Flexible Pipelines and Power Cables E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Advances in Pipes and Pipelines
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1079

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

The technology, processes, materials, and theories surrounding pipeline construction, application, and troubleshooting are constantly changing, and this groundbreaking series, "Advances in Pipes and Pipelines," has been created to meet the needs of engineers and scientists to keep them up to date and informed of all of these advances. This latest volume in the series focuses on flexible pipelines and power cables, offering the engineer the most thorough coverage of the state of the art available. The authors of this work have written numerous books and papers on these subjects and are some of the most influential authors on flexible pipes in the world, contributing much of the literature on this subject to the industry. This new volume is a presentation of some of the most cutting-edge technological advances in technical publishing. This is the most comprehensive and in-depth series on pipelines, covering not just the various materials and their aspects that make them different, but every process that goes into their installation, operation, and design. This is the future of pipelines, and it is an important breakthrough. A must-have for the veteran engineer and student alike, this volume is an important new advancement in the energy industry, a strong link in the chain of the world's energy production.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Part I: DESIGN AND APPLICATION

1 Introduction

1.1 General

1.2 Design Issues

1.3 Applications

References

2 Cross-Sectional Design of Unbonded Flexible Pipeline

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Cross-Sectional Design

2.3 Case Study

2.4 Conclusions

References

3 General Design of Subsea Power Cables

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Design Procedure of Subsea Power Cables

3.3 Design Component of Subsea Power Cables

References

4 Mechanical and Electrical Design of Subsea Power Cables

4.1 Mechanical Design

4.2 Electric Design

4.3 Cable Insulation Design

References

5 Joints and Termination of Subsea Power Cables

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Subsea Power Cable Joints

5.3 Subsea Power Cable Terminations

5.4 Case Study

References

6 Multi-Physics Analysis of Cable

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Multi-Physical Analysis

6.3 Study on Loss of Cable

6.4 Conclusions

References

7 Design of Subsea Fiber Optic Cables

7.1 Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)

7.2 Glass Optical Fiber (GOF)

7.3 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)

7.4 Auxiliary Components for Optical Fibers

7.5 Design and Manufacturing Procedures of Fiber Optic

7.6 Communication Cables

7.7 Conclusions

References

8 Manufacturing and Testing of Subsea Power Cables

8.1 Manufacturing

8.2 Testing

References

9 Hydrodynamics

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Wave Theory

9.3 Steady Currents

9.4 Hydrodynamic Forces

References

Part II: GLOBAL ANALYSIS

10 Soil-Pipe Interaction

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Pipe Penetration in Cohesive Soil

10.3 Pipe Penetration in Non-Cohesive Soils

10.4 Axial Load-Displacement Response of Pipelines

10.5 Lateral Load-Displacement Response of Pipelines

References

11 On-Bottom Stability Analysis

11.1 Introduction

11.2 General Lateral Stability Method

11.3 Experimental Investigation

11.4 Numerical Analyses of Pipeline Stability with Abaqus

11.5 Case Study - Using Modified Resistance Model

11.6 Conclusions

References

12 Pipelay Analysis

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Reel-Lay Method

12.3 Mathematical Model

12.4 Platform Motion and Raw Ocean Environmental Data

12.5 Mechanics Performance Test of Flexible Pipe

12.6 Safety Assessment Procedure

12.7 Conclusions

References

Part III: MECHANICAL ANALYSIS

13 Reeling Operation of Flexible Pipelines

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Local Analysis

13.3 Global Analysis

13.4 Parametric Study

13.5 Conclusions

References

14 Flexible Pipelines Subjected to Asymmetric Loads

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Cross-Section Design

14.3 Case Study for a 6-Inch SSRTP

14.4 SSRTP with Additional Tensile Amours

14.5 Conclusions

References

15 Stress Concentration Effect on the Anti-Burst Capacity

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Theoretical Model

15.3 Theoretical Model for Squeeze Pressure

15.4 Theoretical Model of Pipe Wall with Swaging End Fitting

15.5 Results and Discussion

15.6 Conclusions

References

16 Compressive Buckling of Tensile Armours

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Equilibrium Differential Equations and Lateral Buckling Force

16.3 Results of Bflex

16.4 Parameters Analysis

16.5 Conclusions

References

17 Expansion and Global Buckling Analysis

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Flexible Pipeline Behaviour

17.3 Flexible FE Model Description

17.4 Flexible Model Application

17.5 Conclusions

References

Part IV: STRESS AND FATIGUE ANALYSIS

18 Effect of Ovalization on Stress of Tensile Armours

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Differential Geometry Relationship Between Elliptical Cylinder and Spiral Strip

18.3 Bending Analysis of Spiral Layer Without Slip in Ellipticity

18.4 Bending Analysis of Spiral Layer Sliding Stage Under Ellipticity

18.5 Effect of Ellipticity on Bending Stiffness

References

19 Confined Buckling and Collapse of Flexible Pipes

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Problem Formulation

19.3 Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Analysis for Confined Buckling and Collapse

19.4 Hardening Elastoplastic Analysis for Confined Buckling and Collapse

19.5 Semi-Theoretical Formula Development

19.6 Conclusions

References

Appendix

20 Wet Collapse of Flexible Pipes

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Experimentation

20.3 Numerical Modeling

20.4 Results and Discussion

20.5 Parametric Study

20.6 Conclusions

References

Appendix

21 Torsional Buckling of Flexible Pipes

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Experiments

21.3 Numerical Simulation

21.4 Results and Discussions

21.5 Parametric Study

21.6 Conclusions

References

22 Stress and Fatigue of Tensile Armours

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Fatigue Failure Mode of Flexible Riser

22.3 Global Model of Flexible Risers

22.4 Failure Mode and Design Criteria

22.5 Calculation Method of Fatigue Life of Flexible Riser

22.6 Example of Fatigue Life Analysis of Flexible Riser

References

23 Stress and Fatigue of Flexible Pipes Reinforced by Steel Strips

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Evaluation of Loads

23.3 FEM to Calculate Stress

23.4 Estimation of the Fatigue Life

23.5 Conclusions

References

24 Mechanical Properties of Fiberglass Reinforced Flexible Pipe

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Experiment

24.3 Numerical Simulation Method (NSM)

24.4 Simplified Theoretical Method (STM)

24.5 Parametric Study

24.6 Conclusions

Appendix

References

25 Stress and Fatigue Analysis of Stranded Structures

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Stress Analysis of Stranded Structures

25.3 Fatigue Analysis of Stranded Structures

25.4 Fatigue Analysis of Subsea Power Cables

References

26 Influence of Compaction Degrees on Power Cable Conductor Fatigue

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Experimental Tests

26.3 Fatigue Data Adjustment

26.4 Influence Analysis of Compaction Coefficient

26.5 Conclusions

References

27 Fatigue Life Estimation of Power Cable Copper Conductors

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Macroscopic and Mesoscopic Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Models

27.3 Fatigue Life Estimation Method Based on Damage Evolution Model

27.4 Parameters of Fatigue Life Estimation Method

27.5 Fatigue Life Estimation

27.6 Conclusions

References

28 Global Fatigue Analysis of Power Cable Copper Conductors

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Fatigue Analysis Process

28.3 Numerical Example

28.4 Influence of Compaction Degrees

28.5 Conclusions

Appendix A. RAOS of OC4 Semi-Sub

References

29 Integrity Management of Flexible Pipes

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Failure Statistics

29.3 Risk Management Methodology

29.4 Integrity Management Strategy

29.5 Inspection Measures

29.6 Monitoring

29.7 Testing and Analysis Measures

29.8 Steel Tube Umbilical Risk Analysis and Integrity Management

References

Part V: RISK AND INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT

30 Failure Modes and Mechanisms for Flexible Pipes

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Failure Modes

30.3 Failure Mechanism

References

31 Quantitative Risk Assessment for Flexible Pipes

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Risk Assessment Method for SRFP

31.3 Method Application

31.4 Conclusions

References

32 Durability and 10000 Hours Test

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Pipe Sample Configurations

32.3 Test Method and Apparatus

32.4 Result Analysis and Discussion

32.5 Conclusions

References

33 Risk-Based Inspection Planning Methodology

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Risk-Based Inspection Process

33.3 Case Study 1

33.4 Case Study 2

33.5 Conclusion

References

34 Inspection of Flexible Pipes

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Inspection Technologies for Flexible Pipes

References

35 Insertion Method for Pipe Repair

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Model Tests

35.3 Finite Element Analysis

35.4 Conclusions

References

36 Repair Methods for Flexible Pipes

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Planning for Repair

36.3 Repair Methods for Outer Sheath Damages

36.4 Repair Methods to Re-Establish Annulus Vent

36.5 Re-Termination of End-Fitting as a Repair Method

36.6 Case Study

36.7 Summary

References

37 Lifetime Assessment for Flexible Pipes

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Lifetime Assessment Process and Methodology

37.3 Progress of Lifetime Assessment

37.4 Improved Condition Control, Mitigations and Modifications

37.5 Industry Experience

37.6 Reliability Methods for Integrity Assessment of Flexible Pipes

37.7 Layer Assessment for Unbonded Flexible Pipes

References

38 Risk & Integrity Management of Subsea Power Cables

38.1 Reliability Analysis of Subsea Power Cables

38.2 Index System of Failure Factors of Subsea Power Cable

References

39 Inspection and Repair of Subsea Power Cables

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Categories of Failures

39.3 Inspection Methods

39.4 Repair Method

References

About the Authors

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Five generic subsea power cable types in Offshore Wind Farms [19]The...

Table 1.2 Categorization of flexible pipe systems.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Design requirements.

Table 2.2 Geometrical parameters.

Table 2.3 Material parameters.

Table 2.4 Utilization factor for 8” flexible pipe.

Table 2.5 Load cases.

Table 2.6 Stresses and strains utilization for different layers.

Table 2.7 FEA prediction results.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Impulse test levels for AC cables.

Table 4.2 Basic insulation level (kV) [17].

Table 4.3 The values of G

L

and at different voltages.

Table 4.4 The values of temperature coefficient at different voltages.

Table 4.5 The values of aging coefficient at different voltages.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Geometrical parameters.

Table 6.2 Geometrical parameters.

Table 6.3 Calculation results of loss.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Type test standards usable for subsea power cables.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Estimates of undrained shear strength of clays [1].

Table 10.2 Properties for non-cohesive soils.

Table 10.3 Design parameters for sandy and clayey soils.

Table 10.4 Recommended values of key parameters for typical subsea soils.

Table 10.5 Estimates of modulus of subgrade reaction for different types of so...

Table 10.6 Coefficients of friction coefficients used in North Sea.

Table 10.7 Parameter ranges for equation (10.8) [9].

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Properties of test sand soil.

Table 11.2 Experimental results of wave-current induced pipeline stability und...

Table 11.3 Design data for on-bottom stability analyses.

Table 11.4 On-bottom stability results by three methods.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Main design parameters of “Huajiachi” offshore floating platform.

Table 12.2 Sample pipe parameters of the metallic strip flexible pipe.

Table 12.3 Wave and current parameters.

Table 12.4 Other environment data and hydrodynamic coefficients.

Table 12.5 Design model parameters of flexible pipe laying scheme.

Table 12.6 Safety assessment result comparison of offshore pipelaying scheme....

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 The maximum SM3 and SM2 in different coiling drum diameter.

Table 13.2 The maximum SM3 in different sinking distance.

Table 13.3 The maximum SM3 in different reeling length.

Table 13.4 The maximum SM3 of each case.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Geometrical parameters of 6-Inch SSRTP.

Table 14.2 Material parameters of 6-Inch SSRTP.

Table 14.3 Calculation results of burst pressure.

Table 14.4 Calculation results of collapse pressure.

Table 14.5 Calculation results of tensile strength.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Material constants.

Table 15.2 Pipe parameters.

Table 15.3 Burst pressure obtained from various approaches.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Details of the Bflex model.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Key data of 11” flexible.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Basic parameters for FE model.

Table 19.2 External pressure for full section plasticity (unit: MPa).

Table 19.3 External pressure of full-section hardening when

n

=7 (unit: MPa).

Table 19.4 Buckling pressure of different hardening rate models (unit: MPa).

Table 19.5 External pressure of full-section hardening (unit: MPa).

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Critical dry collapse pressure of steel-reinforced flexible pipes (...

Table 20.2 Design parameters of the SRFP specimens.

Table 20.3 Material properties.

Table 20.4 Geometric sizes of the initial and the curved test samples.

Table 20.5 Dimensions of the models in the parametric study.

Table 20.6 Values of Δ and the curvature for model #0FEM in the parametric stu...

Table 20.7 Statistics of change in ovality of the five models under various cu...

Table 20.A1 Values of Δ and the curvature for model #1FEM in the parametric st...

Table 20.A2 Values of Δ and the curvature for model #2FEM in the parametric st...

Table 20.A3 Values of Δ and the curvature for model #4FEM in the parametric st...

Table 20.A4 The value of Δ and the curvature for model #4FEM in the parametric...

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Parameters of the specimens.

Table 21.2 Material properties.

Table 21.3 Failure torque and failure torsion angle.

Table 21.4 Failure torque and failure torsion angle.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Wave scatter diagram.

Table 22.2 Stochastic wave load.

Table 22.3 Input parameters of flexible pipe.

Table 22.4 Input parameters of hydrodynamic coefficient.

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Material properties of the testing specimens.

Table 24.2 Dimensions of the test facility.

Table 24.3 Geometric parameters of testing specimens.

Table 24.4 Valid length and diameter of specimens.

Table 24.5 Summary of the bending test data.

Table 24.6 Elastic constants of reinforced layer.

Table 24.7 Ovality

U

of the pipes with different outer diameters.

Table 24.8

Ovality

U

of the pipes with a constant D/t ratio.

Table 24.9

Ovality

U

of the pipes with different winding angles.

Table 24.10

K

M

u

of the pipes with different outer diameters.

Table 24.11

K

M

u

of the pipes with a constant

D/t

ratio.

Table 24.12 of the pipes with different winding angles.

Table 24.A1 Detailed valid dimensions of #1 FGRFP.

Table 24.A2 Detailed valid dimensions of #2 FGRFP.

Table 24.A3 Detailed valid dimensions of #3 FGRFP.

Table 24.A4 Comparison between modified STM and NSM. with different outer diam...

Table 24.A5 Comparison between modified STM and NSM with a constant

D/t

ratio....

Table 24.A6 Comparison between modified STM and NSM with different winding ang...

Table 24.A7 Comparison between and with different outer diameters.

Table 24.A8 Comparison between and with a constant

D/t

ratio.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Irregularity measurements of HCC and LCC wires.

Table 26.2 Fatigue test data for full cross-section under tension–tension load...

Table 26.3 Fatigue data based on Δ

σ

p

.

Table 26.4 Resulting values for the parameters in Equation (26.3) using differ...

Table 26.5 Irregularity measurements of FEM wires.

Table 26.6 The

μ

,

D

ci

, and

SCF

a

correspond to different

η

[28].

Table 26.7 Predicated fatigue life table of the stranded copper conductor test...

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Parameters of macroscopic material constitutive model of copper mat...

Table 27.2 Equivalent stress load spectra at the irregularities of stranded co...

Table 27.3 Optimization estimation results of

T

1

and

T

2

.

Table 27.4 Comparison of estimated fatigue life and fatigue test results of st...

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 Mechanical properties of dynamic power cable in orcaflex.

Table 28.2 Configuration parameters of dynamic power cable.

Table 28.3 Regular wave cases for fatigue estimating.

Table 28.4 Stress factors of copper conductors.

Table 28.5 Predicated fatigue life table of representative points.

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Probability models for resistance basic variables.

Table 31.2 Statistical properties of resistance pressure for the MSFP.

Table 31.3 Statistical properties of load effect.

Table 31.4 Failure frequency ranking for one pipeline [8].

Chapter 32

Tabel 32.1 Nomenclature [1].

Table 32.2 Pipe sample configurations.

Table 32.3 Failure data points distribution.

Table 32.4 Safety factor classification specified by DNV code [16].

Table 32.5 Design hydrostatic pressures for different safety classes.

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Example of screening matrix.

Source: Yong Bai et al

.

Table 33.2 Acceptable annual failure probability per pipeline Source: DNV RP-F...

Table 33.3 Strategic levels of inspection/monitoring.

Table 33.4 Input geometrical parameters of the pipe.

Table 33.5 Measured input environmental parameters.

Table 33.6 Input selected design parameters.

Table 33.7 Measured input parameters of products.

Table 33.8 Inspection outcome of internal corrosion for PoF category.

Table 33.9 One-unit increase years of operation for PoF category under interna...

Table 33.10 General consequence model for RBI initial assessment for loss of c...

Table 33.11 Qualitative risk criteria.

Table 33.12 Criteria for safety class identification.

Table 33.13 Flexible pipeline parameter.

Table 33.14 Number of failure incidents by location, diameter & length.

Table 33.15 Number of failure incidents by cause.

Table 33.16 Operating experience for pipeline & riser.

Table 33.17 Failure frequencies by diameter & length.

Table 33.18 Selected consequence levels based on decision-making criteria.

Table 33.19 Pipeline segmentation risk display.

Table 33.20 High-risk location of different segments.

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 Inspection techniques for riser [2].

Chapter 35

Table 35.1 Parameters of outer pipes [5].

Table 35.2 Parameters of inner pipes [6].

Table 35.3 Major specifications for model tests.

Table 35.4 Specifications and maximum pull-in load of model test [7].

Table 35.5 Boundary condition.

Table 35.6 Boundary condition.

Table 35.7 Boundary condition.

Table 35.8 Boundary condition.

Table 35.9 Results of analytical model, Abaqus, and model tests.

Table 35.10 Results of analytical model, Abaqus, and model tests.

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Properties of some typical FPRs [3].

Table 36.2 Partial safety factors.

Chapter 37

Table 37.1 Information relevant for lifetime assessment-example listing [5].

Chapter 38

Table 38.1 The failure rate of subsea power cable from the international confe...

Table 38.2 The availability statistics of the Baltic sea cable line from 1995 ...

Table 38.3 The availability statistics of the Baltic sea cable line from 1995 ...

Table 38.4 The relationship among hull size, anchor and the penetration depth....

Chapter 39

Table 39.1 The penetration of different ship anchors to different seabed geolo...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Subsea flexible pipeline and power cable, courtesy of 4subsea.

Figure 1.2 Overview of flexible pipe system, courtesy of Technip.

Figure 1.3 Categorization of flexible pipes and relevant specifications.*FCP: ...

Figure 1.4 Comparison of flexible flowline and flexible riser, courtesy of Tec...

Figure 1.5 Offshore cabling systems for platforms and wind towers [13].◯, 1 Co...

Figure 1.6 Typical cross-section of flexible pipes.

Figure 1.7 Key strategies in life-cycle of flexible pipe system.

Figure 1.8 Overview of subsea power cable system (courtesy of NREL).

Figure 1.9 Hywind tampen powering the Gullfaks and Snorre fields. (Courtesy of...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Flow chart of design procedure.

Figure 2.2 Detailed mesh of 7-layer FE model.

Figure 2.3 Burst failure mode of flexible pipe.

Figure 2.4 Tension failure mode of flexible pipe.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Composition of a HV subsea power cable [4].

Figure 3.2 Typical 3-phase AC subsea power cable cross-section [2].

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Electric stress in a 110kV AC XLPE cable.

Figure 4.2 Electric stress in DC cable insulation under different load conditi...

Figure 4.3 cable equivalent circuit.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Subsea cable distribution across the world, updated on Jun 23, 2023...

Figure 5.2 Application of paper insulation for a flexible joint (Courtesy of A...

Figure 5.3 Cable flexible joint (Courtesy of ABC consulting. INC).

Figure 5.4 (a) Illustration of cable rigid joint (Courtesy of Farnell). (b) Ap...

Figure 5.5 Typical subsea electric cable joint box.

Figure 5.6 Typical subsea optical cable joint box.

Figure 5.7 Cable repair joint (Courtesy of ABB).

Figure 5.8 Typical defects of XLPE cable joints.

Figure 5.9 Reflectometry based positioning for XLPE cables.

Figure 5.10 Partial discharge and positioning equipment for owts [9].

Figure 5.11 Distributed optical fiber temperature sensors.

Figure 5.12 Schematic diagram of grounding current online monitor.

Figure 5.13 Online monitor for unbalance neutral current.

Figure 5.14 Indoor termination for paper-insulated 3-core cables (Courtesy of ...

Figure 5.15 Offshore cable termination with helically-wound steel layer (Court...

Figure 5.16 Cut and grinding process of cable ends.

Figure 5.17 Pencil stub shape of cable ends.

Figure 5.18 Clean of outer surface of semi-conducting layer.

Figure 5.19 Stress control shrink tube.

Figure 5.20 Stress control shrink tube after heat.

Figure 5.21 Apply of insulator and semi-conductor layer.

Figure 5.22 Compress and grind cable core.

Figure 5.23 Strap the cable with white cotton tape.

Figure 5.24 Connect of ground.

Figure 5.25 Wrap of HDPE tape (by Zhejiang Hongguang electrics co. ltd).

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Coupling between physical fields [4].

Figure 6.2 Detailed mesh of cable model.

Figure 6.3 Cable laying conditions.

Figure 6.4 Flux density mode on cable surface.

Figure 6.5 Current density of cable core and sheath.

Figure 6.6 Radial current analysis of Marine cable at different frequencies.

Figure 6.7 Effect of frequency on core resistance.

Figure 6.8 The effect of frequency on the loss of each part.

Figure 6.9 The effect of frequency on loss factor.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Cross-section of POF.

Figure 7.2 Cross-section of glass optical fiber.

Figure 7.3 Spectrum acquired from FBG [4].

Figure 7.4 Test setup [7].

Figure 7.5 Leakage detection by pressure sensor and FBG hoop-strain sensor [8]...

Figure 7.6 Fibre optic layout patterns in the RTP pipe [10].

Figure 7.7 Effective tension and bending moment of simple communication cable....

Figure 7.8 Mode shapes and natural frequencies of one simple cable.

Figure 7.9 Comparison of effective tension at the top end with different stiff...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Flow chart for the production of three-core subsea cables [1].

Figure 8.2 Factory joint of an extruded cable core (Courtesy of ABB, Sweden)....

Figure 8.3 Horizontal lay-up machine (Machine designed and produced by Jiangsu...

Figure 8.4 Vertical lay-up machine (Machine designed and produced by Jiangsu s...

Figure 8.5 KS500/48+48 armoring machine (Machine designed and produced by Chao...

Figure 8.6 Test apparatus for tensional bending test according Electra No. 171...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Parameters for defining 2D regular waves.

Figure 9.2 Validity ranges for wave theories [5].

Figure 9.3 Regular long-crested waves.

Figure 9.4 Irregular long-crested waves.

Figure 9.5 Wave spectrum.

Figure 9.6 2048s zero mean wave amplitude time realization.

Figure 9.7 Frequency domain and time domain representation of long-crested wav...

Figure 9.8 Flow field around pipe.

Figure 9.9 Fluid drag and inertia forces acting on a pipe section.

Figure 9.10 CL in shear and shear-free flow for 10

3

< Re < 30 x 10

4

. [11]

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Anisotropic frictions between pipe and soil.

Figure 10.2 Pipeline lateral movement between soil berms.

Figure 10.3 Axial/lateral soil resistance of pipeline.

Figure 10.4 Pipe penetration in soil [4].

Figure 10.5 Bearing capacity factors, N

q

, N

c

, and N

γ

, [6].

Figure 10.6 Comparison of penetration models [8].

Figure 10.7 Schematic of static pipeline configuration during laying [15].

Figure 10.8 Maximum contact force in touchdown zone [15].

Figure 10.9 Contact force distributions along seabed in touchdown region [15]....

Figure 10.10 Axial friction resistance with pipeline axial displacement [4].

Figure 10.11 Hansen bearing capacity factors for various soil, N

qh

and N

ch

.

Figure 10.12 Passive resistance of pipeline on soil [20].

Figure 10.13 Pipeline lateral response [23].

Figure 10.14 Lateral pipe-soil responses for ‘light’ and ‘heavy’ pipes [24].

Figure 10.15 Pipe buckle configurations (a) without berms and (b) with berms [...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Non-metallic light weight pipeline.

Figure 11.2 Multi-function WaterChannel at ZJU.

Figure 11.3 Schematic diagram of test.

Figure 11.4 Test samples of four pipes.

Figure 11.5 (a) Initial position of light pipe (time=1s). (b) Pipe breakout fr...

Figure 11.6 (a) Initial position of heavy pipe (time=1s). (b) Pipe breakout fr...

Figure 11.7

F

r

−

G

p

correlation for pipeline losing stability with various dia...

Figure 11.8 Forces acting on pipeline at seabed.

Figure 11.9 Pipeline section submerged in water.

Figure 11.10 Friction coefficients vs. lateral displacement.

Figure 11.11 Top view of pipeline model.

Figure 11.12 Velocity on pipe center of #3 over time.

Figure 11.13 Variation of contact force for pipe #3.

Figure 11.14 Modified friction factor-displacement curve over time.

Figure 11.15 Displacement at mid-pipe versus time of different pipe.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Pipe coiled in a special reel drum.

Figure 12.2 Reel-lay equipment.

Figure 12.3 Cartesian coordinate system in the rod theory.

Figure 12.4 Pipe-soil interaction model.

Figure 12.5 “Huajiachi” offshore floating platform.

Figure 12.6 Floating platform sway motion.

Figure 12.7 Floating platform surge motion.

Figure 12.8 Floating platform heave motion.

Figure 12.9 Scatter diagram of floating platform motion.

Figure 12.10 Current velocity and direction variation.

Figure 12.11 Metallic strip flexible pipe illustration.

Figure 12.12 Tensile test of metallic strip flexible pipe.

Figure 12.13 Tension-strain curve of metallic strip flexible pipe.

Figure 12.14 Test equipment for flexible pipe bending.

Figure 12.15 Flexible pipe four-point bending test schematic diagram.

Figure 12.16 Flexible pipe bending process.

Figure 12.17 Moment–curvature curve of metallic strip flexible pipe.

Figure 12.18 Safety assessment flow chart of flexible pipe offshore laying ope...

Figure 12.19 Arrangement diagram of floating platform, mooring lines and flexi...

Figure 12.20 Fitting tension-strain curve.

Figure 12.21 Bi-linear moment-curvature curve.

Figure 12.22 Schematic diagram of OrcaFlex pipelaying model.

Figure 12.23 Flexible pipe motion response in the northwest region case.

Figure 12.24 Flexible pipe motion response in the southeast region case.

Figure 12.25 Flexible pipe motion response in the northeast region case.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Pipe coiled in the reel drum.

Figure 13.2 Buckling failure of MSFP.

Figure 13.3 Pipe mechanics analysis in reeling.

Figure 13.4 Cross-section of MSFP.

Figure 13.5 MSFP with partly outer sheath peeling off.

Figure 13.6 Stress-strain curves of HDPE.

Figure 13.7 Stress-strain curves of steel strip.

Figure 13.8 Tensile test of MSFP.

Figure 13.9 Tension-extension curves of two specimens.

Figure 13.10 Diagrammatic sketch of bending machine.

Figure 13.11 MFSP specimen before and after bending.

Figure 13.12 Moment-curvature curves of two specimens.

Figure 13.13 Fitting tension-extension curve.

Figure 13.14 Fitting bending-curvature curve.

Figure 13.15 The global model of reeling operation.

Figure 13.16 The local direction of the beam element.

Figure 13.17 Mesh condition of the global model.

Figure 13.18 Load and boundary condition of the global model.

Figure 13.19 The final deformation of the global model.

Figure 13.20 SF1 of the pipeline.

Figure 13.21 SF2 of the pipeline.

Figure 13.22 SF3 of the pipeline.

Figure 13.23 A picked path for the pipeline.

Figure 13.24 SF1 along the path.

Figure 13.25 Contour plot of SM2 along the path.

Figure 13.26 SM2 along the path.

Figure 13.27 Contour plot of SM3 along the path.

Figure 13.28 SM3 along the path.

Figure 13.29 SF1 along the path in different coiling drum diameter.

Figure 13.30 SM3 along the path in different coiling drum diameter.

Figure 13.31 SM2 along the path in different coiling drum diameter.

Figure 13.32 SF1 along the path in different sinking distance.

Figure 13.33 SM3 along the path in different sinking distance.

Figure 13.34 SM2 along the path in different sinking distance.

Figure 13.35 SF1 along the path in different reeling length.

Figure 13.36 SM3 along the path in different reeling length.

Figure 13.37 SM2 along the path in different reeling length.

Figure 13.38 The defined distance.

Figure 13.39 SF1 along the path in different location of the bearing plate.

Figure 13.40 SM3 along the path in different location of the bearing plate.

Figure 13.41 SM2 along the path in different location of the bearing plate.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Failure cases of SSRTP.

Figure 14.2 Design flow chart of SSRTP.

Figure 14.3 Coordinate system of SSRTP.

Figure 14.4 Theoretical analysis process of SSRTP.

Figure 14.5 Detailed geometry of SSRTP.

Figure 14.6 Helical wire meshing.

Figure 14.7 Load and interaction.

Figure 14.8 Cross-sectional contour.

Figure 14.9 Theoretical-numerical relationship.

Figure 14.10 Fitted stress-strain curve of PE.

Figure 14.11 Calculation process of plastic buckling.

Figure 14.12 Load and interaction.

Figure 14.13 Bulking modals of SSRTP; (a) 1

st

; (b) 2

nd

; (c) 3

rd

; (d) 4

th

.

Figure 14.14 Analysis process of external pressure.

Figure 14.15 Oval deformation of SSRTP.

Figure 14.16 Load and interaction.

Figure 14.17 PEEQ contour of middle segment.

Figure 14.18 Mises Stress contour of steel strip layer.

Figure 14.19 Theoretical-numerical relationship.

Figure 14.20 Influence of winding angle on the mechanical properties of SSRTP....

Figure 14.21 Relationship between the Mises stress of helical layer and the wi...

Figure 14.22 Relationship between the contribution of helical layer to interna...

Figure 14.23 Relationship between the axial force of each helical layer and th...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Rectangle outside and circle inside model of RTP reinforcement lay...

Figure 15.2 Illustration of steel strip reinforced PSP.

Figure 15.3 Illustration of steel strip PSP clamped by swaging end fitting.

Figure 15.4 Layers & radii identification on cross sectional view.

Figure 15.5 Material principle coordinate system.

Figure 15.6 Illustration of equilibrium situation in radial direction.

Figure 15.7 Schematic drawing of composite pipe with end fitting.

Figure 15.8 Pipe wall radial displacements along axial direction.

Figure 15.9 Burst point of composite pipe with swaging end fitting.

Figure 15.10 Pipe deformd shape illustration.

Figure 15.11 Steel strip tensile test and strain-stress curve.

Figure 15.12 Internal pressure-hoop strain relation calculated by classical el...

Figure 15.13 Pressure-time curves of two test pipe samples extracted from test...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Schematic representation of the radial and lateral instabilities, ...

Figure 16.2 Kinematic quantities and coordinate systems definition.

Figure 16.3 Bflex model of one tendon.

Figure 16.4 Curves of transverse displacement u2 vs axial forces of different ...

Figure 16.5 Distribution of initial transverse curvature.

Figure 16.6 Influence of different initial transverse curvature.

Figure 16.7 Influence of effective buckling length of tendon.

Figure 16.8 Influence of winding radius of tendon.

Figure 16.9 Influence of layangle of tendon.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Schematic of a flexible pipeline cross section [12].

Figure 17.2 Bending moment – curvature hysteresis graph.

Figure 17.3 ANSYS Bending moment of model compared to manufacturer provided cu...

Figure 17.4 Effective force acting at hub (no expansion loop).

Figure 17.5 Effective force acting at hub (with expansion loop).

Figure 17.6 Vertical deformation of the span at the manifold hub.

Figure 17.7 Required downward force for 0.4m prop height.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Cross section of elliptical cylinder.

Figure 18.2 Local coordinate triads of helical strip.

Figure 18.3 Bent configuration of helical layer supporting by elliptical cylin...

Figure 18.4 Cross section of helical layer supporting by elliptical cylinder....

Figure 18.5 Darboux frame of helical strip supporting by elliptical cylinder....

Figure 18.6 Equivalent model of helical layer supporting by elliptical cylinde...

Figure 18.7 Effect of ovality on axial force of helical strip.

Figure 18.8 Effect of ovality on axial force of helical strip.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Typical configuration of a flexible pipe (Courtesy of NOV [1]).

Figure 19.2 Mechanism of confined collapse (a) and singly symmetric collapse m...

Figure 19.3 (a) Lowering a confined flexible pipe to a hyperbaric chamber. (b)...

Figure 19.4 Mesh (a) and boundary conditions (b) of plane strain model.

Figure 19.5 Confined inner layer with out-of-roundness (Yuan, 2019).

Figure 19.6 General comparison of results between elastic-perfectly plastic mo...

Figure 19.7 Displacement-pressure curve with different

ϕ

K

when

σ

y

=27...

Figure 19.8 Displacement-pressure curve with different

ϕ

K

when

σ

y

=60...

Figure 19.9 Displacement-pressure curve under different

ϕ

K

when

σ

y

=9...

Figure 19.10

ϕ

K

—

P

crn−p

curves with different yield strengths.

Figure 19.11 Plastic development of the model section when buckling.

Figure 19.12

ϕ

K

—

P

crn−p

curve with different

ϕ

D

.

Figure 19.13

ϕ

K

—

P

crn

−p

curve with different imperfections.

Figure 19.14

δ

o

—

P

crn−p

with different yield strengths.

Figure 19.15 Constitutive relations of Ramberg-Osgood model and constructed mo...

Figure 19.16

ϕ

K

—

P

crn−p

with the same hardening rate model and diffe...

Figure 19.17 Displacement-pressure curve with different hardening rates when

σ

...

Figure 19.18

ϕ

K

—

P

crn−p

with different hardening rate and the same y...

Figure 19.19

ϕ

K

—

P

crn−p

curve with different

ϕ

D

.

Figure 19.20

δ

0

—

P

crn−p

curve with different imperfections.

Figure 19.21 Relation between different initial defects

δ

0

and

σ

n

wi...

Figure 19.22 Comparison between elastoplastic confined collapse Formula (Fm) (...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Structure of SRFP specimens: (a) Photograph of cross-section; (b) ...

Figure 20.2 Experimental apparatus and uniaxial tensile test: Photographs of (...

Figure 20.3 Steel strips and HDPE samples before and after uniaxial tensile te...

Figure 20.4 Stress vs. strain curves from uniaxial tensile test: (a) steel A c...

Figure 20.5 Outline of specimens and preprocessed sample: (a) Outline of test ...

Figure 20.6 Pre-bending and pressure-loading process: Photographs of (a) label...

Figure 20.7 Meshed 3D full-scale model and break-out view of the selected port...

Figure 20.8 Constraints and loading condition: Displacement and rotation const...

Figure 20.9 Ovality of the outer sheath for the initial, curved, and collapsed...

Figure 20.10 Experimental measurements and statistics: (a) Pex vs. pressurizat...

Figure 20.11 Pex vs. ovality curves of PE layers. Note: Pex is the hydrostatic...

Figure 20.12 Top and cross-sectional views of the wet collapsed test samples a...

Figure 20.13 Wet collapse pressure and OVout results for the samples obtained ...

Figure 20.14 PEEQ cloud chart of the 3D full model during the pressure-loading...

Figure 20.15 Relationship between plastic deformation development and θh. Note...

Figure 20.16 Relationships between OVin, curvature, and outer radius: (a) OVin...

Figure 20.17 Relationships between PNM, Φ, and curvature: (a) PNM vs. curvatur...

Figure 20.A1 Steel strips and HDPE samples: Photographs of (a) HDPE samples (I...

Figure 20.A2 Initial and curved test specimens. Photographs of (a) initial tes...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Schematic Structure of MSFP.

Figure 21.2 Cross section of MSFP.

Figure 21.3 Dumb-bell shape of steel strips (a) and HDPE (b).

Figure 21.4 The detailed dimensions (unit: mm) of steel (a) and HDPE (b) sampl...

Figure 21.5 Tensile test of the steel strip sample (a) and HDPE sample (b).

Figure 21.6 Final deformation of a steel sample (a) and an HDPE sample (b).

Figure 21.7 Steel-strain data of steel A from tensile test.

Figure 21.8 Steel-strain data of steel B from tensile test.

Figure 21.9 Stress-strain curve of inner HDPE from tensile test.

Figure 21.10 Stress-strain curve of outer HDPE from tensile test.

Figure 21.11 The specimen capped with end-fittings.

Figure 21.12 Outline of the test specimen.

Figure 21.13 Torsion process of the specimen.

Figure 21.14 Torsion test machine and specimen before loaded.

Figure 21.15 Post-Buckling shape of a specimens.

Figure 21.16 Deformation of outmost steel strip.

Figure 21.17 Torque-Torsion Angle curves of three specimens.

Figure 21.18 Layout manner of Layer I and Layer II.

Figure 21.19 The orthogonal coordinate system in steel strips.

Figure 21.20 The meshes of inner layer.

Figure 21.21 The meshes of Layer I.

Figure 21.22 Load and boundary conditions of MSFP subjected to torsion.

Figure 21.23 Torque-Torsion Angle relationship between test and FEM.

Figure 21.24 Axial Distance-Torsion Angle curve of the whole pipe.

Figure 21.25 Post-Buckling shape of FEM.

Figure 21.26 Four Positions on buckling cross-section.

Figure 21.27 Torque-Ovality curve of outer layer.

Figure 21.28 SF3-Torsion Angle curve of outer HDPE.

Figure 21.29 SF3-Torsion Angle curve of inner HDPE.

Figure 21.30 Contour plot of Mises stress for outer layer.

Figure 21.31 Contour plot of Mises stress for inner layer.

Figure 21.32 Mises Stress-Torsion Angle curve of inner layer and outer layer i...

Figure 21.33 Comparison of PEEQ for inner and outer layers.

Figure 21.34 PEEQ distribution graph for outer layer.

Figure 21.35 PEEQ distribution graph for inner layer.

Figure 21.36 SF2-Torsion Angle curve of Layer I.

Figure 21.37 SM1-Torsion Angel curve of Layer I.

Figure 21.38 SF2-Torsion Angle curve of Layer III.

Figure 21.39 SM1-Torsion Angle curve of Layer III.

Figure 21.40 SF2-Torsion Angle curve of Layer V.

Figure 21.41 SM1-Torsion Angle curve of Layer V.

Figure 21.42 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer I.

Figure 21.43 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer II.

Figure 21.44 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer III.

Figure 21.45 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer IV.

Figure 21.46 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer V.

Figure 21.47 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer VI.

Figure 21.48 Node label along the width of Layer I.

Figure 21.49 Comparison of von Mises stresses along the strip width.

Figure 21.50 Comparison of von Mises stresses for different steel strip layers...

Figure 21.51 PEEQ distribution graph for Layer I.

Figure 21.52 PEEQ distribution graph for Layer II.

Figure 21.53 PEEQ distribution graph for Layer III.

Figure 21.54 PEEQ distribution graph for Layer IV.

Figure 21.55 PEEQ distribution graph for Layer V.

Figure 21.56 PEEQ distribution graph for Layer VI.

Figure 21.57 Comparison of torque-torsion angle relationship under different a...

Figure 21.58 Layout manner of Layer I and Layer II.

Figure 21.59 Comparison of torque-torsion angle relationship under different l...

Figure 21.60 Comparison of torque-torsion angle relationship under different f...

Figure 21.61 Post-Buckling shape of FEM under clockwise torsion.

Figure 21.62 Torque-torsion angle curves under clockwise and anti-clockwise to...

Figure 21.63 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer I.

Figure 21.64 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer II.

Figure 21.65 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer III.

Figure 21.66 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer IV.

Figure 21.67 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer V.

Figure 21.68 Contour plot of SF2 of Layer VI.

Figure 21.69 Torsion angle-axial displacement curves under combined tension an...

Figure 21.70 Torsion angle-axial displacement curves under combined tension an...

Figure 21.71 Torque-torsion angle curves under combined tension and clockwise ...

Figure 21.72 Torque-torsion angle curves under combined tension and anti-clock...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Bending stiffener and bell mouth.

Figure 22.2 Global configuration of flexible pipe.

Figure 22.3 Load model of flexible pipe.

Figure 22.4 Cross section of helical strip.

Figure 22.5 Bending hysteresis model of flexible pipe.

Figure 22.6 S-N curve for high strength steel.

Figure 22.7 Comparison between Goodman’s and Gerber’s theory.

Figure 22.8 Schematic of bending stiffener.

Figure 22.9 Results of global analysis.

Figure 22.10 Time history response of pipe tension.

Figure 22.11 Time history response of pipe bending curvature.

Figure 22.12 Time history response of stress of helical strip at top point.

Figure 22.13 Results of global analysis.

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Time history of curvature.

Figure 23.2 Time history of tension.

Figure 23.3 Load and boundary conditions of SRFP.

Figure 23.4 Transposition of the global loads into the local model.

Figure 23.5 Time history for Mises stress of the first steel strips layer.

Figure 23.6 Time history for Mises stress of the second steel strips layer.

Figure 23.7 Time history for Mises stress of the third steel strips layer.

Figure 23.8 Time history for Mises stress of the forth steel strips layer.

Figure 23.9 Time history of the stress for the innermost layers rearranged int...

Figure 23.10 Fatigue life of steel strips from the first layer to the fourth l...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Structure of the FGRFP.

Figure 24.2 Prepreg tape of the FGRFP.

Figure 24.3 Stress-strain curves from tensile test.

Figure 24.4 The four-point facility.

Figure 24.5 Diagrammatic sketch of facility.

Figure 24.6 Geometric relationship between α and Δ.

Figure 24.7 Bending deformation of the three specimens.

Figure 24.8 Curvature-moment curves of three test specimens.

Figure 24.9 Break out the section of FEM.

Figure 24.10 Discrete field of one layer before and after orientation.

Figure 24.11 Simplification of the reinforced layer.

Figure 24.12 Reinforced layer’s modulus (

E

z

,

E

r

,

E

θ

)-strain curves in thr...

Figure 24.13 Reinforced layer’s true stress-strain curves in three global dire...

Figure 24.14 Boundary condition of the FEM model.

Figure 24.15 Break out the section of meshed model.

Figure 24.16 Infinite long FGRFP under pure bending.

Figure 24.17 Diagrammatic sketch of the cross section.

Figure 24.18 Algorithms of STM.

Figure 24.19 Comparison of results from experiment, STM and NSM.

Figure 24.20 Ovality-curvature curves of NSM with different outer diameters.

Figure 24.21 Ovality-curvature curves of NSM with a constant D/t ratio.

Figure 24.22 Ovality-curvature curves of NSM with different winding angles.

Figure 24.23 Linear fitting of Ovality

U

-D/t ratio.

Figure 24.24 Moment-curvature curves of NSM and STM with different outer diame...

Figure 24.25 The ultimate moment and curvature of the pipes with different out...

Figure 24.26 Moment-curvature curves of NSM and STM with a constant

D/t

ratio....

Figure 24.27 The ultimate moment and curvature of the pipes with a constant

D/

...

Figure 24.28 Moment-curvature curves of NSM and STM with different winding ang...

Figure 24.29 The ultimate moment and curvature of the pipes with different win...

Figure 24.30 The linear fitting of

K

M

u

-

D/t

ratio.

Figure 24.A1 The force diagrams of the pipe wall and the roller.

Figure 24.A2 The proof of Equation3.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Forces on the wire of a strand.

Figure 25.2 Tensile force of a strand wire neglecting the small shear force.

Figure 25.3 Elongation of a strand wire.

Figure 25.4 Wire space curve in bent strand [12].

Figure 25.5 Wire bending stress in a strand between straight and bent [12].

Figure 25.6 4-Point bending [60].

Figure 25.7 Bending against former [60].

Figure 25.8 Bending against former [60].

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 A flexible power cable attached to a floating offshore wind turbin...

Figure 26.2 Factory picture of copper conductor compaction procedure.

Figure 26.3 Schematic diagram of copper conductor compaction procedure.

Figure 26.4 Compaction molds of different sizes.

Figure 26.5 Cross-section of a 120 mm

2

stranded copper conductor.

Figure 26.6 Detailed irregularities of an HCC outer wire.

Figure 26.7 Geometrical surfaces of individual wires with nominal diameter

Dno

...

Figure 26.8 Geometrical surfaces of individual wires with nominal diameter

Dno

...

Figure 26.9 (a) An individual wire with stainless steel tube at both ends, (b)...

Figure 26.10 Strain-stress curve of NCC center wire.

Figure 26.11 Strain-stress curves of LCC outer wire and HCC outer wire.

Figure 26.12 Standard fatigue test rig of a full cross-section copper conducto...

Figure 26.13 A failed full cross-section copper conductor at the outer layer i...

Figure 26.14 S-N fatigue data for full cross-section conductors testing in ten...

Figure 26.15 Longitudinal profile of a simplified SCF calculation model.

Figure 26.16 Boundary conditions and loading of a simplified SCF calculation m...

Figure 26.17 Von-mises stress distributions (MPa) of the model shown in Figure...

Figure 26.18 Fatigue data of 120 mm

2

full cross-section HCC and LCC in tension...

Figure 26.19 Boundary conditions of the compaction model.

Figure 26.20 Copper conductor model cut at one end.

Figure 26.21 Energy curves of an HCC compaction model.

Figure 26.22 Result of HHC compaction model.

Figure 26.23 (a) Cross-section of NCC, (b) Cross-section of NCC FEM.

Figure 26.24 (a) Cross-section of LCC, (b) Cross-section of LCC FEM.

Figure 26.25 (a) Cross-section of HCC, (b) Cross-section of HCC FEM.

Figure 26.26 (a) Outer wire of NCC, (b) Outer wire of NCC FEM.

Figure 26.27 (a) Outer wire of LCC, (b) Outer wire of LCC FEM.

Figure 26.28 (a) Outer wire of HCC, (b) Outer wire of HCC FEM.

Figure 26.29 (a) Outer wire cross-section of NCC, (b) Outer wire cross-section...

Figure 26.30 (a) Outer wire cross-section of LCC, (b) Outer wire cross-section...

Figure 26.31 (a) Outer wire cross-section of HCC, (b) Outer wire cross-section...

Figure 26.32 Measuring method of the thinnest section of compacted wires.

Figure 26.33 Measuring method of the thickest section of compacted wires.

Figure 26.34 Relationship of

SCF

a

and

η

.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Two-scale model and mechanical variables.

Figure 27.2 Isotropic bodies containing inclusions.

Figure 27.3 Flow chart of fatigue life estimation method based on the fatigue ...

Figure 27.4 Uniaxial tensile curve parameters of metal materials [11].

Figure 27.5 Material test specimen fracture.

Figure 27.6 Boundary conditions of HCC compaction model.

Figure 27.7 Results of HCC compaction model.

Figure 27.8 HCC calculation model.

Figure 27.9 Comparison between the fitting curve and the experimental curve of...

Figure 27.10 A typical schematic diagram of equivalent stress load spectrum at...

Figure 27.11 The macroscopic stress-strain relationship of copper material at ...

Figure 27.12 The mesoscopic stress-strain relationship corresponds to 4 groups...

Figure 27.13 The corresponding stable mesoscopic stress-strain hysteresis loop...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Components of an offshore wind farm.

Figure 28.2 Schematic of a dynamic power cable (a) cross-sectional view, (b) a...

Figure 28.3 The detailed geometry of the dynamic power cable based on the prop...

Figure 28.4 Chart flow for estimating the fatigue life.

Figure 28.5 The global modelling results.

Figure 28.6 Wave rose chart.

Figure 28.7 Calculated working conditions.

Figure 28.8 Distribution of effective tension.

Figure 28.9 Distribution of curvature.

Figure 28.10 Time history of effective tension at end A.

Figure 28.11 Time history of curvature at end A.

Figure 28.12 Tension-induced stress.

Figure 28.13 Curvature-induced stress.

Figure 28.14 Cross section of a 120mm

2

copper conductor.

Figure 28.15 Compaction molds of different sizes.

Figure 28.16 Fatigue life curves with various compaction coefficients.

Figure 28.17 Relationship of fatigue life and

η

.

Figure 28.18 Normalized results of life/damage.

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Flexible flowlines and umbilical in the Marlin Field [3].

Figure 29.2 System failure mechanisms [1].

Figure 29.3 Comparison of steel and flexible pipe failure statistics [4].

Figure 29.4 Flexible pipe integrity management system [6].

Figure 29.5 Flexible pipe integrity management system [6].

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Collapsed carcass due to hydrostatic pressure [6, 7].

Figure 30.2 Internal sheath crack [8].

Figure 30.3 Tensile armour layers’ failure modes [8].

Figure 30.4 Birdcaging [9].

Figure 30.5 Hole in outer sheath [11].

Figure 30.6 Corrosion of armor wire [12].

Figure 30.7 Typical corrosion-fatigue curve compared to the dry fatigue curve ...

Figure 30.8 Erosion of collapse carcass [6].

Figure 30.9 Statistics on design temperature for flexible pipes [3].

Figure 30.10 Temperature management system on HPHT Kristin field [17].

Figure 30.11 Pressure management system on HPHT Kristin field [17].

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 Flow chart for the risk assessment of SRFP.

Figure 31.2 Determination of plastic buckling pressure for the PE layers [4]....

Figure 31.3 Stress-strain curves for the PE material.

Figure 31.4 Histogram and probability distribution of MSFP’s resistance pressu...

Figure 31.5 Safety factors vs target reliablity index.

Figure 31.6 Design safety factor k vs reliability (i.e. 1.0 minus the failure ...

Figure 31.7 Effect of CoV representing uncertainties (related to model and inn...

Figure 31.8 Design safety factor

k

and the reliability index

β

vs CoV of ...

Figure 31.9 Design safety factor

k

vs

δ

mod

and

δ

ii

.

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Different types of flexible pipe reinforcement.

Figure 32.2 Schematic illustration of Kevlar fibre reinforced pipe and swaging...

Figure 32.3a Schematic illustration of test apparatus setup.

Figure 32.3b Pump control unit and pipe samples under test.

Figure 32.4 Original pressure-time curve of test samples.

Figure 32.5 Typical failure mode: rupture of reinforcement layer.

Figure 32.6 Typical failure mode: pull out of endfitting.

Figure 32.7 Linear regression analysis of log(P) versus log(T).

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Comparison of risk attained by RBI with respect to conventional/no...

Figure 33.2 Example of risk ranking matrix for all PoF/CoF categories.

Figure 33.3 Flowchart of detailed RBI procedure (FFS, fitness-for-service).

Figure 33.4 Setting of inspection intervals. Source: Yong Bai

et al

.

Figure 33.5 NORSOK M-506 computational code for CO

2

corrosion prediction.

Figure 33.6 Input data entered into computational and accumulated rate of CO

2

...

Figure 33.7 The effect of CO

2

partial pressure (Bar) on corrosion rate (mm/yea...

Figure 33.8 The variation of wall shear stress (Pa) with corrosion rate (mm/ye...

Figure 33.9 Accumulated corrosion growth rate (mm/year) with time (t).

Figure 33.10 The variation of CO

2

corrosion rate (mm) with Temperature.

Figure 33.11 Flow diagram – definition of loss of containment. Source: PARLOC ...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 Laser leak detection device - Smart light devices [5].

Figure 34.2 Coupon testing setup [7].

Figure 34.3 Eddy current defect detecting [10].

Figure 34.4 Flexible pipe radiography inspection system overview.

Figure 34.5 Ultrasonic defect detection [4].

Figure 34.6 Result of ultrasonic inspection of an unflooded and a flooded rise...

Figure 34.7 The principle of IRT inspection design.

Figure 34.8 Electromagnetic modelling of MAPS probe and the induced eddy curre...

Figure 34.9 Results of the stress test done by MAPS prototype in 2011 [15].

Chapter 35

Figure 35.1 General installation procedure [3].

Figure 35.2 Configuration of model test [4].

Figure 35.3 Measured pull-in load for cases 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 35.4 Measured pull-in load for cases 4, 5 and 6.

Figure 35.5 Measured pull-in load for cases 7, 8.

Figure 35.6 Effect of D=d ratio for cases 2, 5, 7.

Figure 35.7 Stress-strain curve of HDPE.

Figure 35.8 Sketch of Abaqus model.

Figure 35.9 Comparison of pull-in load for cases 1, 2, and 3.

Figure 35.10 The geometry of the outer and inner pipes [8].

Figure 35.11 Cantilever beam with end loads.

Figure 35.12 Transition of contact forces at points B1 and B2.

Figure 35.13 Capstan effect due to directional change [14].

Figure 35.14 The flow chart of iterative procedure.

Figure 35.15 Effect of D=d ratio.

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 Flowchart of pipeline damage assessment process.

Figure 36.2 Locking principles between pipe body and end fitting [6].

Figure 36.3 Original surface of CFRP fabric.

Figure 36.4 Failure point on the pipe wall.

Figure 36.5 Outer & inner surface of pipe after clean treatment.

Figure 36.6 CFRP liner in inner surface of the pipe.

Figure 36.7 Pipe liner reinforced by Kevlar fibre.

Chapter 37

Figure 37.1 Lifetime assessment process overview [1].

Figure 37.2 Illustration of the time-varying marginal Pdfs of resistance, R(t)...

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 Communication cable damage reason from the Atlantic Ocean [7].

Figure 38.2 The amount of damage of subsea power cable from fishing every year...

Figure 38.3 The cable cut by anchoring near the English Channel [12].

Figure 38.4 The amount of damage of subsea power cable from anchoring every ye...

Figure 38.5 The fracture frequency every year of one of the subsea power cable...

Chapter 39

Figure 39.1 Flow chart of subsea power cable failure inspection.

Figure 39.2 Equivalent distributed parameter model of cable.

Figure 39.3 Schematic diagram of incident and reflected waves, when the cable ...

Figure 39.4 Schematic diagram of incident and reflected waves, when the cable ...

Figure 39.5 Schematic diagram of incident and reflected waves, when 0<

ρ

<1...

Figure 39.6 Block diagram of OTDR working principle.

Figure 39.7 Diagram of Murray bridge.

Figure 39.8 Schematic diagram of Murray bridge.

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Acknowledgements

Begin Reading

About the Authors

Index

Also of Interest

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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