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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Fachliteratur
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

Exotic Animal Medicine for the Veterinary Technician Comprehensive full color textbook on common exotic species, written specifically for vet techs in classroom or clinical settings Now in its fourth edition, Exotic Animal Medicine for the Veterinary Technician is a comprehensive yet clear introduction to exotic animal practice for veterinary technicians in the classroom and clinical settings alike. With an emphasis on the exotic species most likely to find their way to a veterinary practice, the book offers coverage of birds, reptiles, amphibians, exotic companion mammals, and wildlife. It also features discussions of anatomy, restraint, common diseases, radiology, anesthesia and analgesia, clinical skills, surgical assisting, and parasitology. This edition offers new updates throughout, including new chapters related to critical care feeding of exotic companion mammals, reptile infectious diseases, and exotic animal rehabilitation. It also provides full-color photos, including radiographs. Designed to provide technicians with all the information necessary to confidently and competently treat exotic patients, Exotic Animal Medicine for the Veterinary Technician offers easy-to-follow descriptions of common procedures and techniques. A companion website delivers review questions and images from the book in PowerPoint format. Topics covered in Exotic Animal Medicine for the Veterinary Technician include: * Herpetoculture and reproduction, covering captive bred versus wild caught, quarantining, methods of sex determination, and reproductive behavior * Criteria to determine water quality for fish, including pH, oxygen, temperature, chlorine and chloramine, and salinity * Clinical techniques for degus, including oral (PO), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intraperitoneal (IP), catheter placement, and wound management * Role of the veterinary technician in wildlife rehabilitation, covering clinical protocols, intake procedures, ethical considerations, and choosing treatment routes Exotic Animal Medicine for the Veterinary Technician is an essential reference for veterinary technician students, along with veterinary technicians working in an exotic practice, or veterinary technicians who work in a small animal practice where adding exotic patients is being considered.

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Leseprobe

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Disclaimer

About the Companion Website

Section I: Introduction

1 Exotic Animals in Clinical Practice

References

Section II: Analgesia and Anesthesia

2 Exotic Anesthesia and Analgesia

Pre-anesthetic Assessment

Physical Examination

Venipuncture

Preparing for Anesthesia

Fluids

Anesthetic Induction

Multimodal Anesthetic Techniques

Recovery and Postoperative Management

References

3 Anesthetic Equipment and Monitoring for Exotic Patients

Introduction

Breathing Systems

Intubation

Monitoring

Recovery

References

4 Physical Rehabilitation

Introduction

Where to Start—Asking the Right Questions

The Rehab Examination

Putting It All Together

Physical Rehab Techniques: The Why and The How

Common Rehab Modalities Used in Exotic Medicine

Adaptive Devices Used in Exotic Patient Medicine

Conclusion

References

Additional Resources

Section III: Avian

5 Psittacine and Passerine Birds

Introduction

Anatomy and Physiology

Comparative Clinical Pathology

Nutrition

History, Restraint, and Physical Examination

Common Diseases

Radiology

Anesthesia and Analgesia

Surgery

Parasitology

Gender Determination

Grooming (Beak, Nail, and Wing Trims)

Emergency and Critical Care

Clinical Techniques

Administration of Medications

Diagnostic Sampling

Wound Care and Bandaging

Euthanasia

Acknowledgment

References

6 Psittacine Behavior, Husbandry, and Enrichment

Introduction

Behavior of Common Pet Psittacine Species

Husbandry

Normal Behavior of Psittacine Bird Species

Abnormal Behavior

References

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Summary of requirements and application process to become a VTS (Z...

Table 1.2 Summary of requirements and application process to become a VTS (E...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 ASA physical status classification system.

Table 2.2 Indicative blood volumes and safe blood loss.

Table 2.3 Common ECG electrode placement in chelonians, snakes, and lizards....

Table 2.4 Common problems often noted on the reptile ECG.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of rebreathing and non-rebreathing ci...

Table 3.2 Placement locations for pulse-oximetry probe.

Table 3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of sidestream and mainstream capnogra...

Table 3.4 Recovery room emergency kit.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Examples of common species of birds encountered in practice.

Table 5.2 Representative heart and respiratory rates for various species of ...

Table 5.3 Approximate average lifespan and approximate longevity in captivit...

Table 5.4 Analgesic doses for psittacine birds

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Lizards commonly seen in captivity.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Approximate organ location in snakes.

Table 10.2 Husbandry data for selected species of snake.

Table 10.3 Description, size, and age comparison of common rodent and rabbit...

Table 10.4 Diagnostic tests for detecting IBD.

Table 10.5 Common zoonotic diseases in reptiles.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Basic nutritional composition of selected commercially available ...

Table 11.2 A list of examples of nutritious food items for tortoises.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Species of reptiles by taxa. About 8734 species of reptiles are d...

Table 12.2 Characteristics of disinfectants

Table 12.3 Common infectious diseases

Table 12.4 Sites for microchip placement in reptiles

Table 12.5 Reptile families in which parthenogenesis has been described

Table 12.6 Oviparity and viviparity of commonly kept reptiles

Table 12.7 Patterns of temperature sex determination in reptiles

Table 12.8 Common signs encountered during egg incubation, treatment, and pr...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Amphibians commonly kept in captivity.

Table 14.2 Making 0.6% NaCl using common sized fluid bags of 0.9% NaCl.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Selected biologic values for the domestic ferret.

Table 16.2 Urinalysis normals for ferrets.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Hematology and blood coagulation values.

Table 17.2 Clinical chemistry values.

Table 17.3 Normative and reproductive values.

Table 17.4 History questions for rabbit owners.

Table 17.5 Examples of common pet rabbit breeds seen in practice.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Physiologic data for selected rodents

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Biological values for chinchillas.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Physiologic data for the guinea pig.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Biologic and reproductive data.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 RER multiplication factors for exotic patients.

Table 26.2 MER activity and growth factors.

Table 26.3 Kcal/gram and g/Tbsp of dry matter for common commercial diets.

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 Recommended feeding guideline for birds of prey.

Appendix 5

Table A5.1 Yellow to orange mouth birds.

Table A5.2 Pink to red mouth birds.

Appendix 7

Table A7.1 Raccoon care sheet.

Table A7.2 Flying squirrel care sheet.

Table A7.3 Opossum care sheet.

Table A7.4 Grey squirrel care sheet.

Table A7.5 Cottontail care sheet.

Appendix 8

Table A8.1 Biological data.

Appendix 9

Table A9.1 Method to determine degree of dehydration.

Table A9.2 Method to determine degree of emaciation.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 An exclusively exotic animal medicine practice near Savannah, Geo...

Figure 1.2 Red, the New Zealand Red rabbit is the clinic pet at an exclusive...

Figure 1.3 A veterinary technician intubating a cockatoo.

Figure 1.4 A technician drawing blood from a skunk.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Instruments and supplies necessary for a physical examination of ...

Figure 2.2 Oral examination of a lizard.

Figure 2.3 Oral examination of a snake using a kitchen spatula.

Figure 2.4 Instruments used to perform an oral examination.

Figure 2.5 Use of a Doppler as a way to get a heart rate on a lizard.

Figure 2.6 IV catheter in the cephalic vein of a rat.

Figure 2.7 IV catheter in the tail of a rat.

Figure 2.8 IV catheter in the cutaneous ulnar vein of parrot.

Figure 2.9 IV catheter placement in the caudal tail vein of an iguana.

Figure 2.10 Jugular catheter in a chelonian.

Figure 2.11 IO catheter in the femur of a rabbit.

Figure 2.12 IO catheter in the tibial crest of a chinchilla.

Figure 2.13 IO catheter in a lizard.

Figure 2.14 IO site for a chelonian patient. The needle is placed at the pla...

Figure 2.15 An avian patient with a figure-of-eight bandage to secure a cath...

Figure 2.16 The glottis of a chelonian.

Figure 2.17 Intubation of a chelonian.

Figure 2.18 Examples of endotracheal tubes used in avian patients.

Figure 2.19 An intubated avian patient with the endotracheal tube taped in....

Figure 2.20 An avian patient with an air sac cannula.

Figure 2.21 (A) A rat with an anesthetic mask made out of a syringe case. (B...

Figure 2.22 (A) Guinea pig intubation. (B) Guinea pig intubation using a sty...

Figure 2.23 Ferret intubation using IV tubing to secure the endotracheal tub...

Figure 2.24 Rabbit intubation using a laryngoscope.

Figure 2.25 Blind intubation of a rabbit.

Figure 2.26 Intubation of a rabbit without the use of an esophageal stethosc...

Figure 2.27 Rabbit v-gel device.

Figure 2.28 Epidural supplies.

Figure 2.29 A guinea pig being palpated for proper placement of an epidural ...

Figure 2.30 Placement of a spinal needle.

Figure 2.31 The use of a glass syringe containing a small amount of air usin...

Figure 2.32 Administering epidural drugs.

Figure 2.33 Epidural dosages.

Figure 2.34 Example of an epidural drug calculation.

Figure 2.35 CRI calculation.

Figure 2.36 Ring block on a ferret.

Figure 2.37 A bearded dragon recovering from anesthesia.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Rebreathing or “circle”.

Figure 3.2 Magill non-rebreathing system.

Figure 3.3 Bain non-rebreathing system.

Figure 3.4 Bain block front view. Rebreathing bag, hose, and scavenge attach...

Figure 3.5 Bain block aerial view. Attachment clamp is visible.

Figure 3.6 Bain block mounted to the anesthetic machine. Complete view with ...

Figure 3.7 From left to right: Murphy-style endotracheal tube, Cole-style en...

Figure 3.8 Arial view of V-gel.

Figure 3.9 Side view of V-gel.

Figure 3.10 Surgical patient intubation with V-gel.

Figure 3.11 18g and 20g Intravenous catheters converted into endotracheal tu...

Figure 3.12 Proper use of a laryngoscope for visualization and intubation of...

Figure 3.13 Several types of flat reflectance and clamp/clip style pulse oxi...

Figure 3.14 A ferret requiring tongue debridement after using a large pulse-...

Figure 3.15 Cloacal pulse-ox placement in a snake.

Figure 3.16 Pulse-ox probe in the mouth of a rat; Doppler crystal placed ove...

Figure 3.17 Pencil-style doppler probe.

Figure 3.18 Use of pencil-style Doppler probe to confirm heart rate in a red...

Figure 3.19 Doppler crystal placed against the palatine artery in a bald eag...

Figure 3.20 Hairless rat with adhesive ECG patches placed on the feet, Doppl...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Abnormal perching stance post femur fracture repair on a small ra...

Figure 4.2 Small raptor post femur fracture repair wearing hobbles during pa...

Figure 4.3 Passive weight shifting exercise on a small raptor—note two finge...

Figure 4.4 Small raptor post femur fracture repair, hobbles removed, using f...

Figure 4.5 Pelvic limb range of motion assessment of a rabbit.

Figure 4.6 Pelvic limb range of motion assessment of a rabbit.

Figure 4.7 Talon deformity in a young Umbrella cockatoo.

Figure 4.8 Perch/grip retraining in young Umbrella cockatoo with talon defor...

Figure 4.9 Perch/grip retraining in young Umbrella cockatoo with talon defor...

Figure 4.10 Positive reinforcement with food from syringe to get patient to ...

Figure 4.11 A closeup of grip training.

Figure 4.12 The patient is tired and unable to keep thorax lifted, resting w...

Figure 4.13 Electric toothbrush massage to pelvic limb musculature on a rabb...

Figure 4.14 Photobiomodulation of proximal hip flexors and medial hip joint ...

Figure 4.15 Acupuncture on a red-tailed boa.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Two scarlet macaws (

Ara macao

) in an outdoor aviary. This is an e...

Figure 5.2 A 6-month-old blue and gold macaw (

Ara ararauna

). Note the dark-c...

Figure 5.3 Adult African Grey parrot (

Psittacus erithacus

) with evidence of ...

Figure 5.4 Female fawn-colored zebra finch (

Poephila castanotis

). This is an...

Figure 5.5 A male yellow-fronted canary finch, also known as green singing f...

Figure 5.6 A male (left) and female star finch (

Neochmia ruficadua

) protecti...

Figure 5.7 A male red-billed fire finch (

Lagonostica senegala

Figure 5.8 The central main shaft of the feather is called the rachis. Barbs...

Figure 5.9 Growing feathers have an active blood supply and are called blood...

Figure 5.10 Avian skeletal anatomy.

Figure 5.11 Birds, like mammals, possess a four-chambered heart, but since b...

Figure 5.12 Birds have a well-developed third eyelid that closes over the ey...

Figure 5.13 The pecten can be seen in the posterior chamber of this peach-fa...

Figure 5.14 Open mouth of a barn owl showing the opening to the trachea that...

Figure 5.15 Necropsy of a parrot demonstrating clear, normal air sacs. Air s...

Figure 5.16 Avian viscera.

Figure 5.17 Clostridial overgrowth is apparent in this fecal Gram stain from...

Figure 5.18 A Diff-Quick stained blood smear from a parrot. Note that birds ...

Figure 5.19 Examples of seeds found in seed diets. The left column from top ...

Figure 5.20 The introduction of pelleted foods for avian species has made it...

Figure 5.21 Birds should always be enclosed in a carrier or travel cage when...

Figure 5.22 Normal feces.

Figure 5.23 Normal feces.

Figure 5.24 Hematuria and melena.

Figure 5.25 Undigested seeds.

Figure 5.26 Polyuria.

Figure 5.27 (A) A bird properly restrained within a towel. The neck and wing...

Figure 5.28 Restraint of a small bird.

Figure 5.29 Just inside each naris (nostril) is a fleshy part called the ope...

Figure 5.30 Birds do not have an external ear pinna. The ears are located ca...

Figure 5.31 (A) A variety of specula are available. (B) Care must be taken w...

Figure 5.32 A cooper’s hawk restrained with gloves in dorsal recumbency show...

Figure 5.33 Plantar surface of a raptor foot demonstrating ulcerative podode...

Figure 5.34 Elbow area of a bird showing the cutaneous ulnar (basilic) vein ...

Figure 5.35 A digital gram scale should be used to accurately determine the ...

Figure 5.36 (A, B) A parrot with proventricular dilation disease (PDD), caus...

Figure 5.37 Bird with psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD).

Figure 5.38 Clinical signs of papillomatosis (caused by a herpes virus) incl...

Figure 5.39 (A) Lateral standing radiograph in a duck showing heavy metal in...

Figure 5.40 A red-tailed hawk properly positioned for a ventrodorsal radiogr...

Figure 5.41 (A) An example of a parrot well positioned for a lateral radiogr...

Figure 5.42 A wild turkey intubated and under anesthesia, showing the placem...

Figure 5.43 A wild Canada goose intubated and under anesthesia showing the p...

Figure 5.44 A wild Canada goose under anesthesia showing the placement of a ...

Figure 5.45 A wild Canada goose under anesthesia showing the placement of a ...

Figure 5.46 A wild Canada goose under anesthesia showing the placement of a ...

Figure 5.47 Radiosurgical or electrocautery tips used in birds. A bipolar “H...

Figure 5.48 (A)

Knemidokoptes

mite infestation in a canary manifesting as fl...

Figure 5.49 A clipped and unclipped nail.

Figure 5.50 Most birds do not need their beak trimmed. The Severe macaw on t...

Figure 5.51 Wing trim.

Figure 5.52 A hospitalized barred owl in a heated oxygen cage. The bird is r...

Figure 5.53 (A, B) Intraosseous catheter placement into the distal ulna of a...

Figure 5.54 Venipuncture sites.

Figure 5.55 Small blood collection tubes are available for small patients.

Figure 5.56 Oral medications being given to a Quaker parrot. One drop at a t...

Figure 5.57 Intramuscular injection given into the left pectoral muscle of a...

Figure 5.58 Subcutaneous fluids being given to a bird with a 22-gauge needle...

Figure 5.59 Example of a nasal flush being performed in an African grey parr...

Figure 5.60 Variety of sizes of stainless steel ball-tipped feeding needles ...

Figure 5.61 A metal ball-tipped feeding or gavage tube is held external to t...

Figure 5.62 Ball foot bandage.

Figure 5.63 (A) Figure-of-eight bandage on a crow. (B) Figure-of-eight banda...

Figure 5.64 Examples of Elizabethan and tube collars used in birds. Generall...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 A Moluccan cockatoo being auscultated while sitting on a perch....

Figure 6.2 The Moluccan cockatoo undergoing a physical examination while sit...

Figure 6.3 Umbrella cockatoo.

Figure 6.4 Pair of Eclectus parrots, one of several sexually dimorphic psitt...

Figure 6.5 Bright orange cheek patches are often more prevalent in male cock...

Figure 6.6 Congo African Grey.

Figure 6.7 Congo African Grey parrot with an enlarged left nare most likely ...

Figure 6.8 Blue and gold macaw that has chewed its way partly out one side o...

Figure 6.9 Hyacinth macaw

Figure 6.10 Military macaw.

Figure 6.11 Cuban Amazon in outside aviary on a natural wood perch.

Figure 6.12 Yellow-naped amazon.

Figure 6.13 Blue fronted amazon.

Figure 6.14 A feather picker.

Figure 6.15 Yellow-headed Amazon that presented lethargic with eyes closed a...

Figure 6.16 Cockatiel with fecal staining of vent area secondary to egg bind...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 High-quality bird pellets are an important part of a nutritious d...

Figure 7.2 Aviary watering system that constantly provides fresh water from ...

Figure 7.3 Longitudinal aviary cage design permits quick visualization of mu...

Figure 7.4 Young hyacinth macaw during examination by the veterinary team.

Figure 7.5 Metal traps and hot-wire fencing are just some of the methods use...

Figure 7.6 Psittacine neonate.

Figure 7.7 Healthy Congo African grey chick (right) and parent in nest box....

Figure 7.8 A psittacine embryo deceased in egg. Necropsy will often include ...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Pair of gang–gang cockatoos. Note the distinction between the mal...

Figure 8.2 Parrot with prolapse of the oviduct.

Figure 8.3 Radiograph showing dystocia in a bird.

Figure 8.4 Egg yolk peritonitis in a parrot. Note the yellow-tinged coelomic...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Bearded dragons.

Figure 9.2 Mali uromastyx.

Figure 9.3 Jackson chameleons. The one on the left is a male, and the one on...

Figure 9.4 Mangrove monitor.

Figure 9.5 Savannah monitor.

Figure 9.6 Lizard skeletal anatomy.

Figure 9.7 Lizard visceral anatomy.

Figure 9.8 Lizard cloaca.

Figure 9.9 Arboreal habitat.

Figure 9.10 Terrestrial habitat.

Figure 9.11 An inappropriate size cage for a lizard.

Figure 9.12 Rostrum abrasion.

Figure 9.13 Stomatitis in a black tree monitor.

Figure 9.14 Cloacal prolapse in an iguana.

Figure 9.15 Spinal cord injury with vertebral column fracture due to trauma....

Figure 9.16 Retrobulbar abscess in an iguana.

Figure 9.17 Proper restraint of a lizard.

Figure 9.18 (A) Manual restraint of a large savannah monitor. (B) Manual res...

Figure 9.19 Restraint of a smaller lizard, a bearded dragon.

Figure 9.20 Mask anesthetic induction of a lizard.

Figure 9.21 Ciliate protozoan, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.22 Roundworm, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.23 Ascarid, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.24 Oxyurid, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.25 Ascarid, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.26

Nyctotherus species cyst, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.27 Nyctotherus, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.28 Strongyle larva, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.29 Pinworm and Eimeria, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.30 Eimeria, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.31 Capillaria, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.32 Rodent mite ova, original magnification 40×.

Figure 9.33 IO catheter placement.

Figure 9.34 A, B, & C demonstrate the sternal, dorsal, and lateral approach ...

Figure 9.35 How to measure for the correct length of a feeding tube in a liz...

Figure 9.36 Assist feeding of a bearded dragon.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Snake skeletal anatomy.

Figure 10.2 Skull of a Gaboon viper (

Bitis gabonica

) (A) Rostral view. (B) L...

Figure 10.3 Cardiac cycle of non-crocodilian reptiles. CA: Cavum arteriosum,...

Figure 10.4 Oral cavity of a snake.

Figure 10.5 Visceral anatomy.

Figure 10.6 Large pelvic spurs.

Figure 10.7 Commercial probe set used for sexing snakes.

Figure 10.8 Sex probing a snake. (A) Appropriate placement of probe prior to...

Figure 10.9 Inappropriate housing. The cage is too small and provides no sou...

Figure 10.10 Various common commercially available substrates. (A) Repti Bar...

Figure 10.11 Probe for a thermometer and hygrometer located high in the cage...

Figure 10.12 Heat cable used to heat a hide box. The heat cable maintains a ...

Figure 10.13 A light hood used to heat the cage of a

Heterodon nasicus

(west...

Figure 10.14 An 80-watt radiant heat panel used to heat a 12 ft (0.34 m

) ca...

Figure 10.15 Thermostats used to control radiant heat panels in three differ...

Figure 10.16 Comparison of common sizes of mice in relation to each other. (...

Figure 10.17 Comparison of common sizes of rats in relation to each other. (...

Figure 10.18 Cage of

Morelia spilota variegata

(Irian Jaya carpet python) wi...

Figure 10.19 Example of a completed cage card for the specimen in Figure 10....

Figure 10.20 Suspected proliferative spinal osteopathy in the caudal region ...

Figure 10.21 Infectious stomatitis.

Figure 10.22 The snake hook is used to isolate the snake so that the handler...

Figure 10.23 Tongs and a snake hook are used to remove venomous or aggressiv...

Figure 10.24 A Columbian rainbow boa (

Epicrates maurus

) in striking position...

Figure 10.25 The head of the snake is secured to prevent injury to the snake...

Figure 10.26 (A) Snake tong. (B) Pinning hook. (C)

Medium

snake hook. (D) Sm...

Figure 10.27 Proper use of a snake hook. Notice how the snake is able to bal...

Figure 10.28 Pinning hook is placed at the base of the skull and the head is...

Figure 10.29 Set of plastic snake tubes. Sizes are available for all sizes o...

Figure 10.30 This tube is too large and poses a danger to the handler and to...

Figure 10.31 Using a hook to coax a snake into a plastic tube.

Figure 10.32 Once the snake is 1/3 in the tube, the handler should grasp the...

Figure 10.33 An anesthetic mask can be placed over the end of the snake tube...

Figure 10.34 Feeding a python with tongs.

Figure 10.35 The tongs are used to control the tail and the hook is used to ...

Figure 10.36 Snake radiographed inside of a bag. Notice the movement artifac...

Figure 10.37 View of the glottis.

Figure 10.38 Endotracheal intubation of a snake. (

Figure 10.39 The endotracheal tube is secured with tape. (

Figure 10.40 Longer endotracheal tubes can be secured with tape and a tongue...

Figure 10.41 ECG lead placement on a snake. The head is to the right.

Figure 10.42 ECG lead placement close-up to show detail. (

Figure 10.43 Ocular larva migrans in a snake (

Figure 10.44 A snake suffering from trauma from a prey item (

Figure 10.45 Venipuncture using the tail vein.

Figure 10.46 Cardiocentesis. The snake is placed dorsally on a table (

Figure 10.47 Cardiocentesis. The snake is held off of the table and the back...

Figure 10.48 Assist feeding a snake. (A) The snake is properly restrained an...

Figure 10.49 Pinkie press. Pinkies are inserted into the syringe and is then...

Figure 10.50 Tracheal wash. (A) With the snake properly restrained the mouth...

Figure 10.51 Colonic wash. The catheter should be inserted deep into the col...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Male eastern box turtle (

Terrapene carolina carolina

) showing re...

Figure 11.2 Sulcata tortoise (

Geochelone sulcata

Figure 11.3 Aldabra tortoise (

Aldabrachelys gigantea

Figure 11.4 Skeletal anatomy.

Figure 11.5 Visceral anatomy.

Figure 11.6 Female secondary sexual characteristics.

Figure 11.7 Male secondary sexual characteristics.

Figure 11.8 Sliders soaking up some morning sun.

Figure 11.9 Aquatic habitat.

Figure 11.10 Semiaquatic habitat.

Figure 11.11 These tortoises are demonstrating behaviors that indicate a sma...

Figure 11.12 This outdoor enclosure provides plenty of grass and weeds for t...

Figure 11.13 The exposed wire in this enclosure poses a danger to this torto...

Figure 11.14 This horse found it fun to knock the tortoises over with his no...

Figure 11.15 Indoor setup for a small tortoise.

Figure 11.16 Two clutch mates that are housed together. Notice how the large...

Figure 11.17 These baby tortoises are being weaned onto a commercial diet. T...

Figure 11.18 Traumatic injury to the shell.

Figure 11.19 Repair of a traumatic injury to the shell.

Figure 11.20 Overgrown beak.

Figure 11.21 Erosions associated with the nares.

Figure 11.22 Phallus prolapse.

Figure 11.23 Cloacal prolapse.

Figure 11.24 Proper restraint.

Figure 11.25 Restraint device for a large snapping turtle.

Figure 11.26 Restraint for radiographs. (A) Ventrodorsal view (B) Craniocaud...

Figure 11.27 Taping to aid restraint for CT in a sedated patient.

Figure 11.28 Stabilization of an endotracheal tube.

Figure 11.29 Fitting of a prosthetic to assist patient mobility. The picture...

Figure 11.30 Jugular venipuncture.

Figure 11.31 Brachial venipuncture.

Figure 11.32 Subcarapacial venous sinus/vein venipuncture.

Figure 11.33 Femoral venipuncture.

Figure 11.34 Occipital venous sinus venipuncture.

Figure 11.35 Jugular catheter placement. (A) Proper restraint for jugular ca...

Figure 11.36 Intraosseous catheter

Figure 11.37 Improvised vacuum-assisted closure for traumatic wounds in an a...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Sexual dimorphisim in a chelonian species, Red-footed tortoise (

Figure 12.2 Sexual dimorphism in a lizard species, Bearded dragon (

Pogona vi

...

Figure 12.3 Everted hemipenes in a Lineated leaf-tailed gecko (

Uroplatus lin

...

Figure 12.4 Coelomic cavity ultrasound in a gravid female. Note the presence...

Figure 12.5 Endoscopic visualization of (A) a testis in a male green iguana ...

Figure 12.6 A temperature-and humidity-controlled hibernaculum allowing norm...

Figure 12.7 Egg retention (dystocia) in a green iguana (

Iguana iguana

). Noti...

Figure 12.8 (A) Snake copulation and (B) copulation in timber rattlesnake (

...

Figure 12.9 Amelanistic corn snake (

Pantherophis

guttatus) hatching. The hea...

Figure 12.10 Viviparity in a rainforest hognose viper (

Porthidium nasutum

). ...

Figure 12.11 Hard-shelled eggs of the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise (

...

Figure 12.12 A hand-made incubator can be easily designed by creating an env...

Figure 12.13 After egg deposition, the eggs are removed and placed into the ...

Figure 12.14 (A) Lemon Frost Leopard Gecko. (B) Head of the Lemon Frost Geck...

Figure 12.15 (A) Enigma Leopard Gecko. (B) Front view of an Enigma Leopard G...

Figure 12.16 Normal morph ball python, it is also referred to as “wild-type”...

Figure 12.17 KillerBee which is a Super Pastel Spider

Figure 12.18 (A) Caramel Albino (B) Super Cinnamon ball python.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 An example of primary containers for liquid or a secondary conta...

Figure 13.2 An example of Parafilm to seal a primary container with a liquid...

Figure 13.3 An example of absorbable material to place inside the secondary ...

Figure 13.4 An example of a Whirl-pac or dry sample container.

Figure 13.5 An example of a sterile swab for PCR testing.

Figure 13.6 An example of a soft clinical package supplied by a shipping com...

Figure 13.7 An example of a cardboard clinical package supplied by a shippin...

Figure 13.8 An example of a cardboard box with accompanying styrofoam box.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Eastern Hellbender (

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis

)....

Figure 14.2 Axolotl or Mexican Salamander (

Ambystoma mexicanum

), a neotenic ...

Figure 14.3 Puerto Rican Crested Toad (

Peltophryne lemur

), a critically enda...

Figure 14.4

Dendrobates tinctorius,

a common dart frog kept as a pet.

Figure 14.5 Skeletal anatomy of a frog.

Figure 14.6 Salamander skeletal anatomy.

Figure 14.7 Visceral anatomy of a frog.

Figure 14.8 (A) Typical housing for a tropical species of amphibian. (B) In ...

Figure 14.9 Cloacal prolapse in a Smooth-Sided Toad. This is a common presen...

Figure 14.10 A frog with a rear limb fracture.

Figure 14.11 A close-up view of the frog’s injury.

Figure 14.12 Amputation of the distal rear limb.

Figure 14.13 The frog after the amputation.

Figure 14.14 Radiographs of young Evergreen Toads,

Incilius coniferus

illust...

Figure 14.15 Lipid keratopathy in a Pickerel frog. This is a common presenta...

Figure 14.16 (A) Physical examination of an albino pacman frog (

Ceratophrys

...

Figure 14.17 A plastic bag used for temporary restraint of a bullfrog (

Rana

...

Figure 14.18 Radiograph being taken of a Puerto Rican Crested Toad.

Figure 14.19 Radiograph of a bullfrog (

Rana catesbeiana

. Note the bilateral ...

Figure 14.20 Coelomic ultrasound in an anesthetized Pickeral frog.

Figure 14.21 Coelotomy to remove a mass in a Pickeral frog.

Figure 14.22 Venipuncture sites in a frog.

Figure 14.23 Blood being drawn from the mid-abdominal vein of a bullfrog....

Figure 14.24 Blood draw in a Marine toad (

Rhinella marina

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Fins of fish. (Courtesy of Sandy Skeba.)

Figure 15.2 Various goldfish (

Carassius

sp.) for sale. (Courtesy of kazuend ...

Figure 15.3 Koi (

Cyprinus

sp.) in a pond. (https://pixabay.com/images/search...

Figure 15.4 (A) A large koi pond on the back patio of a private residence. (...

Figure 15.5 A 28-gallon freshwater community tropical fish tank with guppies...

Figure 15.6 A 55-gallon freshwater community tropical fish tank with a large...

Figure 15.7 Freshwater community tank with zebra fish (

Brachydanio rerio

) an...

Figure 15.8 An Oscar (

Astronotus ocellatus

), a cichlid that can outgrow most...

Figure 15.9 Captive bred discus (

Symphysodon

) in various colors. (Courtesy o...

Figure 15.10 Two Siamese fighting fish (

Betta splendens

), a popular species ...

Figure 15.11 Dudley, a Ripsaw Catfish (

Oxydoras niger

) outgrew his aquarium ...

Figure 15.12 Saltwater tank A and B.

Figure 15.13 Blue damselfish (

Chrysiptera cyanea

) in a live coral tank.

Figure 15.14 Lionfish (

Pterois antennata

Figure 15.15 Naso tang (

Naso lituratus

). (Courtesy of Terry and Carol Mills....

Figure 15.16 (A) A 260-gallon saltwater tank that has numerous species of fi...

Figure 15.17 Nitrogen cycle. (Courtesy of Sandy Skeba.)

Figure 15.18 Freshwater aquarium with live plants. (Courtesy of Huy Phan htt...

Figure 15.19

Ich

in a gill.

Figure 15.20

Tricodina

Figure 15.21

Epistylus

Figure 15.22

Brooklynella

Figure 15.23

Dactylogyrus

Figure 15.24

Dactylogyrus

Figure 15.25

Neobenedenia

Figure 15.26 Nematode infestation.

Figure 15.27

Argulus

Figure 15.28 Restraint.

Figure 15.29 A fish being anesthetized. (Courtesy of Dr. Greg Lewbart.)

Figure 15.30 Radiographing a fish.

Figure 15.31 Lateral radiograph of a fish.

Figure 15.32 Skin scraping of a fish using a coverslip.

Figure 15.33 Close-up of a skin scraping.

Figure 15.34 Fin clip.

Figure 15.35 Gill clip.

Figure 15.36 Venipuncture. (Courtesy of Dr. Greg Lewbart.)

Figure 15.37 (A, B) Coelomic injection. (Courtesy of Dr. Greg Lewbart.)

Figure 15.38 Instruments and supplies for a fish necropsy.

Figure 15.39 Initial step in performing a necropsy.

Figure 15.40 (A) Ova (B) fat occluding the swim bladder (C) liver showing fa...

Figure 15.41 (A) Swim bladder, two-chambered, (B) liver (C) spleen (D) stoma...

Figure 15.42 (A) Swim bladder (B) gall bladder (C) stomach (D) liver.

Figure 15.43 Kidneys along the spinal column.

Figure 15.44 Fish gastrointestinal tract.

Figure 15.45 Fish heart.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Panda colored.

Figure 16.2 Siamese colored.

Figure 16.3 Ferret skeletal anatomy.

Figure 16.4 Ferret dentition.

Figure 16.5 Ferret oral anatomy.

Figure 16.6 Ferret visceral anatomy.

Figure 16.7 (A) Male reproductive anatomy. (B) Female reproductive anatomy....

Figure 16.8 Bonded ferrets sleeping together.

Figure 16.9 Ferret multi-level habitat with enrichment items.

Figure 16.10 Adrenal disease in a ferret.

Figure 16.11 Ferret grimace scale.

Figure 16.12 (A) Closed carrier (B) Carrier opened to show easy-loading hard...

Figure 16.13 (A) Ferret restraint using the scruffing method.(B) Ferret ...

Figure 16.14 Ferret restraint using the “burrito” method with a hand towel....

Figure 16.15 (A) Full body lateral radiograph.(B) Fully body V/D radiogr...

Figure 16.16 (A) Thoracic radiograph lateral view.(B) Thoracic radiograp...

Figure 16.17 Nail trim.

Figure 16.18 Subcutaneous injection.

Figure 16.19 Jugular venipuncture.

Figure 16.20 Cephalic venipuncture.

Figure 16.21 Cranial vena cava venipuncture.

Figure 16.22 Cephalic catheter placement.

Figure 16.23 Intraosseous catheter location.

Figure 16.24 (A, B) Teeth brushing in ferrets.

Figure 16.25 Ferret dental chart.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Rabbit show jumping.

Figure 17.2 Rabbit skeletal anatomy.

Figure 17.3 Rabbit visceral anatomy.

Figure 17.4 Rabbit dentition.

Figure 17.5 Rabbit GI tract.

Figure 17.6 Rabbit blood smear showing heterophil

Figure 17.7 Ear mite infestation.

Figure 17.8 Pododermatitis.

Figure 17.9 Flemish giant.

Figure 17.10 New Zealand White.

Figure 17.11 Juvenile lion head.

Figure 17.12 Netherland dwarf.

Figure 17.13 Mini lop.

Figure 17.14 Holland lop.

Figure 17.15 English lop.

Figure 17.16 Sex determination of a female rabbit.

Figure 17.17 Sex determination of a male rabbit.

Figure 17.18 Malocclusion.

Figure 17.19 Restraint for transport.

Figure 17.20 Restraint using a towel.

Figure 17.21 Lateral radiograph.

Figure 17.22 V/D radiograph.

Figure 17.23 Inhalation anesthesia using a face mask.

Figure 17.24 Body position for orotracheal intubation.

Figure 17.25 Body position for nasotracheal intubation.

Figure 17.26 Nasotracheal intubation.

Figure 17.27 Rabbit Grimace Scale. Additional information is available from ...

Figure 17.28 Venipuncture sites.

Figure 17.29 Marginal lateral ear vein on the left and the prominent central...

Figure 17.30 Blood sampling using the central auricular artery with a butter...

Figure 17.31 Approach for blood collection from saphenous vein.

Figure 17.32 (A) Initial insertion of the catheter in the vein; note the “fl...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Rodent skeletal anatomy.

Figure 18.2 Cheek pouch.

Figure 18.3 Rodent visceral anatomy.

Figure 18.4 Barbering on a mouse.

Figure 18.5 Male mouse with fight wounds on its back.

Figure 18.6 Bacterial infection on a rat.

Figure 18.7 Neoplasia in a rat.

Figure 18.8 Malocclusion in a mouse.

Figure 18.9 Wet tail.

Figure 18.10 There are different species of hamsters that may be kept as pet...

Figure 18.11 Rats are very social and make great pets.

Figure 18.12 (A) Mouse restraint. (B) Rat restraint. (C) Gerbil restraint.

Figure 18.13 (A) Hamster restraint. (Courtesy of Dr. Joerg Mayer, College of...

Figure 18.14 Rat Grimace Scale.

Figure 18.15 Mouse Grimace Scale.

Figure 18.16 Sex determination. (A) Female. (B) Male.

Figure 18.17 Gerbil scent glands.

Figure 18.18 Gavaging a rat.

Figure 18.19 Venipuncture of the tail vein of a rat.

Figure 18.20 Blood collection from the venous sinus. (A) Restraint of a mous...

Figure 18.21 Blood being drawn from a rat using the cranial vena cava, an un...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Skeletal anatomy.

Figure 19.2 Visceral anatomy

Figure 19.3 Chinchilla receiving a dental examination using an endoscope.

Figure 19.4 Proper restraint of a chinchilla for a physical examination.

Figure 19.5 The technician is restraining the chinchilla for an oral and aur...

Figure 19.6 Obtaining a temperature via an ear thermometer.

Figure 19.7 Isoflurane anesthesia by mask with a rodent circuit.

Figure 19.8 Venipuncture sites.

Figure 19.9 24 gauge catheter placement in the left cephalic vein.

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 American guinea pig with a smooth hair coat.

Figure 20.2 Abyssinian guinea pig, showing rosettes in hair coat.

Figure 20.3 Guinea pig pups are precocious at birth.

Figure 20.4 Hemochorial placenta of the guinea pig sow.

Figure 20.5 An appropriate housing setup for guinea pigs.

Figure 20.6 Guinea pig resting in a hide house during a hospital stay.

Figure 20.7 A variety of hay should be offered ad lib while in the hospital....

Figure 20.8 Proper guinea pig restraint.

Figure 20.9 Guinea pig “burrito” towel restraint.

Figure 20.10 Kurloff cell seen in a peripheral blood smear of a sow. Inclusi...

Figure 20.11 Guinea pig placed in ventrodorsal recumbency for an abdominal s...

Figure 20.12 Guinea pig displaying abdominal pressing upon presentation thro...

Figure 20.13 Example of bilateral pododermatitis on the plantar surface of t...

Figure 20.14 A guinea pig with mange.

Figure 20.15 Venipuncture of the lateral saphenous vein.

Figure 20.16 Venipuncture of the pedal vein.

Figure 20.17 Blood collection form the cranial vena cava.

Figure 20.18 Cephalic IVC placement in the front leg.

Figure 20.19 IVC placement in the pedal vein of the right hind foot.

Figure 20.20 IO catheter placement via the greater trochanter of the right f...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 A healthy adult degu exhibiting the normal orange pigmented enam...

Figure 21.2 The characteristic figure-8 shape of the cheek teeth.

Figure 21.3 Sex determination in the male and female degu. The anogenital di...

Figure 21.4 Gentle restraint of the pet degu in a hand towel.

Figure 21.5 Gentle restraint of the pet degu in the hand, showing control of...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Hedgehog patient.

Figure 22.2 Sex determination in a hedgehog. (A) Female. (B) Male.

Figure 22.3 Male hedgehog.

Figure 22.4 Skeletal anatomy.

Figure 22.5 Dentition.

Figure 22.6 A prickle of hedgehogs. A female (the large one) with her litter...

Figure 22.7 A hedgehog exhibiting self-anointing behavior. (A) Froth can be ...

Figure 22.8 Mange.

Figure 22.9 Obtaining a SpO

in a hedgehog with respiratory disease.

Figure 22.10 A hedgehog in right lateral recumbency for whole body radiograp...

Figure 22.11 Anesthesia is maintained after initial induction by placing the...

Figure 22.12 Jugular venipuncture.

Figure 22.13 Anterior vena cava venipuncture on sedated animal.

Figure 22.14 Venipuncture sites.

Figure 22.15 Subcutaneous fluids given using a 21 g butterfly catheter in be...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Skunk patient.

Figure 23.2 A skunk patient in a clinic cage. Note the long front nails. The...

Figure 23.3 Restraint for jugular venipuncture of the skunk.

Figure 23.4 Cephalic venipuncture in a skunk.

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Sugar glider.

Figure 24.2 Hind foot.

Figure 24.3 Patagium.

Figure 24.4 (A) Gular scent gland in a standard gray sugar glider. (B) Front...

Figure 24.5 Pendulous scrotum in an intact male sugar glider.

Figure 24.6 Incisors.

Figure 24.7 (A) Dental disease. (B) Evidence of osteomyelitis.

Figure 24.8 Dental disease seen during an oral examination.

Figure 24.9 Penile prolapse.

Figure 24.10 (A) Obtaining an aural temperature. (B) Obtaining an axillary t...

Figure 24.11 (A) and (B) Use of a zippered pouch as a restraint tool.

Figure 24.12 (A) Skull radiograph obtained using a standard radiography unit...

Figure 24.13 IV catheter.

Figure 24.14 Isoflurane gas anesthesia by mask in a male sugar glider.

Figure 24.15 (A) Doppler placed on heart. (B) SpO

sensor on rear foot. (C) ...

Figure 24.16 Preparation for castration of a male sugar glider.

Figure 24.17 After using electrocautery to ligate the skin, vessels, and spe...

Figure 24.18 Venipuncture of the cranial vena cava.

Figure 24.19 Ventral coccygeal vein venipuncture.

Figure 24.20 Subcutaneous fluid administration into the dorsum.

Figure 24.21 Epaxial injection.

Figure 24.22 Hind limb intramuscular injection.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Prairie dog.

Figure 25.2 Male anatomy.

Figure 25.3 Prairie dog holding a treat.

Figure 25.4 Excised elodontoma.

Figure 25.5 Radiograph of an elodontoma.

Figure 25.6 Prairie dog with a stent.

Figure 25.7 Mask induction of anesthesia.

Figure 25.8 Pulse oximeter used on a prairie dog.

Figure 25.9 Anesthetic monitoring of a prairie dog with a submandibular absc...

Figure 25.10 Cephalic venipuncture.

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Examples of Oxbow critical care diets.

Figure 26.2 Lafeber’s carnivore diet.

Figure 26.3 Lafeber’s herbivore diet.

Figure 26.4 Syringe feeding a rabbit.

Figure 26.5 Syringe feeding a guinea pig.

Figure 26.6 A rabbit after being assist fed.

Figure 26.7 Nasogastric tube in a rabbit.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Blood smear from owl: cluster of elongated thrombocytes (Wright’...

Figure 27.2 Blood smear from rat snake: cluster of small round thrombocytes,...

Figure 27.3 Blood smear from hawk: heterophil, erythrocytes containing the h...

Figure 27.4 Blood smear from tortoise: heterophil with band-shaped nucleus a...

Figure 27.5 Blood smear from owl: toxic mononuclear heterophil with eccentri...

Figure 27.6 Blood smear from a tortoise: basophil with granules obscuring th...

Figure 27.7 Blood smear from a tortoise: heterophil with ill-defined rod-sha...

Figure 27.8 Blood smear from a lizard: basophil, band heterophil, monocyte (...

Figure 27.9 Blood smear from a lizard: monocyte with gray–blue cytoplasm and...

Figure 27.10 Blood smear from a rat snake: azurophil with granules at cytopl...

Figure 27.11 Blood smear from a lizard: basophilic erythrocyte in center, tw...

Figure 27.12 Blood smear from a rat snake: cluster of thrombocytes (Wright’s...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Zoo technician performing microscopy.

Figure 28.2 Weighing a baby Baird’s tapir.

Figure 28.3 Taking body measurements on a baby anteater.

Figure 28.4 Physical examination of a cougar after being anesthetized.

Figure 28.5 Tabletop technique for a tortoise radiograph.

Figure 28.6 Horizontal beam technique used for a tortoise radiograph.

Figure 28.7 Digital radiograph of a tortoise with bladder stones.

Figure 28.8 Zoo treatment room at an “on show” zoo with windows for the publ...

Figure 28.9 Zoo procedure set-up.

Figure 28.10 Red panda being anesthetized using a face mask.

Figure 28.11 Induction of a rhinoceros hornbill using a plastic bag as a fac...

Figure 28.12 Radiograph of a rhinoceros hornbill showing anesthetic equipmen...

Figure 28.13 Zoo quarantine hallway.

Figure 28.14 Zoo aquatic quarantine.

Figure 28.15 Hand raising a neglected binturong.

Figure 28.16 Zoo laboratory.

Figure 28.17 Zoo pharmacy.

Figure 28.18 Zoo pharmacy showing common antibiotics.

Figure 28.19 Zoo pharmacy showing emergency medications.

Figure 28.20 Controlled substance safe.

Figure 28.21 Zoo necropsy room.

Figure 28.22 Physical examination of a habituated cheetah. Who is examining ...

Figure 28.23 Bandages on a young Bongo antelope.

Figure 28.24 Ultrasound of a Hellbender.

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Pufferfish being ventilated using a syringe and a red rubber cat...

Figure 29.2 A large green moray eel (

Gymnothorax olyuranodon)

under general ...

Figure 29.3 A close-up of the anesthetic equipment.

Figure 29.4 An anesthetized salamander undergoes surgery for a removal of a ...

Figure 29.5 A sedated pufferfish is examined via ultrasound and ventilated u...

Figure 29.6 A California sea lion displaying voluntary husbandry behavior to...

Figure 29.7 A physical exam being performed in the container it was placed i...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Picking a raptor up from the ground. (A) Blanket technique used ...

Figure 30.2 Anatomy of the avian oral cavity and technique for assisted feed...

Figure 30.3 Subjective evaluation of a bird’s condition based on pectoral mu...

Figure 30.4 Hand-feeding puppet used for feeding neonates. During critical i...

Figure 30.5 Baby hawk.

Figure 30.6 Baby bird incubator with hygrometer, wet sponge, nest with facia...

Figure 30.7 Hand-feeding a baby cardinal.

Figure 30.8 Pigeon feeder.

Figure 30.9 Bird bander’s hold.

Figure 30.10 Tape splint used for fracture immobilization in the lower leg b...

Figure 30.11 Padded bandage used in avian foot and leg injuries. (A) Cardboa...

Figure 30.12 Figure-eight bandage used for the immobilization of the avian w...

Figure 30.13 One-week-old killdeer.

Figure 30.14 Three-month-old river otter enjoying a bowl of Esbilac milk for...

Figure 30.15 “Preemie” feeding nipple. (A) A multiple sample collection need...

Figure 30.16 (A) Rubber Catac® nipples with slip tip syringe. (B) Silicone n...

Figure 30.17 Three-week-old flying squirrel being fed with a silicone nipple...

Figure 30.18 Two four-week-old gray squirrels on supplemental heat.

Appendix 4

Figure A4.1 Wrapping the paper tape around the tail feathers.

Figure A4.2 The completed tail wrap.

Appendix 7

Figure A7.1 Raccoon babies.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Disclaimer

About the Companion Website

Begin Reading

Appendix 1: State/Federal Wildlife Permit Offices

Appendix 2: Wildlife Admissions/Exam/Care Forms

Appendix 3: Handling and Restraint of Wildlife Species

Appendix 4: Tail Wrapping

Appendix 5: Guide to Identification of Hatchling and Nestling Songbirds

Appendix 6: Average Body Weights of Selected North American Songbirds

Appendix 7: Species Care Sheets

Appendix 8: Biological Data of Selected North American Wild Mammals

Appendix 9: Glossary of Medical Conditions and Treatments

Appendix 10: Wildlife Product Sources

Appendix 11: Additional Resources

Appendix 12: Supplies Necessary for an Exotic Practice

Appendix 13: Animal Training Documentation

Appendix 14: Animal Data Transfer Form

Appendix 15: Operating Protocols: Animal Training Request Form

Appendix 16: Operating Protocols: Enrichment and Evaluation Form

Index

End User License Agreement

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