figure 11.3 Factor influence parameters.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Tungsten inert gas welding equipment.

Figure 12.2 Microstructure of Inconel 718 with base metal, HAZ and fusion zone...

Figure 12.3 Macro image of INCONEL718 GTA weldments.

Figure 12.4 Radiographic film of welded sample.

Figure 12.5 Hardness profile of Inconel 718 GTA weldments.

Figure 12.6 (a) Hot corrosion studies on Inconel718 GTA weldments, (b) hot cor...

Figure 12.7 Profilometry analysis for Inconel718 GTA weldments.

Figure 12.8 Profilometry analysis for Inconel718 GTA weldments (a) impedance p...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Different orientation of construction: (a) numerical; (b) categori...

Figure 13.2 Several infill patterns: (a) linear type, (b) diamond type and (c)...

Figure 13.3 Raster width and air gap [18].

Figure 13.4 Raster orientation [18].

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Reaction scheme for the transesterification of soybean oil with me...

Figure 14.2 The included processes in biodiesel manufacturing are in a schemat...

Figure 14.3 The engine sample selection which is utilized in the Diesel RK.

Figure 14.4 In-cylinder pressure vs. crank angle for various compression ratio...

Figure 14.5 Cylinder temperature vs. crank angle for various compression ratio...

Figure 14.6 Combustion duration vs. compression ratios.

Figure 14.7 Ignition delay period vs. compression ratios.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Prepared CSA reinforcement and squeeze casting setup.

Figure 15.2 (a) Density kit,(b) optical microscope, (c) microhardness tester, ...

Figure 15.3 Optical microscope micrographs of composite with (a) 5% CSA, (b) 1...

Figure 15.4 Microhardness of the developed composite.

Figure 15.5 Tensile strength of developed composites.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 SEM micrograph of Mg AZ91alloy with (a) Al

2

O

3

+ 2.0 wt.% CeO

2

, (b)...

Figure 16.2 SEM micrographs of interfaces of (a) Al

2

O

3

+ 2.0 wt.% CeO

2

, (b) Al

Figure 16.3 Variation of (a) weight loss with time due to corrosion (b) therma...

Figure 16.4 Variations of (a) porosity and (b) density of the coated Mg AZ91 a...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 The prototype of sacrificial anode system installation to protect ...

Figure 17.2 Demonstrates using a sacrificial magnesium (Mg) anode to prevent c...

Figure 17.3 Graph showing as resistivity increases, conductivity decreases.

Figure 17.4 Shows the impressed current in onshore buried pipelines.

Figure 17.5 Showing the results of the Idubada Puma Energy terminal.

Figure 17.6 CP values at Puma Energy PNG Limited sites (Idubada).

Figure 17.7 Graph shows the data obtained from the sacrificial anodes CP syste...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Process flowsheet of tar distillation plant (TDP).

Figure 18.2 McCabe-Thiele diagram for calculating the number of plates.

Figure 18.3 Simulation by using CHEMCAD software 1.

Figure 18.4 Simulation by using CHEMCAD software 2.

Figure 18.5 Simulation by using CHEMCAD software 3.

Figure 18.6 Simulation by using CHEMCAD software 4.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 (a) Workpiece material, (b) cutting insert, (c) CNC turning center...

Figure 19.2 Variation of surface roughness with (a) feed, (b) machining speed.

Figure 19.3 Variation of flank wear with (a) feed, (b) machining speed.

Figure 19.4 Variation of flank wear with machining speed.

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Fused deposition modeling (FDM).

Figure 20.2 3D printing process.

Figure 20.3 Parts manufactured on 3D printing machine with parameters.

Figure 20.4 Slicing of a 3D model.

Figure 20.5 Slicing and geometry.

Figure 20.6 Material in a layer through tool path.

Figure 20.7 Nozzle diameter and nozzle speed.

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Die Sinker EDM machining with tool and work piece (Model: Electron...

Figure 21.2 Fuzzy logic for copper electrode.

Figure 21.3 Membership function for Ton.

Figure 21.4 Membership function for Toff.

Figure 21.5 Membership function for Servo feed (SF).

Figure 21.6 Membership function for TWR.

Figure 21.7 Membership function for TOC.

Figure 21.8 Membership function for MRR.

Figure 21.9 Fuzzy rules fired for copper electrodes.

Figure 21.10 Graphical illustrations of fuzzy values for copper electrodes.

Figure 21.11 Variation of MRR.

Figure 21.12 Variation of TWR.

Figure 21.13 Variation of TOC.

Figure 21.14 Microstructure of experiments 1 Ton at 50 μs, and current at 10 a...

Figure 21.15 Microstructure of experiments 2 with Ton at 50 μs, current at 25 ...

Figure 21.16 Microstructure of experiments 4 Ton 200μs, and current at 10 amp ...

Figure 21.17 Microstructure of experiments 6 with Ton 200μs, current at 40 amp...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 (a) Uncoated carbide inserts (b) PVD (c) CVD.

Figure 22.2 Machined specimen surfaces with different inserts.

Figure 22.3 Cutting forces of HP-1; (a) Tangential force (b) Axial force.

Figure 22.4 Cutting forces of HP-2; (a) Tangential force (b) Axial force.

Figure 22.5 Average surface roughness result of (a) HP-1 and (b) HP-2.

Figure 22.6 Optical image: (a) Untreated HP alloy, (b) Treated HP alloy.

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Experimental setup (Lincoln ASPECT 300).

Figure 23.2 Joint configuration (following ASTM for making tensile specimen).

Figure 23.3 Weld bead geometry for all three welding combinations (a) sample 1...

Figure 23.4 Finite element modeling to simulate the welding experiment. Mess s...

Figure 23.5 Thermal profile for Al 2014 and SS 316 weldment alloys.

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 RCM components.

Figure 24.2 RCM methodology.

Figure 24.3 RCM logic diagram.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Multi-layered ionic polymer metal composite actuator fabrication p...

Figure 25.2 (a) Nafion™ 117 membrane (b) Ionic polymer metal composite.

Figure 25.3 (a & b) Experimental set-up and (c) IPMC bending configuration for...

Figure 25.4 Developed Ag-IPMC actuator’s end point configuration.

Figure 25.5 IPMC’s response to each input voltage.

Figure 25.6 System’s step response for each input voltage.

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Total deaths due to distracted driving every year.

Figure 26.2 Methodology.

Figure 26.3 Driver using phone while driving.

Figure 26.4 Driver with no phone.

Figure 26.5 Datatorch annotation tool.

Figure 26.6 Annotation file example for YOLO.

Figure 26.7 R-CNN training.

Figure 26.8 YOLO training.

Figure 26.9 Real-time detection.

Figure 26.10 RNN flow chart.

Figure 26.11 High-level architecture of R-CNN (top) and Fast R-CNN (bottom) ob...

Figure 26.12 S × S grid.

Figure 26.13 SSD architecture.

Figure 26.14 Hardware working.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Photograph of the mixed mode solar dryer and the diagram of the tu...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Construction of bevel gear [5].

Figure 28.2 Design of the gear.

Figure 28.3 Drawing for four-wheel steering with three mode operation.

Figure 28.4 Normal mode.

Figure 28.5 Both front and rear wheel steer in same direction.

Figure 28.6 Sliding mode.

Figure 28.7 Sliding modes.

Figure 28.8 Both wheels in opposite direction.

Figure 28.9 Radius reduced mode.

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Schematic of the typical solar still.

Figure 29.2 Photograph of modified and unmodified “solar still.”

Figure 29.3 Variation of solar intensity.

Figure 29.4 Comparisons of basin water and ambient temperature.

Figure 29.5 Percentage increase in distillate yield during day time.

Figure 29.6 Percentage increase in yield, comparing modified and unmodified so...

Figure 29.7 Hourly fluctuation of thermal efficiency for modified and unmodifi...

Figure 29.8 Percentage increases in thermal efficiency for modified and unmodi...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Hospital room layout.

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 (a) Axisymmetric illustration of zone analysis of the upward cylin...

Figure 31.2 Changes of Nusselt number vs. Rayleigh number, a comparison of the...

Figure 31.3 Static temperature contours at multiple values of Rayleigh number ...

Figure 31.4 Static temperature contours at multiple values of Rayleigh number ...

Figure 31.5 Changes of Nusselt number against Rayleigh number in the laminar (...

Figure 31.6 Change of temperature along the centerline of the examined geometr...

Figure 31.7 Change of Nusselt number at the wall of examined geometry for vari...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Using a Couette viscometer, normal RBCs in heparinized plasma (NP)...

Figure 32.2 Newtonian fluids: (a) shear stress vs. shear rate. (b) Viscosity v...

Figure 32.3 Steps involved in the numerical simulation.

Figure 32.4 Dependency of human blood viscosity on hematocrit percentage conce...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Depicts the article screening and evaluation methodology [19].

Figure 33.2 Distribution of published papers according to year.

Figure 33.3 Distribution by frequency of scientific output.

Figure 33.4 Publications by authors by year.

Figure 33.5 Keywords co-occurrence.

Figure 33.6 Multiple country publishing (MCP) and single country publication (...

Figure 33.7 Authors, sources, and keywords are all represented in three field ...

Figure 33.8 Countries, keywords, and sources are all represented in three fiel...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 Line sketch of the experimental setup of IC engine with eddy curre...

Figure 34.2 Load (kW) vs. carbon monoxide content (vol%).

Figure 34.3 Load (kW) vs. carbon dioxide content (vol%).

Figure 34.4 Load (kW) vs. NOX emission (ppm).

Figure 34.5 Load (kW) vs. HC emission (ppm).

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 The layout of a heat sink.

Figure 36.2 Sketch of the existing HS.

Figure 36.3 Sketch of the modified HS.

Figure 36.4 CFD model of existing HS.

Figure 36.5 CFD model of modified HS.

Figure 36.6 Turbulence intensity of existing HS.

Figure 36.7 Turbulence intensity of modified HS.

Figure 36.8 Comparison of surface temperature.

Chapter 37

Figure 37.1 Schematic layout of NTFHE test section.

Figure 37.2 Comparison of the present result NuHF3 with the literature.

Figure 37.3 Effect of Re on Nu of NTFHE.

Figure 37.4 Effect of Reynolds number on the Nusselt number of NTFHE.

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 Input weather data for the building’s location.

Figure 38.2 General space property.

Figure 38.3 Internal space properties.

Figure 38.4 Space properties of four walls.

Figure 38.5 Default wall assembly.

Figure 38.6 Air system sizing summary.

Figure 38.7 Zone sizing summary.

Figure 38.8 Air system design load summary.

Chapter 39

Figure 39.1 Schematic diagram of PEMFC.

Figure 39.2 Growth of renewable energy resources from 2011–2022.

Figure 39.3 Leading countries that have installed renewable energy capacity (G...

Chapter 40

Figure 40.1 Pictorial representation of adsorber bed and adsorption process.

Figure 40.2 Schematic diagram of the adsorbent bed.

Figure 40.3 Numerical domain with forward time central space scheme.

Figure 40.4 Algorithm for solving FDM equation.

Figure 40.5 Performance characteristics of CO

2

capture.

Figure 40.6 Concentration ratio validation.

Figure 40.7 Concentration ratio (C/C

0

) of CO

2

.

Figure 40.8 Adsorption effectiveness.

Figure 40.9 Purity of CO

2

.

Figure 40.10 Recovery of CO

2

.

Figure 40.11 Advantages of the adsorption process [18].

Chapter 41

Figure 41.1 Cataglyphis bombycine.

Figure 41.2 Verification and validation of present result.

Figure 41.3 Grid independence test.

Figure 41.4 The Nusselt convection changes with angle for different values of ...

Figure 41.5 Changes in the Nusselt radial transducer with angle for different ...

Figure 41.6 Changes in total Nusselt with angle for different values of emissi...

Figure 41.7 Contour the temperature of the case without radiation at different...

Chapter 42

Figure 42.1 (a) Geometry and dimensions (mm) of the aorta bifurcation into the...

Figure 42.2 Wall shear stress vs. flow time at the bifurcation point.

Figure 42.3 Drag coefficient vs. flow time at the wall.

Figure 42.4 Mass flow rate vs. flow time.

Figure 42.5 Residual plot for convergence.

Figure 42.6 (a) Velocity profile of the blood flow after bifurcation at differ...

Chapter 43

Figure 43.1 Detailed view of triangular fins design.

Figure 43.2 Mesh geometry of the triangular fins attached to the heated surfac...

Figure 43.3 Nusselt number variation with different fin height to fin spacing ...

Figure 43.4 Temperature contours for different Rayleigh numbers.

Figure 43.5 Velocity vectors of triangular fins for different Rayleigh numbers...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Evolutionary Manufacturing, Design and Operational Practices for Resource and Environmental Sustainability

Edited by

Kamalakanta Muduli

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, PNG

Sachindra Kumar Rout

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, India

Sunil Sarangi

School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India

Sardar M.N. Islam

Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia

and

Aezeden Mohamed

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, PNG

This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-394-19816-0

Front cover images supplied by Adobe FireflyCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

This book emphasizes the importance of using digital technology and recent advancements in the field of mechanical and industrial engineering to improve both resource and environmental sustainability.

A number of different resources are required to produce the items or services that are necessary for our day-to-day existence. Many research initiatives give sustainable development (SD) the highest priority in a direct response to the acute lack of resources that is currently experienced. The concept of SD refers to the idea of achieving human development goals, while also taking care of natural systems in a manner that prevents such systems from breaking down or getting worse. The expansion of the economy needs to happen in a manner that is appropriate and in unison with the continuous improvement of society. Nevertheless, this must not be accomplished at the expense of the natural ecosystem.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have as their overarching objective the reduction or eradication of a wide range of global problems, including, but not limited to poverty, climate change, environmental degradation, and inequality. Recent studies argue that digital technologies (DTs) have the potential to be exploited in order to meet goals associated with the circular economy (CE) and sustainable development. Additive manufacturing (AM), cyber-physical systems (CPS), and blockchain technology are examples of DT-enabled technologies that could be helpful for businesses that seek to shift to a circular economic model.

When it comes to the remanufacturing of products, applications that make use of virtual reality and augmented reality, in addition to the Internet of Things, may simplify the construction of strategic decision models that reduce the time and expense while simultaneously increasing productivity. In addition, the utilization of big data analytics can help businesses to discover previously undisclosed trends and unlock numerous opportunities for environmental and resource sustainability. Employing analytics may make it feasible to collect helpful information regarding the socio-environmental impact of a product, as well as consumption factors over the entirety of a product's life cycle.

This book highlights the important use of digital technologies and the latest developments in the field of mechanical and industrial engineering in order to enhance environmental and resource sustainability.

Part 1 delves deeply into sustainable operational practices and supply chain management. The impact that Digital Technology (DT)-enabled operational techniques have on product life cycles is investigated, as well as the design of efficient remanufacturing processes, environmentally friendly logistics and warehousing practices, sustainable designs for distributed energy supply systems, and efficient recycling procedures.

Part 2 provides a prospective on advanced materials and developments for sustainable manufacturing. The chapters in this section address sustainable material development and their application in circular economy concept. Included here is an in-depth exploration of cutting-edge technology for synthesis, processing, fabrication, process optimization, testing, and performance evaluation of the advanced materials, which is critically important for sustainable manufacturing.

Part 3 covers sustainable manufacturing practices and looks at the problems which face industries when they try to use digital technologies in their operations, as well as the possible benefits.

Part 4 examines sustainable innovation in mechanical design. It addresses all aspects of mechanical design that can contribute to sustainable innovation for nation-building.

Part 5 delves into heat transfer and fluid flow concepts for sustainable product development and applications. The chapters here explain how to construct energy systems that are sustainable by reducing the total amount of energy that is utilized, enhancing the efficiency of the process of energy conversion, and making use of sources of energy that are renewable.

We are deeply grateful to all authors for their excellent contributions to this book. We also highly appreciate the dedicated support and valuable assistance rendered by Martin Scrivener and the Scrivener Publishing team during the publication of this book.

Part 1SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONAL PRACTICES AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

1Financial Impacts of COVID-19: A Special Emphasis on the Sustainability of Indian Banking Sectors and Stock Markets

Pradeep Reddy K.1, Venkateswarlu Chandu2, Ch. Sahyaja3, Shifaly4, Elia Thagaram5, Amala Gangula6 and Debesh Mishra7*

1School of Management, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Bhopal, India

2K. L. Business School, KLE Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India

3GITAM School of Business, GITAM University, Hyderabad, India

4The Hindu College MBA, Machilipatnam, AP, India

5PACE Institute of Technology and Sciences, Ongole, AP, India

6Institute of Banking Personnel Selection, Mumbai, India

7Mechanical Engineering, IES University, Bhopal, India

Abstract

Pandemic COVID-19 depresses the entire global economic situation. Perhaps the most horrendous period of history that has ever been faced by humanity. No country, whether underdeveloped or developing, was spared its wrath. The COVID-19 pandemic had a particularly negative impact on the sustainability of the Indian economy. The Indian banking system encountered and is still facing several issues. With the support of reforms, the government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) implemented the required policy modifications to combat the COVID-19 epidemic. The goal of this research is to investigate the state of the Indian banking industry during COVID-19, the changes implemented by RBI as a result of COVID-19, and its effects on the sustainability of Indian banking sectors in addition to the stock markets in general. The banks in India were founded primarily with the intention of making money by providing clients with the services they anticipated. However, the COVID-19 pandemic distorted the Indian clients’ situation. People’s sources of income were threatened by the lockdowns and closures of enterprises. In the present pandemic condition, Indian banks face these issues with a deprived stock market as well.

Keywords: COVID-19, banking sectors, stock markets, pandemic, economic, India, sustainability, businesses

Abbreviations

RBI

Reserve Bank of India

WHO

World Health Organization

KYC

Know Your Customer

IRAC

Income Recognition and Asset Classification

EMI

Equated Monthly Installments

NSE

National Stock Exchange

1.1 Introduction

With thousands of deaths worldwide, the corona virus outbreak has affected millions of people. The threat of corona virus is growing as new cases emerge on a daily basis. The Corona viral sickness was found in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and it has since become widespread [1–3]. Following the observation of its infection and amplified death rate, the World Health Organization (WHO), on March 11, 2020, declared it as a pandemic. In the current circumstances, India is severely hit by the Corona virus. COVID-19 causes the global economy to contract, affecting its sustainability. COVID-19 has a broad influence on India. According to a study released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the corona virus damaged enterprises, organizations, and corporations that operated well before the epidemic. The three sectors that make up the bulk of the Indian economy are the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors, all of which are heavily reliant on the banking industry [4, 5]. As part of its conventional activity, all of these sectors receive financial assistance from the banking sector, which disburses advances, loans, short-term credits, letters of credit, debt securities, and the like. The next era of Indian banking involves tasks such as foreign-exchange support, digital banking, e-commerce, and tele-banking [6].

The uncertainty regarding the scope and length of the epidemic, as well as the consequences for Indian banks of any accompanying limitations on economic activity, has made the overall operating climate unfavorable. The Indian financial sector, which includes banking, non-banking investment firms, and insurance companies, has a significant impact on the real economy because it creates credit and mobilizes available funds. As is well known in the modern period, the Indian government declared a total lockout of the nation beginning on March 24, 2020, which was later prolonged through May 3, 2020. In order to preserve the lives of the citizens of India, the government must go on lockdown. Due to this, all businesses, educational institutions, and offices in the public and private sectors have been shutdown. This will have a significant impact on many areas of our country. The Indian economy is built on sustainability of banking sectors. The purpose of this research was to examine the causative impact of pandemic COVID-19 on the sustainability of banks as a result of the lockdown.

1.1.1 Objectives of the Study

To investigate the COVID-19 afflicted area.

To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the sustainability of Indian banking sectors as well as on the stock markets.

To investigate government and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) initiatives in response to COVID-19.

1.2 Research Methodology

The impact of COVID-19 on the Indian banking sector is the basis for the research. The study relied on secondary data. For this research, the RBI’s websites, manual, recommendations included in the RBI’s manuscripts, books, websites, periodicals, and newspapers were used to acquire information.

1.3 Literature

1.3.1 Impact Areas of COVID-19

Standard teller tasks including cash transactions, disbursements, check clearing, and other banking processes all required maintaining a safe distance of at least one meter. Customers’ and workers’ operational and technical difficulties revealed a weakness and a general lack of adaptability in our banking systems when confronted with an emergency crisis. The bank should refocus its focus toward digitizing and streamlining its backend processes as a result of the present COVID-19 issue. As a result, banks ’would not have to rely on staff interaction, paper-based reviews led by individuals, or manual data entry. In addition to accelerating technology adoption, the COVID-19 crisis will refocus attention on important financial issues, such as:

Adoption of emerging technologies - as a result of the virus and economic instability, emerging technologies will play a critical role in speeding up transactions and lowering bank expenses. The Indian banking sector has recognized the importance of technologies in attaining success. By removing vertically integrated burdens, it forecasts increased use of microservice building. In the process of digitally transforming banks and other financial institutions, these new technologies will be crucial

[7]

.

Mechanism of digital revolution - according to the World Bank’s 2017 global index report, India have the world’s second biggest unbanked population, with 190 million people lacking an account with a bank. The major goal of enhanced internet and mobile connectivity would be to advance technology-enabled digital banking access. Additionally, the business would aim to gradually change customers’ preferences away from going to bank locations and toward using digital means. To provide the best channel mix, banks will allow their clients to communicate via several automated and digital channels. To facilitate effective adoption by Indian banking users, banks would evaluate critical criteria such as demography, availability to the internet, last mile connection, customers’ banking behavioral patterns, and so on

[8]

.

Privacy, security, and customers’ satisfaction - as reported by the RBI, cyber thefts increased in India’s banking industry during the fiscal year 2017, 18, resulting in losses of $13.7 million. With the rising usage of cashless and digital economies, banks will need to create safe frameworks. Financial frauds, money laundering, data loss, identity theft, and privacy breaches are all clear cyber dangers. Banks must take stringent measures to determine external and internal system vulnerability. For safe and smooth transactions, they should be technically fortified with stringent Know Your Customer (KYC), good client identity verification, financial-grade APIs, gateways, smart networks, and so on

[9]

.

Policies and compliance requirements - in order to build a financial ecosystem for our nation’s underbanked and unbanked people, the emphasis should be on improving electronic payments facilities, particularly in rural India [

10

,

11

].

1.3.2 Reforms by the Government of India and RBI

India’s top government agency is RBI. which prepares monetary policy-providing directions to all banking institutions. The RBI promotes economic stability while maintaining the country’s growth. It announced the “COVID-19 Regulatory-Package” for banks and financial institutions as well as all urban (core) credit unions, provincial financial institutions, and region headquarters’ financial institutions including all non-banking financial companies and all institutions of finance across the country (including housing finance companies). For the needy requiring financial assistance for their means of subsistence and food security, the government decided on 1.7 trillion packages. In order to lower the unemployment rate, the government is constantly developing economic strategies and measures. Numerous charity organizations in India also received instructions from the government on how to better themselves and aid in the elevation of society. The provincial party is also a priority for the government. “Village Assembly or Gram Panchayat” was established to determine the root cause and thus, find a solution to the problem. In addition, the government places a strong emphasis on industries with high needs for support, such as those in the healthcare, education, and service sectors. The business-model assessment, post balance-sheet events, and a few other crucial areas are affected by COVID-19 in the financial statements of the organizations providing financial services. For credit intermediates, as well as availability, supervision and regulation, the RBI has taken several actions to provide some assistance to financial institutions. The banks must take these factors into account when making financial and reporting decisions on continuing operations, solvency, and credit risk assessments, etc.

1.3.3 Regulatory Measures to Overcome COVID-19

With the creation of provisions and “Income Recognition and Asset Classification (IRAC)” guidelines, the RBI declared explicit regulatory actions to address the COVID-19 pandemic distractions. In the announcement, it was stated that the RBI would be easing loan repayment requirements and expanding access to financial performance, and that the RBI will concentrate on helping company owners avoid financial hardship such that they can also keep functioning in a supportive environment. Payment of term loans and working-capital facilities are being rescheduled in order to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic impacts. The payment of all equated monthly installments (EMI) for term loans, including agricultural term loans, retail loans, and crop loans, may be relaxed for the subsequent months. In terms of working capital facilities, the RBI decided to approve in the form of cash credit and overdraft [12]. The banking industry is under stress due to a substantial economic slump and lost customers. Consequently, structural changes in banking “policies and practices” occurred. RBI provides borrowers with the ability to repay working capital loans through cash credit, reducing commercial institutions’ stresses. Based on a reevaluation of the working capital cycle, the RBI continuously reviewed the capital investment limits for issuance up until the end of March 2021.

1.3.3.1 Financial Institution’s Reforms

Customers can obtain COVID-19 insurance from financial institutions in case of an unforeseen circumstance. Loan terms are being relaxed by financial institutions for the general people. For trade finance, they are working on data cooperation and on developing an inclusive digital platform for customer support. In order to offer customers with excellent service, the financial institutions finance digital trade. They provide “cash delivery to doorstep”. They are also upgrading their existing networks. The employees’ remote access is enabled by migrating to a cloud-based system, and their job security is assured.

1.3.4 Influence of COVID-19 on Indian Stock Markets

The influence of COVID-19 on the Indian stock markets, especially the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and five sectoral-indexes, was the main subject of research made by Kulal and Kumar [13]. According to the data, the different NSE-indices were negatively impacted by COVID-19 for a month, but the leverage-market helped the market to recover and operate normally after that [14]. In a study, Varma et al.[15] investigated influences of corona virus on the Indian stock markets, and it was discovered that COVID-19 had major influences. To stem the spread of the illness, the Indian government declared a countrywide lockdown and other programs to assist the population. The economic state of India owing to the pandemic COVID-19 were examined in different studies [16–19]. Demirguc-Kunt et al.[20] examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the banking sectors by analyzing bank stock prices throughout the world.

Chuan et al.[21] evaluated the instability of two Asian stock exchanges, the Bursa Malaysia and the Singapore Exchange, by dividing the data into “before and after COVID-19 periods” and applying different subsample models. The findings revealed that both rates of return were extremely persistent, and the stock market returns during the pandemic dropped considerably. Asymmetric and symmetric models were used by Bhatia and Gupta [22] to examine the instability of the Indian banking sectors’ indices and the overall banking indices in light of stunning events like COVID-19 and the post financial collapse. Sahoo [23] used closing daily data for the Nifty 50, Nifty 50 Midcap, Nifty 100, Nifty 100 Midcap, Nifty 100 Smallcap, and Nifty 200, before and during COVID-19 to experimentally evaluate the presence of the day-of-the-week impact. In a study, Chaudhary et al.[24] examined the COVID-19 impacts on the Indian stock markets’ effectiveness by using daily data from January 2019 to May 2020. Guru and Das [25] investigated how COVID-19 affected the unpredictability spillovers of 10 significant industry indices quoted on the BSE India, whose cumulative value reached 69% during COVID-19, according to the report.

Various formats of the COVID-19 data are accessible online. The WHO offers a bilingual COVID-19 database that is updated often and has all the necessary data [26, 27