Facets of a Smart City: Computational and Experimental Techniques for Sustainable Urban Development E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
A smart city uses technology to provide services and solve problems to improve urban policy efficiency, reduce waste, improve quality of life, and maximize social inclusion. By 2050, 66% of the world’s population is expected to be urban, which is a key driver of a global trend toward the creation of smart cities. This trend creates many opportunities for urban planning committees to learn how to design, modernize, and operate smart cities intelligently and effectively.
Facets of a Smart City: Computational and Experimental Techniques for Sustainable Urban Development is a collection of topics that are relevant to the design of a smart city. This book aims to complement technical journal articles that require advanced knowledge of the subject of smart cities and applications for readers. It aims to bridge knowledge gaps in sustainable urban design by providing background information via case studies to facilitate students, recent graduates and new practitioners in urban design and planning.
Key Features:
- This book features 9 chapters that cover 6 major domains, which include (i) information modelling, (ii) internet of things, (iii) intelligent transportation systems, (iv) water supply, (v) waste management and (vi) sustainable environment
- Computational techniques are included in the book. These include artificial neural networks, stochastic models, particle swarm optimization, machine learning, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy Inference systems.
- Goals of case studies presented in this book use computational techniques to offer readers examples of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning strategies in the context of smart city applications
- References are provided for further reading
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Seitenzahl: 307
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2001
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FOREWORD
Smart city initiatives offer a variety of technologies that can be used to address infrastructure issues such as ageing infrastructure and rising demand. However, due to technological, financial, and social constraints and criticisms that limit the implementation of smart cities concepts for infrastructure management, the promise for infrastructure and urban improvement remains unmet. Several cities are experiencing overcrowding, resulting in a scarcity of resources. A community's difficulties are caused by a social and economic imbalance among its inhabitants. As technology grows, the thought of computer science and internet of things are often used into designing sensible cities, which might gradually tackle many problems in a very synchronic society.
The building of a smart city requires large investments by the government. Nonetheless, it is one of the best changes possible in lifestyles if done with conscious implementation. Smart cities are designed for optimum usage of space and resources along with an efficient and optimum distribution of benefits. It also aims at increasing connectivity at various levels among citizens, as well as between the administration and population. Public properties such as schools, roads, and hospitals are improved. The system can tackle several redundancies of the present system and save time and money. As technology is rapidly advancing, one can acknowledge that one needs to develop their lifestyles accordingly to adapt to present-day demands.
Smart cities are meant to be environment-friendly. There are devices, which can keep track of air purity level, as well as other environmental and health-related factors. The investment in such a city should also include the maintenance of a conscious work-force which shall review and amend the system. Therefore, a smart city shall only reach a wholesome stage if it stands up to the social and psychological needs of the population.
This endeavor “Facets of a Smart City: Computational and Experimental Techniques for Sustainable Urban Development” seeks to collect a coherent whole of studies aimed at the best computational and experimental techniques developed for building of smart cities.
The studies presented in this edited book, through expert writers of various chapters, are aimed at improving policy efficiency, reduce waste and inconvenience, improve social and economic quality, and maximize social inclusion for sustainable urban development. The chapters presented provide very relevant methodologies used by researchersand policy makers on information modelling, internet of things, intelligent transportation systems, water supply, waste management and sustainable environment.
It is my hope that this book will serve a wide range of audience from graduate students, novice researchers, academics, and people working in the areas of information modelling, internet of things and sustainable development.
Dr. Danial Jahed Armaghani Adjunct Fellow, School of Engineering, Design & Built Environment, Western Sydney University AustraliaPREFACE
A smart city is a city that uses technology to provide services and solve city problems. The main goals of a smart city are to improve policy efficiency, reduce waste and inconvenience, improve social and economic quality, and maximize social inclusion. Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label, it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city. As the world’s population continues to urbanize – by 2050, 66% of the world’s population is expected to be urban – there is a global trend toward the creation of smart cities. This tendency not only causes many physical, social, behavioural, economic, and infrastructure issues, but it also creates many opportunities. Increased understandings of how to design, adapt, and operate smart cities intelligently and effectively is required to solve these obstacles in implementing smart cities. This endeavour “Facets of a Smart City: Computational and Experimental Techniques for Sustainable Urban Development”, seeks to collect a coherent whole of studies aimed at the best computational and experimental techniques developed for building smart cities.
This book aims to complement technical journal articles that require advanced knowledge of the subject matters on smart cities and application from their readers and aims to bridge the knowledge gap by providing background information via case studies that recent graduates and new practitioners usually lack.
This book is divided into six major domains, which include (i) information modelling, (ii) internet of things, (iii) intelligent transportation systems, (iv) water supply, (v) waste management and (vi) sustainable environment. The editors hope this book will offer a ‘quick-start background’ on computational and experimental techniques for sustainable urban development for smart cities via case studies for recent graduates, early-career practitioners or experts who want to dabble into a new sub-field of computation and its diverse applications. This book also covers computational techniques, including artificial neural networks, stochastic models, particle swarm optimization, machine learning, adaptive neuro-fuzzy Inference System, etc. Goals of the case studies presented in this book using these computational techniques to offer readers examples of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning strategies in the context of smart city applications.
Dr. Pijush Samui Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, IndiaDr. Anasua GuhaRay Department of Civil Engineering, BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus, IndiaDr. Elham Mahmoudi Department of Civil Engineering Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, GermanyList of Contributors
Information Modelling Technology
Amirhooshang Fakhimi1,Javad Sardroud Majrouhi2,*Abstract
The permanent growth of urbanization will bring the world's urban population to more than 68% of the world's population by 2050. This means that urban problems will be elevated to a higher level than today. Improper and increasing consumption of natural resources, increasing waste, malapropos design of urban environments, asymmetric development of the urban area, infrastructure problems, low productivity, and inadequate quality of life are some of the urban problems that must be solved seriously and quickly. City 4.0 is a solution that has been implemented to solve the urban area and urbanism problems. City 4.0, in which using smart digital technologies in the context of industry 4.0 creates quicker control, real-time information flow, and more sustainable urban planning in urban management. It keeps the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and requirements while meeting the current needs of people in all areas, such as economic, environmental, and social areas. To achieve sustainable urban development goals and overcome barriers, City Information Modeling (CIM), in which information modeling techniques are used to prepare dynamic modeling, simulation, visualization, and analytics to present real-time responses for stakeholders' demands, has been coming out. In this chapter, focusing on information modeling technologies, the necessary definitions for a smart and sustainable city are provided, and by presenting the specifications of city 4.0, the information modeling technologies used in it including blockchain, cloud computing, fog/mist computing, edge computing, Building Information Modeling (BIM), spatial information technology, cyber-physical systems, and digital twin are described. At the end of this chapter, the characteristics of the city model (CI model) are stated in the context of CIM and the challenges and barriers that must be overcome to increase the quality of life are addressed.
INTRODUCTION
The estimation shows the permanent growth in the urban population. It is estimated that in 2050, about 68% of the world's population will live in cities
while in 2018, about 55% of the world's population lived in cities. During the same period, urbanization in Europe will increase from 74% to 85% and in North America from 80% to 90% [1]. Increasing the number of cities and urban population and their need for a higher quality of life and more use of consumer resources increase urbanization problems in all areas, such as low productivity, economic instability, poverty, inequality, and social conflict [2]. These problems have led to a reduction in the population of cities in some cases. The increase in population and, consequently, the increase in resource consumption has led to the need to turn attitudes of urban management from traditional to novel urban management. Therefore, urban planners are looking for solutions based on knowledge and novel technology to overcome the problematic challenges and troubles faced by urbanization. Sustainable urban management and smart city have become two different and intertwined features in novel urban management that tried to provide an appropriate solution for urban management problems.
There is no single definition for sustainability; different definitions have been made for it based on the exploited fields of study. In general, sustainable development refers to development that, while keeping the ability of future generations to meet their own needs and requirements, meets the current needs of people in all areas such as economic, environmental, and social areas. In the urban field of study, sustainability is founded on several pillars, including environment, economy and society dimensions [2]. On the other hand, a smart city is founded on a smart society, smart physical and smart digital pillars, and contains several domains such as environment, economy, and society [3]. Due to the coverage of sustainable development issues in the concept of the smart city, a smart, sustainable city (SSC) is used instead of a smart city [4]. It is concluded that any improvement in the implementation of the smart city concept could be considered as an improvement in sustainability and moving toward sustainable urban development. The tremendous advances in digital technologies and the increase in the well-being of the people with the expansion of its use in various walks of life have led to the use of digital technologies in various aspects of urban management. Although there is no unbeatable definition for a smart city, it can be said that what is called a smart city today is the result of the widespread use of digital technologies as the core of industry 4.0 to improve the efficiency of urban systems and increase services efficiency and its sustainability [4]. Smart in smart cities means the use of smart-based technologies and artificial intelligence for the smart growth of people and governments to achieve the main goals of the smart city with a strategic orientation. Today, the industry is going to transform from the third industrial revolution to the fourth industrial revolution. In the fourth industrial revolution, known as industry 4.0, pillars are based on the use of intelligence for integrating smart city's platforms vertically and horizontally. Smart cities are expected to be one of the main users of industry 4.0, by using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) along with physical, cyber systems (CPS) [5, 6].
The conclusive goal of the smart city is to create a new urban management perspective to cover all aspects of real urban life with a special focus on the quality of life and reduce pressure on people in a sustainable manner. For this purpose, various infrastructures have been provided for the smart city. The European Union has introduced 6 characters, 31 parameters, and 74 identifiers for smart cities. In this regard, authors have introduced physical, digital, and social infrastructure as three necessary platforms for the smart city and have provided them with 12 domains, 49 main components, and 117 sub-components [3]. The modeling of information generated using digital technologies stands at the heart of all this infrastructure to the point that some researchers have preferred the name digital city to smart city [7].
Reviewing the research done in the field of smart cities, revealed that there is no single definition for smart city, sustainable city and digital city. Examining the mentioned concepts showed the extensive overlaps of these concepts. For this reason, researchers have combined these concepts. Smart sustainable cities [8] and smart digital cities [7, 9] are examples of these combinations. In this chapter, city 4.0 has been selected to refer to all of the above-mentioned concepts and smart, sustainability and digital are considered as the main aspects of city 4.0 (Fig. 1). Vertical and horizontal integration of city 4.0 was done through information modeling technologies founded in the center point of the city. Information modeling acts like the heart of the city 4.0 and is considered as the most essential necessity of it.
Fig. (1)) Aspects of city 4.0.Information modeling has two aspects: 1) information gathering and preparation (vertical aspect) and 2) integrated utilization of it (horizontal aspect). In the vertical aspect, modeling technologies have the task of collecting their own categorized information. At this stage, information is collected, categorized, digitized and modeled using digital technologies. Geographic information modeling, geometric information modeling, climate information modeling, building information modeling and image processing are examples of this category. On the other hand, in order to apply in a smart city, all this information must be integrated and available online for use by stakeholders (people and government). Information modeling is the starting point for the integrated utilization of all information collected from various sources such as traffic flow, parking spaces, use of spaces and buildings, energy, car accidents, weather, forests, and green spaces, natural disasters, safety, fire, waste, sewage and water resources in urban management in order to adapt urban management services to the practical needs of the people. Information modeling and its online application enable decision-makers to actively manage cities and their subsystems and lead them to achieve harmonious development for safer, greener, and more efficient cities. In this regard, industry 4.0 could be considered as the basement of horizontal and vertical integration with a shifting focus on service-oriented domains [5].
This book chapter explains the concepts of urbanization, sustainable urban development, smart city, smart, sustainable city, and digitalization through industry 4.0 in smart cities. After that, attention is paid to the vertical and horizontal integration and City Information Modeling (CIM) as the applications of information modeling in the above context. Finally, the shortcomings and future works required for the smart use of information modeling technologies in smart cities are addressed.
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability
Sustainability refers to the direct and indirect connection of generations to the natural environment in order to meet the needs for their survival and well-being. Accordingly, sustainability is the creation and maintenance of productive harmony between present and future generations and nature [10]. Investigations of the definitions provided for sustainable development showed that most of the definitions are expressed from the perspective of the authors and are not measurable, precise and universal. But almost in all of them, attention has been paid to the balance and harmony between the components of society (human satisfaction, human welfare, community), economy, and the physical (natural capital, ecology, environment, consumption of matter), without discussing how to achieve them. Among them, some have also paid attention to the culture as one of the essential components [11]. Investigations also showed that without considering a specific field, it is impossible to define sustainable development in one or even a few sentences. To define it precisely, it is necessary to put a specific area of study with common characteristics under the lens. The diversity of definitions for sustainable development from different perspectives is such that focusing on a particular issue without pay attention to its commonalities has not led to convergence [12].
Urbanization
This chapter focuses on sustainable development in urban areas, which will be explored before addressing its sustainable development. Urbanization is a process that increases the population of the urban area alongside the size and number of cities. Social and economic components as the two main components of the urbanization components have a key role in increasing urbanization. Any improvement in these two components makes changes in urbanization, including but not limited to: improving lifestyle, changing the demographic structure, expanding urban areas, and increasing the number of urban settlements. An important consequence of these improvements is the increase in the use of natural resources and energy consumption to improve the quality of life. Urbanization is accompanied by large public and private investments in industry and infrastructure, the development of information and communication technologies, and the creation of attractions for the migration of people from rural areas to urban areas [1]. The rapid growth of urbanization along with increasing resource consumption on the one hand and challenges such as decreasing vital resources, increasing pollution, and human health concerns, on the other hand, has led to focus on sustainable urban development [13].
Sustainable Development of Urban Areas
Sustainable urban development is a complex and multidimensional proclamation for which a single, unified definition has not yet been provided [13]. It should be covered all economic, social, and physical aspects of sustainability and facilitate their interrelations to achieve sustainability goals, prevent any harm to the natural world, and save it for future generations [14]. Economic sustainability of cities is their ability to create long-term economic vitality in the community by productive use of all available resources without a destructive footprint for future generations. Social sustainability implies ending poverty, social welfare, social independence, quality of education, equal rights for all of the physical and economic capital to improve the livelihood and quality of life of the community by taking into account cultural diversity. Satisfaction of basic long-term human needs without creating destructive effects is the most important goal of social sustainability. Physical sustainability has an ecological aspect and considers the dimensions of energy production and consumption of cities on the economy, environment, and natural resources in the short and long term [13,15]. Sustain-ability Development Goals (SDG) have been developed and introduced by United Nations [16] alongside their indicators. The introduced SDG includes 17 goals (Fig. 2) to cover all aspects of sustainability and provide a standardization that will use for drawing sustainable strategies by academics and decision-makers [17]. Goal setting is such that it covers all elements involved in sustainable development, from individuals to governments.
Fig. (2)) United Nations' Sustainability Development Goals [16].SMART SUSTAINABLE CITY (SSC)
SDG 11 of the 17 UN's Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to sustainable cities (Fig. 2). The placement of SDG 11 after goals such as reducing inequality, increasing industry, innovation, and infrastructure, economic growth, growing affordable and clean energy and before responsible consumption and production, organizing climate action, and building partnerships for the goals shows the important position of the smart city to overcome the problems facing sustainable development. The rapid increase of urbanization has created many obstacles and problems for proper urban management, so overcoming them requires the use of up-to-date knowledge in the field of novel urban management. Consumption of huge amounts of energy for cooling and heating of buildings, reduction of incomes, increase of unemployment and consequently increase of poor areas, economic recession, underdevelopment communities, air, water and soil pollution, increase of traffic, increase of required public services, waste management has overshadowed the achievement of sustainable urban development goals [15]. In order to address these issues, the concept of a smart city has emerged as one of the most desirable solutions [13]. Although some have considered sustainability as the main and necessary prerequisite for cities to become smart [14], some others have stated that sustainable urban development is one of the goals of smart cities [4, 18], so smart cities have to invest in its social, economic and physical platforms [14] to be smart and sustainable simultaneously.
What is a smart city, and why has it reached such a position today that it settles in the center of the UN's goals for sustainable development? Does the smart city have the ability to meet all the expectations that come from it? What infrastructures do the smart city need to perform the functions it should have and did these infrastructures fully provide? Such questions cannot be answered regardless of the concept of the smart city, the reasons for its existence, the required infrastructures, and the circumstance in which the smart city is to be used. To answer these questions, we have to find a proper definition of the smart city. Investigating the definitions provided for the smart city to reach a commonly accepted definition does not lead to the appropriate result, but a meaning number of them agree on the society, physical, and digital technologies as the key components in the concept of the smart city [3]. The various definitions of smart city have been approached from two perspectives. Some of them have emphasized the city part of smart city as a common and limited area for people, buildings, infrastructure, trade and communications. The second group pays more attention to the concept of smart, which means an instrument rather than a normative performance [19]. Despite all this, the common denominator of both perspectives is the focus on the pivotal role of society, physical and digital platforms [3], and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the formation of the smart city [13, 15]. These commonalities are exactly what has put the smart city at the focus of attention and intensified efforts to provide the necessary infrastructure for it. For this purpose, various infrastructures have been provided for the smart city. The European Union has introduced 6 characters, 31 parameters, and 74 identifiers for smart cities [20]. In this regard, authors have introduced physical, digital and social infrastructure as three necessary platforms for the smart city and have provided them with 12 domains, 49 main components and 117 sub-components [3]. The information modeling generated by digital technologies is domiciled at the heart of all these infrastructures, to the point that some researchers have preferred the name digital city to smart city.
An urban environment is considered sustainable when the quality of life, social equality, natural resources and economic vitality are achieved. These are some of the themes of smart cities as well [13]. Given the main goals of smart cities and sustainable urban development, it is not surprising that the main platforms of smart cities (society, physical, digital) and sustainable urban development (society, physical, economical) have a wide overlap. The commonalities of the platforms have been emerged due to the convergence of the main goal of the smart city and sustainable urban development in providing the quality of life of present and future generations [4]. Smart sustainable city transpired due to the vast interconnection of smart city and sustainability definitions as a city to meet the needs of the present generation and future generation with the help of ICT [4, 13, 21]. SSC is a combination of smart city concept and sustainable urban development that bring together both prospective of smart city as well as sustainability concept. Creating smart sustainable cities is recognized as the only way to support economic development and prevent undesirable environmental changes while providing a healthy and prosperous environment for humans and non-humans in the present and future [14]. Despite this, It should be noted that some believe the smart cities have failed to deliver their promise of delivering sustainable results with the help of advanced technology [22]. Anyhow, the smart, sustainable city was developed to incorporate smartness, sustainability, quality of life, urban aspect, economic growth, unemployment reduction, the well-being of the population, and a few ones [22] under society, physical and digital platforms. In this way, industry 4.0 as one of the main components of the digital platform, has a key role in implementing the goals of the SSC. Industry 4.0 focuses on ICT, the internet of things (IoT), the internet of services (IoS), the internet of people (IoP) and the internet of energy (IoE). It should be emphasized that technology alone cannot cover all the shortcomings of smart sustainable cities i.e., a city is considered a smart, sustainable city only when it invests in all platforms in a homogeneous and harmonic manner.
CITY 4.0
Over time, as the urban population grows, cities become more complex and increasingly intertwined. Complex aspects of cities are come from two perspectives: the managerial perspective, which involves the planning of integration to form horizontal integration and the technological perspective, which involves the technical intricacies or vertical integration. Smart Sustainable City (SSC), on the other hand, need to exploit the capabilities of their society physical and digital platforms in order to accomplish their intertwined goals, including quality of life, equity, resource efficiency, productivity, sustainability, economic growth, infrastructure resilience and a few other. The intertwinement of these goals is due to their interaction with each other, which are in some cases synergistic and cooperative and in some cases antagonistic and uncooperative. However, overcoming the complexities of cities and unraveling intertwined goals is not possible without the necessary infrastructure, which their key elements are reflected in sustainability, smartness, and digital technologies [23].
