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Beschreibung

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents is a book series intended for pharmaceutical scientists, postgraduate students and researchers seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in anti-cancer research. Reviews in each volume are written by experts in medical oncology and clinical trials research and compile the latest information available on special topics of interest to oncology and pharmaceutical chemistry researchers. The seventh volume of the book features reviews on these topics:
· Essential oils and monoterpenes as potential anti-cancer agents
· Drug delivery systems and emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of glioblastoma
· CTDNA in solid tumors
· Cholesterol treatments (including Pitavastatin) and their potential in cancer treatment

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Table of Contents
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)
Usage Rules:
Disclaimer:
Limitation of Liability:
General:
PREFACE
List of Contributors
Essential Oils and Monoterpenes as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
DISCUSSION
Cancer Cell line
Abbreviations
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
A Glance at Drug Delivery Systems and Emerging Immunotherapeutic Strategies for the Treatment of Glioblastoma
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
GLIOBLASTOMA STANDARD TREATMENT
IMMUNOTHERAPY IN GBM
Immunomodulator Therapy
Passive Immunotherapy: Current State of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Adoptive Therapy
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs)
Anti-PD1/PD-L1 Therapies
Anti-CTL4 Therapy
Adoptive Cell Therapy
Current Vaccine Trials in GBM
Dendritic Cell Vaccine
Peptide Vaccine
Heat Shock Protein-based Vaccine
Combination Strategies
Checkpoint Inhibitors Combination Therapy
Different Combination Strategies Targeting Other Immunotherapeutic Pathways
DRUG DELIVERY-BASED APPROACH
Pre-clinical Studies on Brain-targeted Nanocarriers
Clinical Studies on Brain-targeted Nanocarriers
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ADVANCES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
ctDNA in Solid Tumors: Role in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
BREAST CANCER
ctDNA as Diagnostic Biomarker of Breast Cancer
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker of Breast Cancer
ctDNA in the Targeted Therapy of Breast Cancer
NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
ctDNA as Diagnostic Biomarker of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
ctDNA in the Targeted Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
COLORECTAL CANCER
Epigenetic Markers as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer
ctDNA as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer
Predictive ctDNA Markers in Colorectal Cancer
PROSTATE CANCER
ctDNA as Diagnostic Biomarker in Prostate Cancer
ctDNA as Prognostic Biomarker in Prostate Cancer
Predictive ctDNA Markers in Prostate Cancer
OTHER TUMORS
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Head and Neck Cancer Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ovarian Cancer
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Pitavastatin and Cancer: Current and Future Prospects
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
PITAVASTATIN: THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND
ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES OF PITAVASTATIN
Antitumor Effects of Pitavastatin In Vitro
Anti-proliferative Effect of Pitavastatin
Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest
Apoptosis Activation
Activation of Autophagy
Anti-migration Effect
Anti-inflammatory Effect
Antitumor Effects of Pitavastatin In Vivo
Chemical Carcinogenesis Studies
Tumor Xenograft Studies
PITAVASTATIN TARGETS CELLULAR PATHWAYS
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Cholesterol: A Potential Target for Intervention in Anti-Cancer Therapy
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
Potential Carcinogenic Effect
Polycyclic Cholesterol: A Perspective on Cell Proliferation and Carcinogenicity
TRANSMEMBRANE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORTERS
Plasma Membrane Transporter: LDLR
Mitochondrial Membrane Transporter: StAR and PBR
Nuclear Membrane Transporter: PBR
INTER-CORRELATION BETWEEN CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORTERS AND CELL PROLIFERATION
INTRACELLULAR CHOLESTEROL, CELL CYCLE ACTIVITY AND CELL PROLIFERATION
Cholesterol: A Steer to Cell Cycle Activity and Cell Proliferation
CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS IN CANCER TUMOUR CELLS
Cholesterol Homeostasis in Leukemia
Cholesterol Homeostasis in Prostate Carcinoma
Cholesterol Homeostasis in Breast Carcinoma
REPROGRAMMED CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN CANCER CELLS
IMMUNE CELL SUPPRESSION BY CARCINOGEN AND CARCINOMA
Does Carcinogen Target Cholesterol to Abrogate Immune Cells?
Effect of Carcinogen on T-Cell Immunity and the Role of Cholesterol
Effect of Carcinogen on B-cell Immunity and the Role of Cholesterol
BIPHASIC ROLE OF CHOLESTEROL IN PROMOTING TUMOR CELL PROLIFERATION AND TUMOR DEFENSIVE IMMUNE CELL DEATH
ANTI-CANCER ANTI-CHOLESTEROL TARGET
ANTI-CANCER DRUG TARGETS: PREVENTION AGAINST INIMICAL DOUBLE-EDGED REPROGRAMMED CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents
(Volume 7)
Edited By
Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS
Kings College,
University of Cambridge,
Cambridge,
UK

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PREFACE

Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Anti-Cancer Agents presents recent developments of various therapeutic approaches against different types of cancer. The book is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists, postgraduate students, and researchers seeking updated and critical information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in anti-cancer research.

The five chapters in this volume are written by eminent authorities in the field. Chapter 1 presents the latest research progress in the use of essential oils and monoterpenes as anti-cancer agents. Chapter 2 gives an overview of current innovative approaches to glioblastoma, focusing on the therapeutic benefits of immunotherapeutic agents and drug delivery systems. Chapter 3 summarizes the roles of ctDNA in clinical practice for diagnosis, treatment choices and responses to therapy in various solid cancers. Chapter 4 focuses on the anti-cancer effects of pitavastatin, including its mechanism of action as well as the potential adverse reactions linked to its clinical use. Chapter 5 discusses the biphasic role of cholesterol, in and around the cancer tumor, as a model target for anti-cancer therapeutic management.

I hope that the readers will find these reviews valuable and thought-provoking so that they may trigger further research in the quest for new and novel therapies against cancers.

I am grateful for the timely efforts made by the editorial personnel, especially Mr. Mahmood Alam (Director Publications) and Mrs. Salma Sarfaraz (Senior Manager Publications) at Bentham Science Publishers.

Atta-ur-Rahman, FRS Kings College University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

List of Contributors

Amar Preet KaurDepartment of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, IndiaAyantika TalukdarDivision of Genetics and Development, University Health Network, Toronto, CanadaClaudia FerroniDepartment of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, ItalyCuauhtemoc PérezDepartamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de México, MéxicoDolunay Merve FakioğluDepartment of Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, TurkeyEce Miser SalihoğluDepartment of Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, TurkeyGreta VarchiItalian National Research Council, Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), Bologna, ItalyJulia Pérez-RamosDepartamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de México, MéxicoMarzia Bruna GariboldiDepartment of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Varese, ItalyNimsi Campos-XolalpaDepartamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de México, MéxicoNimisha SaxenaDepartment of Biochemistry, KDMCH & Research Center, Akbarpur, Mathura, IndiaNimai Chand ChandraDepartment of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, IndiaRoberto SerranoDepartamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de México, MéxicoSalud PérezDepartamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropo-litana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de México, MéxicoShrimanjunath SankanagoudarDepartment of Biochemistry, KDMCH & Research Center, Akbarpur, Jodhpur, IndiaSaeb AliwainiDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, Rimal Street, Gaza 108, PalestineSevgi AkaydinDepartment of Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey

Essential Oils and Monoterpenes as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents

Julia Pérez-Ramos1,Nimsi Campos-Xolalpa1,Roberto Serrano1,Cuauhtemoc Pérez1,Salud Pérez1,*
1 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud Ciudad de México, México 04960

Abstract

Cancer is a complex disease, and some projections indicate that in 2030, cancer mortality will reach approximately 11.4 million deaths worldwide. One treatment for cancer is chemotherapy. However, cancer cells could present resistance to the therapeutic compounds, and these compounds also have adverse effects. New drugs with anticancer activity have been successfully found in plants. Essential oils (EOs) are a mixture of over 100 volatile organic compounds abundant in aromatic plants. EOs are mainly composed of compounds of low molecular weight, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenolic compounds. The chemical composition of EOs depends mainly on the plant species, place of origin, and climatic conditions. Generally, the EO density at room temperature is lower than that of water. They are brown, yellow, or colorless, and they have a perceptible aroma. EOs have been used throughout history in different areas, such as in foods, cosmetics, cleaning supplies, and traditional medicine for the treatment of certain health problems. Monoterpenes, built from two isoprene molecules, are hydrocarbon terpenes and oxygenated compounds (terpenoids), such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters. Monoterpenes are one of the main chemical constituents of EOs that have appeared in a large number of studies, and their anticancer efficacy has been documented between 2015-2020. This review presents the latest research progress in the use of EOs and monoterpenes as anticancer agents. The 115 EOs and 26 monoterpenes obtained from 36 different plant families included in this review show that Asteraceae and Lamiaceae have been the most studied families during this period.

Keywords: Antitumoral activity, Cytotoxic activity, Cancer, Cell lines, Essential oils, Monoterpenes.
*Corresponding author Salud Pérez: Department of Sistemas Biológicos, University Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa, Ciudad de México, México. E-mail:[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Cancer is a disease with one of the highest rates of death worldwide. In 2018, 9.6 million deaths were attributed to cancer. Cancer is a disease with significant mortality and morbidity in all regions of the world. The mortality and incidence of cancer are rapidly increasing worldwide. The increase is associated with age and growing population and changes in the prevalence of the main risk factors for cancer [1].

The types of cancer with the highest number of deaths worldwide are lung, liver, gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer. In men, the most frequent type of cancer (the main cause of death) is lung cancer, followed by prostate, colorectal, liver, and stomach cancer. Additionally, in women, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and is the main cause of death, followed by lung and colorectal cancer. Cervical cancer is fourth in incidence and mortality. However, the type of cancer with the highest diagnosis rate and the highest death rate varies between countries depending on economic development, social factors, and the lifestyle of the populations [2].

The main causes of cancer have been determined to be physical (ultraviolet radiation), chemical (asbestos, tobacco smoke, aflatoxins, and arsenic), and biological (viruses, bacteria, and parasites). Cancer development can also be caused by the hereditary genetic load of the body [3].

Cancer is characterized by the accelerated and uncontrolled growth of cells. Cancer defines malignant neoplasms characterized by metastatic growth [4]. It can occur in almost any organ or tissue in relation to a variety of etiological factors, such as genomic instability and environmental stress [4]. During the development of cancer, a multistep process is present, during which genetic alterations confer specific types of growth benefits; these alterations, therefore, drive the progressive transformation from normal cells to malignant cancer cells. Alterations in malignant cell growth are characterized by several key changes. Cells tend to alter their division cycle, presenting the following characteristics: sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death producing angiogenesis, activating invasion to other organs, metastasis, and enabling replicative immortality [5]. Cancer cells can generate a tumor, an irregular mass of tissue, which may or may not be solid, and can be differentiated into malignant or benign forms. Malignant forms can grow rapidly, invade and metastasize, and potentially cause death. There are several treatments of cancer, such as radiation therapy, surgery, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. These treatments can be used individually or concomitantly, depending on the stage of advancement of cancer [1]. Chemotherapy is a treatment based on the use of drugs with cytotoxic activity, and in some cases, it can be applied before surgery in order to reduce the size of the tumor. Cytotoxic compounds can induce death in cancer cells, and the type of death that occurs is apoptosis [6]. Cell death by apoptosis aids in tissue homeostasis. This process is carried out by mitochondrial permeabilization and caspase activation. Chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation are characteristics of apoptotic cells, which are ultimately eliminated by phagocytes. The dysregulation of apoptosis can contribute to pathologies such as cancer, autoimmune or neurodegenerative diseases [7].

More than 80% of chemotherapy drugs have been obtained from plants [8]. These drugs have shown activity against cancer. However, they also produce adverse effects, so alternatives are currently being sought for this disease. EOs and their different constituents have been a new source of cytotoxic and antitumor compounds. Currently, different in vivo and in vitro studies have been performed.

Many cultures have used EOs in religious practices, dating back to as early as 6000 BC. Later, ancient Egyptians used cypress, spikenard, and lotus oils in rituals and placed amphoras containing fragrant oils in the tombs for the voyage to the afterlife [9]. Additionally, they used EOs in medicine, perfumery, and cleansing. In Greece, visions of the oracles at Delphi came through inhalation of the smoke produced by Laurus nobilis [10]. The Greek and the Romans associated fragrances with their gods, but they also used EOs in baths and perfumery. The Persians made great contributions to the knowledge of aromatics and medicine. When the Crusaders returned to Europe, they brought perfumes, aromatics, and remedies unknown to Europeans before. Over the next few hundred years, the range of aromatic medicines became more popular, and the industry of EOs increased, providing oils for fragrance, flavor, and pharmaceutical purposes. In recent years, the therapeutic use of EOs has increased [11].

EOs are defined as highly concentrated aromatic oils of plant origin that are obtained from the leaves, flowers, barks, seeds, fruit peels, and rhizomes. EOs are a complex mixture of low molecular weight compounds, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, straight-chain aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic compounds, and in some oils, allyl sulfides are found [12]. Many oils contain between a few dozen to 200 compounds. The chemical composition of EOs depends on many factors, such as the climate, season, geographical location, plant maturity, drying method, genetic variation, and stress during growth and storage. Thus, the variability in the EOs composition influences their properties [13, 14]. EOs are obtained by hydro or steam distillation [15], solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction [16], or cold pressing process [17].

The function of EOs in plants could be dependent on environmental interactions. Moreover, they play an important role in protecting plants from predators and pathogens [18, 19]. In the agriculture, nutritional, cosmetic, flavoring, and pharmaceutical industries, EOs have a wide range of applications [20, 21] because they have several biological activities, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, repellent, and anticancer activities [22]. Recent studies have reported the antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of several EOs against different cancer cell lines. For example, the oils of Citrus limon had cytotoxic effects against the T47D, MDA-MB-231 and SH-SY5Y cell lines [23], Schinus terebinthifolius showed activity against HepG2 and Caco-2 cells [24], Boswellia dalzielii was active against OVCAR-3 cells [25], and Cymbopogon flexuosus showed anticancer activity against 502713 and IMR-32 cells and caused apoptosis in the HL-60 cell line [26].

Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids (oxygenated terpene derivatives), representing main EOs components, are the result of the combination of isoprene units (C5H8). Many studies have reported that these compounds have many pharmacological activities, such as wound healing [27], anti-inflammatory [28], and anticancer [29]. For example, myrcene, limonene, and α-phellandrene presented cytotoxic activity against the HCT 116, HepG2, and MCF-7 cell lines [24]. Smaller terpenes like monoterpenes such as geraniol, citral, and linalyl acetate, are obtained by synthetic methods, and many of them are commercially available. Several monoterpenes have been used as excipients in the preparation of nanostructure systems [21].

Several EOs have cytotoxic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antiogenic activities on cancer cells. The cytotoxic and antitumoral effects involved multiple pathways (Fig.1), such as induction of apoptosis, antiproliferative activity, modulation of DNA damage, MDR reduction. Different studies have found that EOs have cell membrane permeability. EOs are capable of diminishing phase I enzymes such as cytochrome (CytC) and increase phase II enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), preventing oxidative damage. Also these oils can interrupt mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in a decrease of GSH and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), caspase 3, and caspase 9 activity, causing apoptosis. Other pathways such as mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), Akt (Phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B), PARP (Poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase), AP1 (Activator protein-1), NF-ⱪB (Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma protein) are altered by EOs to induce apoptosis in cancer cells [30].

Fig. (1)) Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by alteration of multiple pathways caused by EOs. Mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm), CDK-interacting protein 1 (p21), Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK).

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of studies on the potential cytotoxic and antitumoral activities of 115 EOs of 106 different species and to present the main components of these EOs, along with the inclusion of 26 monoterpenes with cytotoxic effects Table 1.

Table 1Cytotoxic and antitumoral activities and the main components of EOs. center Plant & FamilyPlace CollectionCompositionActivityCell LineAssayAloysia citriodora Verbenaceae [23]PeruLimonene 36.7% Sabinene 24.0%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 29.3 119.2 64.5 56.9 113.9 124.7Boswellia sacra Burseraceae [23]SomaliaCamphene 29.4% 1-Propanol, 2-(hydroxypropoxy)- (E)-β-Ocimene 14,4%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 13.7 231.0 NA NA NA 165.4Boswellia serrata Burseraceae [23]Indiaα-thujone 54.2%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 75.4 71.6 112.9 89.4 NA 227.9Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae [23]Sri Lanka(E)-cinnamaldehyde 56.4%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 5.2 20.8 21.8 20.1 56.1 NACitrus aurantium Rutaceae [23]ItalyLimonene 94.7%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 91.3 82.81 128.6 74.8 NA 184.2Citrus limon Rutaceae [23]ItalyLimonene 65.7%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 77.2 57.4 43.9 37.2 19.6 138.3Citrus sinensis Rutaceae [23]MexicoLimonene 95.5%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 13.7 39.1 87 39.1 43.1 302.2Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae [23]NepalGeranial 38.4% Neral 35.2%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 57.9 98.7 97.8 38.4 109.5 NAFoeniculum vulgare Apiaceae [23, 31]Italy(E)-anetol 46.9% Fenchone 20.1%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47DESCsIC50 ppm MTT NA 165.0 201.0 NA NA 152.1Kerman Golestan Azerbaijantrans-anethole 78.47% 79.65% 78.68%MCF-7IC50 µg/mL MTT 14.43 11.34 15.98Illicium verum Illiaceae [23]Vietnam(E)-anetol 89.8%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 116.1 143.6 Na NA 171.7 213.7Litsea cubeba Lauraceae [23]ChinaGeranial 36.4% Neral 32.5%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 11.1 32.2 28.6 13.4 93.7 96.9Satureja montana Lamiaceae [23, 32]SpainCarvacrol 47.1%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT NA 44.0 98.8 NA NA 119.3SerbiaLinalool 8.1 mg/gE Carvacrol 571 mg/gE γ-Terpinene 52.2 mg/gEHeLa K562 MDA-MB-453 MRC-5IC50 μg/mL MTT 59.85 335.70 94.40 81.25Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae [23]MadagascarEugenol 77.9%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 89.6 126.8 NA NA NA NAThymus capitatus Lamiaceae [23, 33]SpainCarvacrol 82.5%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 63.0 94.1 NA NA NA 162.9LibyaCarvacrol 68.19% Thymol 12.29%MRC-5 HCT 116 HT-29IC50 μg/mL MTT Range 30–150Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae [23, 34]ItalyThymol 52.6%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 67.2 39.9 49.3 61.5 NA 152.7Portugal7-tetracyclo [6.2.1.0(3.8)0(3.9)] undecanol 4,4,11,11- tetramethyl-germacrene-DRKO MCF-7IC50 µg/mL MTS 0.15 0.47PolandThymol 48.6% β- Phellandrene 18.4% ϒ-Terpinene 8.8%HeLaCytotoxicity % MTT 98.81Cistus ladanifer Cistaceae [23]Spainα-pinene 45.0%K562 MCF-7 SH-SY5Y MDA-MB231 T47D ESCsIC50 ppm MTT 46.9 90.0 92.8 128.1 NA 264.7Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardeaceaes [24]Egyptβ-phellandrene Leaves 19.88% Fruits 32.40%HepG2 Caco-2IC50 µg/mL MTT 1.56 10.13Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae [32]SerbiaLinalool 32.1 mg/gE Camphor 11.0 mg/gE α-Terpineol 4.2 mg/gE Geraniol 1.2 mg/gEHeLa K562 MDA-MB-453 MRC-5IC50 μg/mL MTT 292.85 387.20 697.40 751.00Melaleuca alternifolia Myrtaceae [34]PolandTerpinen 41.9% τ-Terpinene 17.8% α-Terpinene 8.0%HeLaCytotoxicity % MTT 98.8Mentha piperita ‎Lamiaceae [34]PolandMenthol 43.9% Menthone 23.1% 1,8-Cineole 6.6%HeLaCytotoxicity % MTT 64.20Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae [34]Polandα-Copaene 85.2% (E)-β-Caryophyllene 9.9% α-Humolene 1.9%HeLaCytotoxicity % MTT 97.60Abies alba Pinaceae [35]PolandBornyl acetate 2.1% α-pinene 12.1% Camphene 11.2%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT Range 50-100Abies koreana Pinaceae [35]Polandα-pinene 6.3% Camphene 2.5% Limonene 53.7%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT Range 50-100Annona vepretorum Annonaceae [36]BrazilianBicyclogermacrene 35.7% Spathulenol 18.8% (E)-β-ocimene 12.4% α-phellandrene 8.0%o-cymene 6.2% Germacrene D 3.2% α-pinene 2.1%B16-F10 HepG2 K562 HL-60 PBMCsIC50 μg/mL ABR 9.90 10.60 8.43 6.14 22.82In mice C57BL/ inoculated with B16-F10 mouse melanoma. In vivo tumour growth was inhibited 34.46%.Artemisia absinthium Asteraceae [37]SpainLinalool 2%cis-epoxycimene 39.8% Camphor 4.5%A549 H292 HCT 116 MCF-7 SKMEL-5 HS5IC50 μg/mL MTT 79.5 76.7 51.1 91.3 60.1 80.5Artemisia caerulescens Asteraceae [38]Italy(E)-nerolidol 4.5% β-oplopenone 3.3%cis-sabinene hydrate 5.2% Terpinen-4-ol 4.7%A375, MDA-MB231 HCT 116IC50 μg/mL MTT Range 5.20–7.61Artemisia diffusa Asteraceae [39]IranCamphor 28.3% 1,8-cineole 21.0% β-thujone 14.2%HeLaIC50 μg/mL MTT 16.34Artemisia herba alba Asteraceae [40]MoroccoTerpinen-4-ol 2.43% Piperitone 2.69% β-thujone 6.14%cis-sabinol 2.40% Camphor 5.12% Fenchol 3.86% Verbenol 21.83% Myrtenol 4.19%P815IC50 μg/mL MTT 15Cedronella canariensis Lamiaceae [41]SpainPinocarvone 58.0% β-pinene 10.8%A375 MDA-MB-231 HCT 116IC50 μg/mL MTT 4.3 7.3 11.4Croton zehntneri Euphorbiaceae [42]Brazil1,8 cineole 0.3% Estragole 84.7% Anisaldehyde 1.6% 3(2H)-Benzofuranone, 2,4-dimethyl- 3.2% (+) Spathulenol 5.6% Aromadendrene 3.1% Methyl farnesoate 1%MCF-7 HEP-2 NCI-H292IC50 μg/mL MTT Range 4.54-8.47Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae [43-45]Nigeriaar-turmerone 63.4% α-turmerone 13.7% β-turmerone 12.6%Hs 578T PC-3IC50 μg/mL ANRCP 98.86 97.94Chinaar-turmerone 0.9-42.8% β-turmerone 5.1-42.5% α-zingiberene 0.2-25%ar-curcumene 1.2-15.7% β-sesquipellandrene 0.05-14.8%B16 LNCaPIC50 μg/mL SRB 13.96 – 135.97 16.41 -127.81Brazilα-Turmerone 23.5% β-Turmerone 22.7%ar-Turmerone 33.2%HepG2 HeLaIC50 µg/mL MTT 614.7 211Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiacea [45]Brazilα pinene 12.4% 1,8-Cineole 52.2% Camphor 15.2%HepG2 HeLaIC50 µg/mL MTT 633 909Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae [45]BrazilCamphene 16.4% 1,8-Cineole 8.9% β-Phellandrene 8.8%HepG2 HeLaIC50 µg/mL MTT 635 141.4Dictamnus angustifolius Rutaceae [46]ChinaTetramethyl enecyclobutane 42% Fraxinellone 19% Salsoline 7.9% Machilol 5.9% α-elemol 2.9% Pyrethrolon 2.8% 2-methyl-3,4-divinyl-1-cyclohexene 2.1%A549 MCF-7 B16 LoVoIC50 μg/mL MTT NA 15 57 26Duguetia gardneriana Annonaceae [47]Brazilβ-bisabolene 80.9% Elemicin 8% Germacrene D 4.1% Cyperene 2.8%B16-F10 HepG2 HL-60 K562IC50 μg/mL Resazurin 16.89 19.16 13.08 19.33Jatropha ribifolia Euphorbiaceae [48]Brazilβ-pinene 9.2% Isoeugenol methyl ether 8.5% Vatirenene 8.4% α-gurjunene 7.0% Endo-8-hydroxy- cycloisolongifolene 6.6% α-pinene 6.4%p-menth-1-en-8-ol 5.2%U251 MCF-7 NCI-ADR/RES 786-0 NCI-H460 OVCAR-3 HT-29 K562 PC-3IC50 μg/mL SRB 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 6.2 8.0 25.0 18.3 12.8Mentha x villosa Lamiaceae [49]BrazilRotundifolone 70.9% Limonene 8.7% Germacrene D 3.8% Myrcene 3.1%trans-caryophyllene 1.4%HCT 116 OVCAR-8 SF-295IC50 μg/mL MTT 0.57 0.86 1.02Moringa oleifera Moringaceae [50]EgyptOctadecenoic 70.1% Hexadecanoic 6.8% Octadecanoic 6.5% Docosanoic acid 5.8%L929 Caco-2 MCF-7 HepG2 HeLaIC50 μg/mL MTT >1000.0 >1000.0 226.1 751.9 442.8Nectandra leucantha Lauraceae [51]BrazilGermacrene A 7.34% Spathulenol 5.82% Globulol 5.25% α-pinene 6.59% β-pinene 4.57%B16-F10-Nex2 U87 HeLa HCT MCF-7 SiHaIC50 μg/mL MTT 33 75.9 60 194.9 193.79 180Origanum dictamnus Lamiaceae [52]GreeceCarvacrol 52.2% ϒ-terpinene 8.4%p-cymene 6.1% Linalool 1.4% Caryophyllene 1.3%Hep-G2EC50% SRB 0.00699Satureja intermedia Lamiaceae [53]Iranγ-terpinene 37.1% Thymol 30.2%p-cymene 16.2% Limonene 3.9% α-terpinene 3.3% Myrcene 2.5% Germacrene B 1.4% Elemicine 1.1% Carvacrol 0.5%Hep-G2 MCF-7IC50 μg/mL crystal violet >50 >50Tetradenia riparia Lamiaceae [54]BrazilFenchone 18.9% Aromadendrene oxide 17.3% (E,E)-farnesol 17.7% Aromadendrene oxide 17.3% (E)-caryophyllene 4.4% Camphor 4.3% δ-cadinene 4.3%V79IC50 μg/mL XTT 253.5Teucrium pseudochamaepitys Lamiaceae [55]Caryophyllene oxide 6.3% Myristicin 4.9% α-cubebene 3.9%Hep-G2IC50 μg/mL MTT 589.6Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae [32, 56]SerbiaEugenol 39.60 mg/gE Eucalyptol 32.10 mg/gE Geraniol 22 mg/gE Methylchavicol 21 mg/gEHeLa K562 MDA-MB-453 MRC-5IC50 μg/mL MTT 285.70 220.00 536.50 719.70GreekMethyl chavicol 74.9%HepG2 Caco2 MCF-7 THP-1EC50 mg/mL SRB 0.18 0.071 0.17 EC50 mg/mL XTT 0.67Mentha spicata Lamiaceae [56]GreekCarvone 85.4%HepG2 Caco2 MCF-7 THP-1EC50 mg/mL SRB 0.22 0.16 0.284 EC50 mg/mL XTT 0.71Pimpinella anisum Apiaceae [56]Greektrans-anethole 88.1%HepG2 Caco2 MCF-7 THP-1EC50 mg/mL SRB 0.39 0.25 0.3 EC50 mg/mL XTT 0.11Fortunella margarita Rutaceae [56]GreekLimonene 93.8%HepG2 Caco2 MCF-7 THP-1EC50 mg/mL SRB NA 0.1 NA EC50 mg/mL XTT 0.1Elsholtzia ciliata Lamiaceae [57]LithuaniaElsholtzia ketone 14.58% Dehydroelsholtzia ketone 63.71%U87 Panc-1 MDA-MB231EC50% MTT Range 0.017–0.021Lycium europaeum Solanaceae [58]ItalyAcid Palmitic 18.41% Acid Oleic 13.53% Acid Linolei 52.01% Acid α-linolenic 6.49%Caco-2IC50 μg/mL MTT >500Curcuma aromatica Zingiberaceae [59]China8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene 2.6-36.8% Germacrone 4.3-16.5%ar-turmerone 2.5-17.6% Turmerone 2.6-18.3% Ermanthin 0.75-13.2%B16 LNCaPIC50 μg/mL MTT Range 30.6 – 126.2 Range 156.1 –259.6Citrus medica Rutaceae [60]GreceLimonene 88-64% Myrcene 2.31% Nerol 2.57%HepG2 Caco2 MCF-7 THP-1IC50 μg/mL XTT 91 13 160 5.7Tanacetumvulgare Asteraceae [61]Serbiatrans-chrysanthenyl acetate 41.5%cis-tujone 5.28%trans-tujone 9.04% Camphor 4.9% 1,8-cineole 3.88%HeLa MRC-5IC50 μg/mL MTT > 250 > 300Nepeta artanensis Lamiaceae [62]Serbiatrans, cis-nepeta lactone 71.66%cis, trans-nepeta lactone 17.21% α-pinene 3.28% 2-metoxy-p-cresol 1.85%HeLa K562 A549 LS-174 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 0.050 0.052 0.064 0.093 0.097Bacharis milleflora Asteraceae [63]BrazilBicyclogerma crene 12.16% Germacrene D 11.18% (E)-caryo phyllene 9.28% α-humulene 8.05%Jurkat HL-60 RajiIC50 μg/mL MTT 36.34 22.13 20.07Lippia alba Verbenaceae [64]ColombiaNeral 19.3-24.4% Geraniol 17.2-31.5% Geranial 46.2-29.7% Caryop 2.7-1.6%K562IC50 μg/mL ABR Range 17-38Citrus volkameriana Rutaceae [65]EgyptLimonene 68.50% ϒ-terpinene 11.3%HEp2 MCF-7 A549 HeLa MCF10AIC50 µg/mL MTT 0.045 0.075 0.093 0.13 0.106Crassocephalum crepidioides Astereaceae [66]Indiaβ-myrcene 65.9% β-phellandrene 8.8% α-pinene 3.1%SiHa KB Colo-205IC50 µg/mL MTT 59.8 67.9 84.5Orobanche cernua Orobanchaceae [67]ChinaDiethylhexyl adipate 35.34% 2-methylheptane 12.65% α-cadinol 7.25% Diethylphthalate 5.17% Dibutyl phthalate 4.07% 3-methylheptane 3.51% 1-tetradecanol 3.39%SH-SY5Y BV-2IC50 µg/mL MTT 55.89 482.1Myrtus communis Myrtaceae [68, 69]MoroccoMethyl eugenol 18.7% α-terpineol 15.5% Geranyl acetate 11.6%MCF-7 P815IC50 µg/mL MTT 4.0 6.25Cairoα-pinene 26.9% 1,8-cineol 20.3% Linalool 9.4% Myrtenyl acetate 8.8% Limonene 7.2% Linalyl acetate 3.9%HL-60 NB4 EACCLC50 µg/mL TBE 104.55 137.01 58.30 Life span % compare with control 330.44Origanum vulgare Lamiaceae [69]CairoThymol 25.48% Carvacrol 10.29% ϒ-terpinene 4.43% Terpinen-4-ol 3.94% β-caryophyllene 3.87%HL-60 NB4 EACCLC50 µg/mL TBE 60.43 73.65 182.52 Life span % compared with control 252.73Alluaudia procera Didiereaceae [70]ItalyMacrolactones 58.7%HL60 HL60RIC50 µg/mL MTT 25.5 45.8Cyphostemma juttae Vitaceae [71]ItalyPhytol 30%MDA-MB-231 SUM 149IC50 µg/mL MTS 46 64Meriandra dianthera Lamiaeae [72]Saudi ArabiaCamphor 54.3%MCF-7 HepG2 LoVo HUVECIC50 µg/mL MTT 83.6 91.2 84.2 105.7Seseli tortuosum Apiaceae [73]Portugalα-pinene, β-pinene isomer 1RKO MCF-7IC50 µg/mL MTS 0.0086 0.034Artemisia campestris Astereaceae [73]Portugalβ-pinene isomer 1 ϒ-MuuroleneRKO MCF-7IC50 µg/mL MTS 0.32 0.35Otanthus maritimus Astereaceae [73]PortugalChrysanthenone isomer 1 Verbenyl acetateRKO MCF-7IC50 µg/mL MTS 0.21 0.34Anethum graveolens Apiaceae [74]Saudi ArabiaCarvone 53.13% Dillapole 25.42%HepG2IC50 µg/mL MTT 56.9Leontopodium leontopodioides Astereaceae [75]ChinaPalmitic acid 11.6%n-pentadecanal 5.7%HepG2 MCF-7IC50 µg/mL MTT 70.4 67.44Daucus carota Apiaceae [76]Egypt8-Methoxypsoralen α-asarone 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehydeMCF-7IC50 μg/mL MTT 9.12Osmunda regalis Osmundaceae [77]TunisiaHexahydrofarnesyl acetone 11.82% Phytol 6.46% 2,4-di-t-Butylphenol 6.80%Hep-2IC50 μg/mL MTT 1772.41Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae [78]Burkina FasoNeral 34.37% Geranial 48.18%LNCap PC-3 SF-767 SF-763IC50 μg/mL MTT 160.1 303.2 255.1 217.0Cymbopogon giganteus Poaceae [78]Burkina FasoLimonene 19.33%cis-mentha-1 (7),8-dien-2-ol 17.34%LNCap PC-3 SF-767 SF-763IC50 μg/mL MTT 6.4 32.1 45.1 172.1Pistacia khinjuk Anacardiaceae [79]Iranβ-Caryophyllene 25.32% α-Pinene 14.98% Myrcene 16.51%MCF-7IC50 μg/mL MTT 29.6Myoporum insulare Scrophulariaceae [80]TunisiaElemicin 20.1% Spathulenol 16.8% α-cadinol 16.8% τ-cadinol 14.2%A549 HeLaIC50 μg/mL MTT 74.20 98.87Cymbopogon flexuosu Poaceae [81]IndiaCitral 140.7 μg/mL Geraniol 117 μg/mLMCF-7IC50 μg/mL MTT 69.33Anthriscus caucalis Apiaceae [82]Chinaβ-bisabolene 28.4% Germacrene D 18.9% (Z, E)-α-farnesene 16.8% ϒ-muurolene 7.3%HepG2 MCF-7IC50 μg/mL MTT 67.50 55.83Hypericum triquetrifolium Hypericaceae [83]TurkeyGermacrene-D 21.7% β-caryophyllene 18.3% δ-cadinene 6.4%COR-L23 HCT 116IC50 μg/mL SRB 5.73 500Teucrium pruinosum Lamiaceae [84]PalestineAgarospirol 45.53%HeLaIC50 μg/mL MTT 3.84Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae [85]TurkeyNot determinateA549 H1299 C6IC50 μg/mL MTT 114.47 62.50 69.56Juniperus communis Cupressaceae [86]Indiaα-pinene 6.3-49.0% Limonene 16.6-32.8% Sabinene 3.0-4.7%SiHa A549 A431IC50 μg/mL MTT 150.6 134.4 98.0Blepharocalyx salicifolius Myrtaceae [87]BrazilBicyclogermacrene 17.50% Globulol 14.13% Viridiflorol 8.83% ϒ-eudesmol 7.89% α-eudesmol 6.88%MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 46.60Pistacia atlantica Anacardiaceae [88]Iranβ-E-ocimene 29.7% Myrcene 17.1% β-Z-ocimene 17.0% α-pinene 10.2% Ecaryophyllene 7.1%B16-F10IC50 μg/mL MTT 200Cinnamomum cassia Lauraceae [89]USA(E)-cinnamaldehyde 79.9% (E)-o-methoxy Cinnamaldehyde 12%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 14.0 16.9Cinnamomumzeylanicum Lauraceae [89]USA(E)-cinnamaldehyde 63.9% Eugenol 7.0% (E)-cinnamyl acetate 5.1%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 13.3 24.2Copaifera officinalis Fabaceae [89]USAβ-caryophyllene 87.3%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 22.7 67.2Boswellia carteri Burseraceae [89]USALimonene 22.4% β-caryophyllene 22.2%p-cymene 10.0% δ-cadinene 9.4% α-copaene 4.8%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 39.8 50.6Citrus aurantifoli Rutaceae [89]USALimonene 51.9% β-pinene 18.8% ϒ-terpinene 8.1%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 67.4 40.3Copaifera officinali Fabaceae [89]USAβ-caryophyllene 87.3%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 22.7 67.2Cymbopogonflexuosus Poaceae [89]USAGeranial 49.9% Neral 23.4% Geraniol 7.6% Geranyl acetate 6.4%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 23.1 30.7Juniperusvirginiana Cupressaceae [89]USAα-cedrene 41.4%cis-thujopsene 20.0% Cedrol 13.4% β-cedrene 7.5%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 37.2 35.7Melissa officinalis Lamiaceae [89]USAGeranial 30.2% Neral 23.1% β-caryophyllene 13.4%MCF-7 MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 32.4 28.1Croton matourensis Euphorbiaceae de [90]Brazilp-cymene 5.05% β-caryophyllene 12.41% Cembrene 7.12% Thunbergol 11.74%MCF-7 HCT 116 HepG2 HL-60IC50 μg/mL MTT 23.3 28.9 28.5 17.8Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae [91]Iran(E)-Caryophyllene 28% Caryophyllene oxide 15% Humulene 13% β-Myrcene 11%MCF-7 MDA-MB-468IC50 μg/mL MTT 83.2 53.0Stachys lavandulifolia Lamiaceae [92]Iranα-bisabolol 23.85% Thymol 17.88%MDA-MB-23IC50 μg/mL MTT 88.23Salvia suffruticosa Lamiaceae [93]Iranβ-caryophyllene 27.35% Bicyclogermacrene 22.15% Germacrene-D 9.49% β-farnesene 9.08%MCF-7 T-47D MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 33.38 36.70 23.66Satureja thymbra [94]GreeceCarvacrol 39% Thymol 12.59%p-cymene 8.83% ϒ-terpinene 10.61%MCF-7EC50% (v/v) SRB 0.002Satureja parnassica Lamiaceae [94]GreeceCarvacrol 33.72% Thymol 17.82%p-cymenene 10.32% ϒ-terpinene 15.47%MCF-7EC50% (v/v) SRB 0.08Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae [95]YemenAscarole 54.2% Isoascaridol 2.7%p-cymene 8.1%HT-29GI % MTT 100 (50 µg/mL) 56 (25 µg/mL)Tridaxprocumbens Asteraceae [96]IndiaDibutyl phthalate 19.29%trans-(α)- caryophyllene 9.55%p-cymen-7-ol 2.52% 1,8-cineole 2.44%MCF-7IC50 µg/mL MTT 96.6Xylopia langsdorffiana Annonaceae [97]Brazilα-pinene 34.75% Limonene 31.75% Camphene 11.50% Sclarene 10.38% Caryophyllene oxide 3.79%U251 NCI-ADR/RES MCF-7 786-O NCI-H460 PC-3 OVCAR HT-29 K562 HaCatGI µg/mL SRB 118 45.4 102 107 192 78.4 ≥250 119 1.8 76Aquilaria crassna Thymelaeaceae [98]Malaysiaβ-Caryophyllene 8.11% 2-Naphthalene methanol 6.19% 1-Phenanthrene Carboxylic acid 7.1%HCT 116 PANC-1 MCF-7 PC3 HUVECIC50 µg/mL MTT 28 32 79 110 53Illicium verum Illiciaceae [99]Malaysiatans-anethole 7.0% Elaidic acid 5.0% Palmitic acid 3.7%HCT 116 HT-29 CCD-18coIC50 µg/mL MTT 50 100 200Moringa peregrina Moringaceae [100]Saudi Arabia Eastern part of EgyptNot determinateHeLa HepG2 MCF-7 Caco-2 L929IC50 µg/mL MTT 366.3 604.3 850. 721.7 935.8Ficus mucoso Welw Moraceae [101]Nigeriaα- phellandrene 13.0%p-cymene 11.3% Germacrene D 10.5% β-caryophyllene 9.7% 1,8-cineole 9.5% α-copaene 8.7% Terpinolene 4.9%Hs578T PC-3PKR % ANRCP 98.18 (250 µg/mL) 47.17 (100 µg/mL)Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae [101]Nigeriaα- phellandrene 40.6%p-cymene 15.7% 1,8-cineole 14.1% Terpinolene 8.4%Hs578T PC-3PKR % ANRCP NA (250 µg/mL) 1.81(100 µg/mL)

Table 2 shows the cytotoxic and antitumoral activities of 26 monoterpenes, which have been evaluated in different in vitro and in vivo models.

Table 2Monoterpenes with cytotoxic and antitumoral activities.MonoterpeneActivityRef.Cell LineAssayCymeneMCF-7 A549 Hep3B HepG2EC50 mM SRB 4.6 Negative Negative Negative[94]γ-terpineneMCF-7 A549 Hep3B HepG2EC50 mM SRB 5.11 Negative Negative Negative[94]Germacrene DHs578T PC-3IC50 μg/mL ANRCP 55.2 26.0[101]CampheneB16-F10-Nex2 A2058 HeLa HL-60 U87-MG SKBR-3IC50 μg/mL MTT 71.2 35.2 110 27 55.4 34.7[102]CamphorMRC-5 HT-29 HCT 116IC50 mM MTT 11 5.5 4.5[103]EucalyptolMRC-5 HT-29 HCT 116IC50 mM MTT 11.0 7.5 4.0[103]ThujoneMRC-5 HT-29 HCT 116IC50 mM MTT 2.2 2.8 1.0[103]CarvoneN2aμg/mL MTT ≥ 100[104]CarvacrolMCF-7 A549 Hep3B HepG2EC50 mM SRB Negative 0.11 0.234 0.344[94]SK-MEL-2 MCF-7 HCT-15 MIAPaCa-2GI50 µL SRB 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1[105]PC3IC50 µg/mL SRB 21.11[106]MethylisoeugenolHT-29IC50 ppm TBE 264.2[107]NerolidolHT-29IC50 ppm TBE 180.3[107]EugenolSK-MEL-2 MCF-7 HCT-15 MIAPaCa-2GI50 µL SRB 8.6 33.5 28.6 22.5[105]HT-29IC50 ppm TBE 334.8[107]ThymolMCF-7 A549 Hep3B HepG2EC50 mM SRB Negative 0.187 0.181 0.390[94]SK-MEL-2 MCF-7 HCT-15 MIAPaCa-2GI50 µL SRB 18.9 88.4 32.9 18.2[105]HT-29IC50 ppm TBE 152.1[107]PC-3 DU145 MDA-MB-231 KLN205IC50 µM MTT Range 552-711 Range 448-799 208.36 Range 229.68-421[108]β- CaryophylleneHs578T PC-3IC50 µg/mL ANRCP 78.2 31.3[101]Hepa 1c1c7IC50 µg/mL MTT 63.7[109]α-PineneDU145 PC-3IC50 µg/mL MTT 5.8 ± 0.21 2.9 ± 0.22 Anti-tumor effect (PC-3 cells) at doses of 200 mg / kg.[110]PA-1IC50 µg/mL MTT 20[111]LimoneneHEpG2 Caco2 A375IC50 µg/mL MTT 420 90 9.8[60]T24IC50 µM WTS-1 9.0[112]monoterpene glycoside (3Z,7S)-7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl- 3,8-octadienyl-β-D-glucopyranosideHCT-15IC50 μM MTT 28.6[113]LinaloolHT-29IC50 ppm TBE 537.5[107]HepG2 A549GI % MTT 76 85[114]CitralA-431GI % (50 µg/mL) ABR 95[115]LNCaP PC-3 SF-767 SF-763IC50 µg/mL MTT 4.3 14.3 22.4 35.3[78]MDA-MB-231IC50 μg/mL MTT 10[116]Antitumor effect in BALBC mice in targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase cells and tumor recurrence in breast cancer cells (4T1). 50% decrease in tumor volume with 50 mg/Kg[117]GeraniolHT-29IC50 ppm TBE 183.2[107]HepG2 A-549GI % (800 µM) MTT 38.3 47.4[118]HeLa-R2 LS-174-D3 A-549-C5IC50 μg/mL MTT 7.22 9.30 8.62[119](−)-myrtenolHT-29IC50 mM MTT 8.4[120](−)-myrtanolHT-29IC50 mM MTT 5.4[120](−)-myrtenalHT-29IC50 mM MTT 3.81[120]1,8-CineolMCF-7IC50 µM MTT 0.26[121]Ducrosin AHCT 116 SKOV-3IC50 µM MTT 56.0 89.0[122]FenchoneHeLaIC50 µM MTT 12.63[123]

DISCUSSION

This review discusses research from the last 5 years on EOs and monoterpenes which exhibit cytotoxic and anticancer activities. The EOs that were active were mostly isolated from the Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae families.

The National Cancer Institute of the United States of America considers that pure compounds or extracts with IC50 values lower than 4 µg/mL and 30 µg/mL, respectively, are considered cytotoxic [124]. Based on this, not all EOs can be considered to be cytotoxic agents. However, they can be employed to aid in the treatment of this disease.

In this work, the studies of cytotoxic activity of plants belonging to 36 families and a total of 106 different species are presented. However, only 19 species have IC50 values ​​in accordance with those established by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Only 6 monoterpenes showed cytotoxic values below the parameters established by the NCI.